Libya Weekly Operational Preview

. Libya Weekly

Operational Preview

June 20, 2021

Prepared by:

Risk Analysis Team, Libya

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Outlook ...... 3 Short Term Outlook ...... 3 Medium to Long Term Outlook ...... 3 Executive Summary ...... 3 Political Developments ...... 3 Security Developments ...... 4 Military Developments ...... 5 Migrant Developments ...... 5 Oil and Gas Developments...... 5 Threat Matrix ...... 6 Key Dates ...... 6 Assessment ...... 6 Political Developments ...... 6 Security/Military Developments ...... 7 Coronavirus ...... 7 Regional Assessment ...... 8 Tripolitania Region ...... 8 Cyrenaica Region ...... 9 Fezzan Region ...... 10 Acronym List ...... 11 GardaWorld ...... 12 Information Services ...... 12 Global Leader in Comprehensive Security and Risk Management...... 12

This is an abridged version of the GardaWorld Weekly Libya Operational report. To subscribe to our full report or to request a quote for security services in Libya please contact Nicholas Bennett, Regional Director, Libya.

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Short Term Outlook

▪ The political process and domestic political issues have once again stalled, with the budget being delayed to a sitting on Jun 29 and no further discussion on the issue of the constitutional basis of the election. In part, this may be due to the planned Berlin Conference, with high expectations that this can produce some form of a jumpstart to the entire process. However, expectations may be unrealistic, with the conference likely to concentrate on the issues of foreign forces and the implementation of the ceasefire, rather than the purely political issues which are the exclusive remit of the Libyan-owned process. As the deadline for solving the election-related issues loom, the LPDF is due to meet, and legislation in the form of the LPDF roadmap and UNSC resolution 2570 does provide the potential means to proceed according to the laid out timeline if so required. ▪ The coastal road continues to pose an issue, with PM Dbeibah declaring the route open from the Western side on Jun 20, however, the gesture was not reciprocated by the LNA who claim that they are awaiting the outcome of a JMC meeting on Jun 21 before they open from the east. Nevertheless, it is expected that the route will reopen before the Berlin Conference if only to show a willingness by the LNA. The new LNA counterterrorism operation in the southwest of the country has also raised concerns of attempts by the LNA to expand their territory under the guise of counterterrorism. The operation also creates the potential for unintended clashes between groups that are loosely aligned with the GNU or LNA as the latter moves into areas not previously under their control. ▪ COVID-19 continues to affect Libya and travel in and out through Turkey and Tunisia although, at present, PCR testing is helping to keep travel corridors open. The country is expected to begin its delayed vaccination program and despite localized lockdowns and curfews, coronavirus continues to have little effect on normal daily life. ▪ Crime (including carjacking's, armed robberies, murders, and kidnappings) remains common in many areas of the country with perpetrators exploiting local gaps in security to carry out attacks. Crime reporting remains high across all regions.

Medium to Long Term Outlook

▪ The successful implementation of the new PC and GNU are notable achievements, putting Libya back on a path to unity, but many threats to this progress remain. In many respects, the GNU is being seen as a relatively weak body, but this could work in Libya’s favour, leaving the prime minister room to continue driving the process forward as he builds a broad support base across the various factions. The country is gearing up for elections in December 2021, an ambitious timeframe that will need various foundations to be laid in the months ahead by the new government. ▪ Islamic State continues to suffer attrition in Libya and remains mostly dormant from an operational perspective. However, political fragility will continue to present conditions in which the group could begin to reconstitute some of its capability, and it retains a presence in the country. Increasing political unity could prove a motivating factor for the group to try and destabilise Libya as it moves towards scheduled elections in December. Other terrorist factions also remain active with some representing a kidnap threat, especially in more remote areas, while some have exploited the last conflict with the LNA to embed themselves within security forces in Tripoli. Executive Summary

Political Developments

▪ The HoR met as planned in Tobruk to discuss the budget and sovereign positions on June 14. During the proceedings, HoR member Mosbah Douma raised the visit of the Turkish Defence Minister, Hulusi Akar, and his comments, which he regarded as an insult to all Libyans. This

reportedly led to heated exchanges between HoR members and unconfirmed reporting indicates

