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Environmental Health Criteria 171 TETRABROMOBISPHENOL a And Environmental Health Criteria 171 TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A and DERIVATIVES Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Tetrabromobisphenol A and derivatives (EHC 172, 1995) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 172 TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A and DERIVATIVES This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. First draft prepared by Dr. G.J. van Esch, Bilthoven, Netherlands Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Organization Geneva, 1995 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Tetrabromobisphenol A and derivatives. Page 1 of 76 Tetrabromobisphenol A and derivatives (EHC 172, 1995) (Environmental health criteria ; 172) 1.Bromine compounds 2.Environmental exposure 3.Occupational exposure 4.Flame retardants I.Series ISBN 92 4 157172 1 (NLM Classification: QD 181.B7) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. (c) World Health Organization 1995 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A AND DERIVATIVES Preamble Introduction TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A 1. Summary and evaluation; conclusions and recommendations 1.1. Summary and evaluation 1.1.1. Physical and chemical properties 1.1.2. Production and use 1.1.3. Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation 1.1.4. Environmental levels and human exposure 1.1.5. Kinetics and metabolism in laboratory animals and humans 1.1.6. Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems 1.1.7. Effects on humans 1.1.8. Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field 1.2. Conclusions 1.2.1. General population Page 2 of 76 Tetrabromobisphenol A and derivatives (EHC 172, 1995) 1.2.2. Occupational exposure 1.2.3. The environment 1.2.4. Breakdown products 1.3. Recommendations 1.3.1. General 1.3.2. Further studies 2. Identity, physical and chemical properties, analytical methods 2.1. Identity 2.1.1. Technical product 2.2. Physical and chemical properties 2.3. Conversion factor for air concentrations 2.4. Analytical methods 3. Sources of human and environmental exposure 3.1. Natural occurrence 3.2. Anthropogenic sources 3.2.1. Production levels and processes 3.2.2. Uses 4. Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation 4.1. Transport and distribution between media 4.2. Transformation 4.2.1. Biotransformation 4.2.2. Biodegradation 4.2.3. Photodegradation 4.2.4. Bioaccumulation 4.3. Interaction with other physical, chemical, and biological factors 4.3.1. Pyrolysis 4.3.2. Pyrolysis of TBBPA-containing polymers 4.3.3. Extrusion experiments with TBBPA-containing polymers 4.3.4. Reports on fires involving TBBPA 4.4. Ultimate fate following use 4.4.1. Disposal 4.4.2. Recycling of TBBPA-containing polymers 5. Environmental levels and human exposure 5.1. Environmental levels 5.1.1. Air 5.1.2. Water 5.1.3. Soil 5.1.4. Fish and shellfish 5.2. General population exposure 5.3. Occupational exposure 6. Kinetics and metabolism in laboratory animals and humans 6.1. Absorption and elimination 6.1.1. Mammals 6.1.2. Fish and shell-fish 6.2. Metabolism 7. Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems 7.1. Single exposure 7.1.1. Oral 7.1.2. Dermal 7.1.3. Inhalation Page 3 of 76 Tetrabromobisphenol A and derivatives (EHC 172, 1995) 7.2. Short-term exposures 7.2.1. Oral (rat) 7.2.2. Inhalation (rat) 7.2.3. Dermal (rabbit) 7.3. Long-term exposure 7.4. Skin and eye irritation; sensitization 7.4.1. Skin irritation 7.4.2. Eye irritation 7.4.3. Sensitization 7.4.4. Chloracnegenic activity 7.5. Reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity 7.5.1. Teratogenicity 7.6. Mutagenicity and related end-points 7.7. Carcinogenicity 7.8. Other special studies 8. Effects on humans 9. Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field 9.1. Laboratory studies 9.1.1. Microorganisms 9.1.1.1 Water 9.1.1.2 Soil 9.1.2. Aquatic organisms 9.1.2.1 Invertebrates 9.1.2.2 Fish 9.1.3. Sediment-dwelling organisms 9.2. Field observations 9.3. Miscellaneous TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A DERIVATIVES A. TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A DIMETHYLETHER A.1 Summary and evaluation; conclusions and recommendations A.2 Identity, physical and chemical properties, and analytical methods A.2.1 Identity A.3 Sources of human and environmental exposure A.4 Environmental levels and human exposure A.4.1 Sediment A.4.2 Fish and shellfish B. TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A DIBROMOPROPYLETHER B.1 Summary and evaluation; conclusions and recommendations B.2 Identity, physical and chemical properties, and analytical methods B.2.1 Identity B.2.2 Physical and chemical properties B.3 Sources of human and environmental exposure B.3.1 Uses B.4 Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation B.5 Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems B.5.1 Single exposure B.5.2 Short-term exposures B.5.3 Mutagenicity and related end-points B.5.3.1 Mutation B.5.3.2 Unscheduled DNA synthesis assay B.5.3.3 In vitro sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cells Page 4 of 76 Tetrabromobisphenol A and derivatives (EHC 172, 1995) C. TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A BIS(ALLYLETHER) C.1 Summary and evaluation; conclusions and recommendations C.2 Identity, physical and chemical properties, and analytical methods C.2.1 Identity C.2.2 Physical and chemical properties C.2.3 Analytical methods C.3 Sources of human and environmental exposure C.3.1 Uses C.4 Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems C.4.1 Single exposure C.4.2 Skin and eye irritation; sensitization C.4.3 Mutagenicity and related end-points D. TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A BIS(2-HYDROXYETHYL ETHER) D.1 Summary and evaluation; conclusions and recommendations D.2 Identity, physical and chemical properties, and analytical methods D.2.1 Identity D.2.2 Physical and chemical properties D.3 Sources of human and environmental exposure D.4 Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation D.5 Environmental levels and human exposure D.5.1 Environmental levels D.5.1.1 Air D.5.1.2 Water D.5.1.3 Soil D.6 Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems D.6.1 Single exposure D.6.2 Short-term exposures D.6.3 Skin and eye irritation; sensitization D.6.4 Mutagenicity and related end-points E. TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A BROMINATED EPOXY OLIGOMER E.1 Summary and evaluation; conclusions and recommendations E.2 Identity, physical and chemical properties, and analytical methods E.2.1 Identity E.2.2 Physical and chemical properties E.2.3 Analytical methods E.3 Sources of human and environmental exposure E.3.1 Natural occurrence E.3.2 Anthropogenic sources E.3.2.1 Production levels and processes E.3.2.2 Uses E.4 Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation E.4.1 Pyrolysis of polymers containing brominated epoxy oligomers F. TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A CARBONATE OLIGOMERS F.1 Summary and evaluation; conclusions and recommendations F.2 Identity, physical and chemical properties, analytical methods F.2.1 Identity of BC-52 F.2.1.1 Physical and chemical properties F.2.2 Identity of BC-58 F.2.2.1 Physical and chemical properties F.3 Sources of human and environmental exposure Page 5 of 76 Tetrabromobisphenol A and derivatives (EHC 172, 1995) F.3.1 Uses F.4 Environmental transport, distribution, and
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