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© that the session was suspended with no agreement on the budget. At a reconvened session on Jun 15 the HoR session on the budget once again failed to pass the legislation or discuss the appointment of the sovereign positions. Reportedly the budget bill has been sent to the HoR planning and finance committee with a new session on the subject planned for Jun 29. ▪ On Jun 14, French President Emmanuel Macron met with Turkish President Erdogan at the Brussels NATO conference. In a subsequent press interview Macron stated that they had ‘agreed to work on this withdrawal (of foreign mercenaries). It doesn't just depend on the two of us. But I can tell you President Erdogan confirmed during our meeting his wish that the foreign mercenaries, the foreign militias, operating on Libyan soil leave as soon as possible.’ ▪ On Jun 15 an extraordinary consultative meeting of the Arab League was convened in Qatar and attended by the Libyan Foreign Minister, Najla Mangoush. Mangoush briefed the League that an initiative to provide stability in Libya would be presented at the upcoming Berlin II conference and that this would be underpinned by the full implementation of the provisions of the Oct 2020 ceasefire provisions, including a workable timetable for the departure of all foreign forces and the reopening of the coastal road. She also briefed on the formation of the High Council for National Reconciliation and the development of community dialogues in order to give depth to the societal reunification of the country. ▪ Open sources report a proposed French plan for the removal of all foreign forces from Libya which was presented to US President Biden during the recent Brussels NATO meeting. The plan proposes a six-month timeframe that would first see the removal of all Turkish-backed Syrian fighters, followed by the repatriation of all Russian-backed Syrian fighters. This phase is intended to be completed by Jul 01. Following the completion of the first phase, all Turkish troops and Wagner mercenaries would depart the country during September. The final phase concerns the unification of the Libyan military and security bodies which would see the LNA as the predominant group within the national security apparatus. ▪ On Jun 16 the Turkish Ambassador met with the Minister of the Interior, Khaled Mazen. The two reportedly discussed issues related to the recent high-level Turkish visit, primarily related to the enhancement of internal security bilateral cooperation. The two also discussed the possibility of visa-free travel for Libyan and Turkish citizens between the two countries and the resumption of Turkish airline flights to Tripoli. ▪ On Jun 17, the Chief of Egyptian Intelligence Abbas Kamel, visited both Tripoli and Benghazi. In Tripoli Abbas met with the head of the PC, Mohammad Menfi and PM Dbeibah where discussions reportedly focused on the activation of joint agreements and boosting national cooperation. IN his meetings with LNA Commander Khalifa Haftar, Abbas allegedly praised the LNA's efforts in providing stability and its counter-terrorism operations. ▪ The Libyan Amazigh Supreme Council announced that it rejected the draft constitution or a referendum on it. I added that it similarly rejected its adoption as a temporary measure in order to provide the constitutional basis for the December elections. ▪ A meeting of the LPDF has been proposed for 28 Jun-01 Jul to finalize the constitutional basis necessary for the December elections. The meeting is reportedly in accordance with UN Resolution 2570 and aims at holding the elections as planned on Dec 24.

Security Developments

▪ Clashes were once again reported in the Ajaylat area over the night of 13/14 June, with reporting indicating tensions remain extremely high with further clashes expected. The activity is a continuation of that seen on the night of 10/11 June, with the Al-Shalfuh armed group, re-entering Ajaylat from the south following the deployment of Zawaiya Security Directorate personnel, commanded by Mohamed Bahroun, to Ajaylat on the preceding days and the reported burning of

properties belonging to al-Shalfuh members.

▪ The Deputy Head of the Libyan Presidential Council, Abdullah Al-Lafi, ordered a halt to fighting and mobilization by all parties in the Ajalyat area in western Libya. Following several days of clashes. Al-Lafi said the Interior Ministry and General Staff were instructed to hold those responsible to account for the loss of life and destruction of property. ▪ A landmine explosion that killed the commander of Waw Combat Brigade, Ali Muhammed Othman in the Harouj mountain area, IS has subsequently claimed that attack, stating that it was an IED attack. Unconfirmed reporting indicates that Ali Muhammad Othman and Omar Iji Youssef Al-

Tabawi were participating in a pursuit operation against an IS group in the area.

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▪ The 5+5 Joint Military Commission met with the Foreign Minister, Najla Mangoush, to discuss the upcoming Berlin II Conference. During the meeting, the requirement to implement the full provisions of the Oct 2020 ceasefire was reiterated, including the opening of the coastal road. Mangoush also assured the commission that she would rally international support to exert pressure on the required parties to implement the ceasefire provisions, unify state institutions and implement the LPDF roadmap. ▪ Following reporting over a four-day period LNA build up in the southern region, the LNA spokesman, Brigadier General Amend al-Mismari released a statement announcing the launching of a counter- terrorism operation throughout the southwest of the country, Mismari claimed that the operation was due to the recent increase in attacks from ‘Takifiri’ groups, including the attack north of Sabha and in the Harouj mountains. The operation is reportedly also to target ‘African mercenaries’ who have terrorized the local population and smuggling operations. The statement added that the ‘military operation comes within the framework of implementing the tasks and duties entrusted to the General Command of the Armed Forces in maintaining the security of the homeland and the safety of the citizen, eradicating terrorism, and cutting off anyone who seeks to harm the security of Libya and the dignity of Libyans.’ ▪ On Jun 19 the LNA announced that they had conducted airstrikes against suspected IS positions in the Harouj Mountains. Further west, unconfirmed sources also reported that units of the reinforced 128 Brigade had deployed to the Libya – Algeria border, with the LNA claiming that the area was considered a military area under the LNA forces in the south-west. ▪ Joint Military Committee (5+5) is due to meet in Sirte under the auspices of UNSMIL on Jun 20. Unconfirmed reporting also indicates that the coastal road may be reopened with PM Debibah and the 5+5 commission in attendance. Initial reports on Jun 20 indicate that Debeibah has declared the route open from the Buayrat al-Hassoun side, however, a media source from the JMC reports that the opening of the coastal road took place from the western side only, with the LNA still refusing to open the road on the pretext that opening it entirely depends on a meeting of the JMC on Jun 21 and the statement that will be issued at the end of the meeting.

Migrant Developments

▪ Two rescue/interception operations were reported by the Libyan Coastguard. 250 migrants were intercepted in one operation, while 58 were recovered in a second operation. Reportedly, of the 250 from the first operation, 189 escaped once returned to Libya following a riot at the disembarkation point. On Jun 15, a further 338 were intercepted by the Libyan Coastguard and returned to Libya.

Oil and Gas Developments

▪ On Jun 15 the Oil Crescent Security Directorate conducted a meeting at the request of the Chief of the General Staff (Eastern Region). In attendance were the Director of Security of the Directorate of the Oil Crescent, Colonel Ihab Boukhris Al-Kazah, the Director of Ras Lanuf Directorate of Security, the commander of Military Intelligence Office in Ras Lanuf, the commander of Military Police, Ras Lanuf, the Head of the General Intelligence Bureau Ras Lanuf, the commander of the General Administration of Criminal Investigation Branch of the Oil Crescent, the Director of the Department of Security of Oil Facilities in the Internal Security Agency, the Head of the Municipal Guard Office in the Gulf of Sirte and the Head of the Ras Lanuf Customs Authority. The meeting is believed to have been to define responsibilities and to review the vulnerability of the key national infrastructure, including ports, refineries, and oil fields. ▪ The head of the NOC, Mustafa Sanalla reportedly held discussions with Tatneft regarding the development of blocks in the Ghadames and Sirte basins. Discussions were also held on the development of renewable energies and training programs for graduates from the Libyan Petroleum

Institution.

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Region Political Terrorism Militancy Crime Kidnap

Tripolitania High High High High High

Tripoli High High High-Extreme High High

Cyrenaica High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate-High

Benghazi High Moderate-High Moderate High High

Fezzan High High High-Extreme High High

Sabha High High High High-Extreme High-Extreme

Threat Scale Minimal Low Moderate High Extreme

Key Dates

Date Occasion Comment

June, 23 2021 Second Berlin Conference on Libya

Deadline for elections legal framework to be in July 01, 2021 place

July 19, 2021 Day of Arafah Public Holiday

July 20 – 22, 2021 Eid al-Adha Public Holiday

December 24, 2021 Libyan elections

Assessment

Political Developments

Overview This week has seen significant activity with regards to international meetings, but once again little tangible progress on the long-running issues of the constitutional basis for the elections and the passing of the draft budget. In part, the lack of activity on domestic matters can be attributed to what appears to be a preparation period for the Berlin II conference, by both Libyan and international players. The

most active of these was Libyan Foreign Minister, Najla Mangoush who attended the extraordinary

consultative meeting of the Arab League meeting with numerous regional leaders, as well as conducting calls with the US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, meeting with her Turkish and Maltese counterparts in Ankara and with the Egyptian Foreign Minister, Sameh Shoukry.

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Following reporting over a four-day period LNA build-up in the southern region focussed on Tamanhint base, the LNA spokesman, Brigadier General Amend al-Mismari released a statement announcing the launching of a counter-terrorism operation throughout the southwest of the country. Mismari claimed that the operation was due to the recent increase in attacks from ‘Takifiri’ groups, including the attacks north of Sabha and in the Harouj mountains.

Coronavirus

Only 1,664 positive cases were reported, compared to 1,809 from last week. The new infection level has remained relatively low, with the number being similar for a period of a month.

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Tripolitania Region

Significant Incidents

▪ Arson - Jun 13 1064640:00, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Ajaylat: Several homes were destroyed in an arson attack. The homes are believed to be owned by members of the Shalfuh militia. ▪ Kidnap - Jun 13 13:00, Misrata Province, Misrata: A suspected kidnapping of a local female was reported. ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 13 22:00, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Ajaylat: An armed group, assessed as being Al-Shalfuh militia, were reported as mobilising to the south of Ajaylat ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 13 14:40, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Ajaylat: A Zawiya based group was reported as moving towards Ajaylat. ▪ Arrest - Jun 13 21:00, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Ajaylat: An individual was arrested by a Zawiyah based group. ▪ SAF - Jun 14 01:30, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Ajaylat: SAF was reported in the market area. ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 14 01:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Harsha: An armed group was reported as mobilising in the Harsha area in support of Al-Shalfuh. ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 13 22:00, Al-Jafara Province, Mayah: Suspected SSA-aligned units were reported as mobilising in the Al-Mayah area to the west of Jazour. ▪ SAF - Jun 13 11:45, Tripoli Province, Abu Saleem: Local sources reported an incident at the Abu Saleem Migrant Detention Centre. Unconfirmed reporting indicates that detainees overpowered a guard and seized his weapon, resulting in an armed response from other members of security. Further reporting indicates the involvement of Ghneiwa personnel, were also involved. ▪ Kidnap - Jun 15 04:00, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Riqdalin: A local national male was reportedly abducted from his home. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jun 14 18:00, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Zuwara: A local national was shot and killed in a suspected targeted attack. ▪ Security Operation - Jun 14, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Ajaylat: Forces of the Law Enhancement Tripoli Branch, under Colonel Abu Hakm Saleh moved into the Ajaylat area to provide security following recent unrest. ▪ Kidnap - Jun 14, Az Zawiyah Province, Harsha: Two African nationals were kidnapped in the Harsha area. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jun 15 15:00, Tripoli Province, Kremiya: Unconfirmed sources report the recovery of the body of the former director of Waha Bank. The individual was reportedly kidnapped several days previously. ▪ Security Operation - Jun 15, Tripoli Province, Swani: An increase in VDCPs was reported in the Swani area. ▪ Demonstration - Jun 15 12:00, Al-Jafara Province, Aziziyah: A demonstration was reported in the Awlad Tulays area. The demonstration is reportedly a 'no to war' gathering and is in response to a recent increase in tensions in the Aziziyah area. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jun 15 22:00, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Aljmail: A Sudanese male stabbed and killed a fellow Sudanese national. The perpetrator was arrested. ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 15, Tripoli Province, Airport Road: Unconfirmed reporting of a mobilisation of RADA forces in the area of the airport road.

▪ Non-violent transfer of territory - Jun 16, Tripoli Province, Al Shat Road: Several sources report the expulsion of MoI supplied 166 Bde Guards by members of the TRB. The TRB reportedly then withdrew before security was taken over by Ghneiwa members of the SSA. ▪ Unknown Explosion - Jun 17, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi Province, Kikla: An explosion with a visible black plume was reported in the Kikla area. ▪ Armed Clash - Jun 17 05:30, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi Province, Zintan: An armed clash was reported

involving fuel smugglers resulting in the explosion of a fuel truck.

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© ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 15 23:00, Al-Murqub Province, Msallata: Members of 444th Brigade were reported as moving into the area. ▪ Kidnap - Jun 17 22:00, Al-Murqub Province, Zliten: A kidnapping and subsequent release was reported in the Naqazah area. Reportedly the individual was freed following an operation involving the Msallata Security Directorate. ▪ Armed Clash - Jun 18, Al-Murqub Province, Zliten: An armed clash was reported in the Al-Sabea area involving an armed group and local resistance. ▪ Armed Clash - Jun 18 14:00, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi Province, Zintan: An armed clash was reported in the area of Zintan Military Hospital. The clashes are believed to be related to fuel smuggling. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jun 19, Az Zawiyah Province, Abu Issa: A member of Zawiya Security Directorate, Ali Miloud al Kada'a, was shot and killed during an attempt to apprehend a gang of car thieves in the Abu Issa area.. ▪ CP/ Roadblock - Jun 19 23:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Surman: A route closure was reported in the Surman area. ▪ CP/ Roadblock - Jun 19 21:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Harsha: An unidentified armed group mobilised and subsequently blocked the coastal road at al-Harsha. ▪ Armed Clash - Jun 19 23:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Zawiyah: An armed clash reported between armed groups. ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 19 20:00, Al-Jafara Province, Mayah: The mobilisation of an SSA-aligned group was reported in the al-Mayah area. ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 19 14:00, Tripoli Province, Asbiah: A deployment of 444th Brigade personnel was reported in the area with possible arrest operations ongoing.

Cyrenaica Region

Significant Incidents

▪ Murder/ Execution - Jun 15 13:00, Benghazi Province, Sidi Khalifa: An armed confrontation resulted in the killing of a male national. ▪ UXO - Jun 14, Al-Wahat Province, Jalu: The MoI for technical affairs reported that after a five-day operation they had successfully recovered three containers of explosive material which had been buried since 2015. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jun 16, Benghazi Province, Benghazi: The owner of a marble factory was found dead at his office in the Hay al-Salam area. He is believed to have been killed in a targeted attack. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jun 17 00:00, Al-Wahat Province, Ajdabiya: During an argument one individual was killed. ▪ Assault - Jun 17 13:30, Benghazi Province, Benghazi: A school was closed following the alleged rape of a student. ▪ Arrest - Jun 18, Kufra Province, Kufra: Open sources report the interception of 37 Eritrean migrants by the Sabul al-Salam Brigade in the Kufra area.

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Fezzan Region

Significant Incidents ▪ Kidnap - Jun 13 12:00, Sabha Province, Sabha: An African national was kidnapped. ▪ Crime - Jun 13 14:00, Sabha Province, Sabha: A home invasion was reported in northern Sabha. ▪ Kidnap - Jun 13 15:20, Wadi Al-Shatii Province, Brak al-Shati: A possible kidnapping of three Egyptian nationals was reported. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jun 13 14:20, Sabha Province, Sabha: The body of a murder victim was recovered. ▪ Carjacking - Jun 13 17:50, Sabha Province, Hijarah: A carjacking was reported in the Hirjah area. ▪ Mine Strike - Jun 14 10:40, Al-Jufra Province, Harouj Mountains: The commander of Waw Combat Brigade, Ali Muhammed Othman was killed in a landmine explosion in the Harouj mountain area. ▪ Kidnap - Jun 14 22:00, Wadi Al-Shatii Province, Brak al-Shati: An individual was kidnapped by unknown perpetrators in the Brak area. ▪ Assault - Jun 15, Sabha Province, Mansheya: A veterinarian was assaulted and seriously injured. ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 16, Sabha Province, Sabha: Sources report an increased deployment of LNA forces within Sabha, with unconfirmed reports of a deployment of forces in opposition. ▪ Carjacking - Jun 16 20:30, Sabha Province, Sabha: A carjacking was reported in the Agricultural area. ▪ Security Operation - Jun 17, Sabha Province, Sabha: The LNA announced the commencement of a large counter-terrorism operation. ▪ Airstrike - Jun 19 02:30, Al-Jufra Province, Harouj Mountains: A LNA airstrike was reported against suspected IS positions in the Harouj Mountains. ▪ Carjacking - Jun 18 18:30, Sabha Province, Sabha: A male was shot and killed during a carjacking near the Faculty of Arts. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jun 19 01:00, Sabha Province, Sabha: An individual was shot and killed in a suspected targeted attack in the Green Square area. ▪ Armed Clash - Jun 19 02:00, Sabha Province, Mansheya: An armed clash was reported between unknown groups in the Mansheya area. ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 19, Murzuq Province, Umm Al-Aranib: The mobilisation of approximately 20 vehicles was reported in the Umm al Aranib ara. The forces are believed to be a combination of Janjaweed and Wawa Brigade personnel. ▪ Troop Movements - Jun 19, Ghat Province, Libya - Algeria Border: A force of 128 Brigade personnel are reported to have deployed at an unspecified location on the Algerian border as part of the ongoing counter-terrorism operation.

Disclaimer: The information and opinions expressed in this Report are the views of GardaWorld and constitute a judgment as at the date of the Report and are subject to change without notice. The information and opinions expressed in this Report have been formed in good faith on the basis of the best information and intelligence available at the time of writing, but no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to its accuracy, completeness or correctness. GardaWorld accepts no liability arising out of or in connection with the comments made or the information set out in this Report and the reader is advised that any decision taken to act or not to act in reliance on this Report is taken solely at the reader's own risk. In particular, the comments in this Report

should not be construed as advice, legal or otherwise.

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AQ - Al-Qaeda BAM – Al Bunyan Al Marsous (Misratan-led) BDB – Benghazi Defense Brigade / Saraya Defend Benghazi (SDB) (Al Qaeda-aligned – AAS and RSCB associated/umbrella group) CBL – Central Bank of Libya CNI – Critical National Infrastructure DACOCT - Deterrence Apparatus for Combating Organized Crime and Terrorism DDR - Disarmament, demobilising and reintegration DF – Direct Fire DPF – Derna Protection Force (an amalgamation of all militias in Derna, including the MSCD) GECOL – General Electricity Company of Libya GMMR – Great Man-made River GNA – Government of National Accord (2016) GNC – General National Congress (2012) GNU – Government of National Unity (2021) GTUC - Greater Tripoli Union Council (Tripoli militias and others, established in June 2020) HNEC – High National Elections Commission HoR – House of Representatives (Tobruk-based) IDF – Indirect Fire (mortars/rockets) IDP - Internally Displaced Persons IED - Improvised Explosive Device IOC - International Oil Company IS - Islamic State LIFG – Libyan Islamic Fighting Group LNA – Libyan National Army LNG – Libyan National Guard LPA – Libyan Political Agreement (2015) LPDF - Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (2020) LROR - Libyan Revolutionary Operations Room MoD - Ministry of Defense MoF - Ministry of Finance MoFA - Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoHE - Ministry of Higher Education MoI - Ministry of Interior MoJ - Ministry of Justice MoO - Ministry of Oil MoT - Ministry of Transportation MSCD – Mujahideen Shura Council of Derna (AQ aligned) NFDK - No Further Details Known NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation (aid/charity) NOC – National Oil Company NSG – National Salvation Government (GNC) NSTR - Nothing Significant To Report PC – Presidency Council (GNA) PG – Presidential Guard PFG- Petroleum Facilities Guard RPG - Rocket Propelled Grenade RSCB - Revolutionary Shura Council of Benghazi RTA - Road Traffic Accident SAF - Small Arms Fire SDB – Saraya Defend Benghazi / Benghazi Defense Brigade (BDB) (Al Qaeda-aligned – AAS and RSCB associated/umbrella group) SDF – Rada Deterrence Force/ Special Deterrence Force/ Rada Technical - An improvised weapon-mounted pick-up truck TPF – Tripoli Protection Force (TRB, Nawasi 8 Force, Bab Tajoura Brigade and Ghneiwa umbrella group, established in December 2018)

UXO - Unexploded Ordnance

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