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Sabo in Japan

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Sabo in Japan ～安全で緑豊かな地域づりを め ざ し て く ～ ▲施工直後（1920年代）Immediately after works (1920's) フランス式階段工（長野県 牛伏川） 江戸時代後期（1860年～）以降の乱伐と森林火災により、荒 廃した牛伏川流域は、フランス式階段工により緑豊かな渓谷に 生まれ変わりました。 French style stair-stepped channel works (Ushibuse River, Nagano Prefecture):The area along the Ushibuse River used to be devastated and barren for a long time because of reckless deforestation and forest fires since the late Edo period (since 1860). French style stair-stepped channel works has success- fully regenerated the once-barren area as a rich green valley. 監修：国土交通省砂防部 Supervised by Sabo Department, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport 〒100-8918 ▲現況 Present state 東京都千代田区霞が関2-1-3 2-1-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8944 Japan Sabo in Japan 発行：（社）全国治水砂防協会 ～creating safe and rich green communities～ Published by Japan Sabo Association 制作：砂防広報センター Produced by Sabo Publicity Center 平成13年10月 October 2001 創意あふれる砂防の展開 Development of Original and Creative Sabo Works 安全性の確保 台風や集中豪雨さらには地震や火山噴火などにより引き起こされる土砂災害は、私たちの生活を脅かします。 砂防事業はこうした災害から人命・財産を守り、安全な生活基盤を創出します。 For safe and secured life ● Our life is prone to be damaged by sediment-related disasters caused by typhoons, localized torrential rain, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc. Sabo works protect our lives and properties from such disasters and create a foundation for safe daily living. 潤いのある生活 安全で豊かな生活を確保するため、歴史・文化・自然等、地域の個性を活かした総合的な事業展開を行いま す。砂防事業は地域の活性化・生活環境の向上を図り、潤いのある生活を創造します。 Pleasant life ● Making the best use of local features of history, culture and nature, we have been working on comprehensive sabo works to achieve safe and affluent life. Sabo works will serve to revitalize local communities and improve living environment to realize comfortable and affluent society. 自然との調和 砂防事業は、人と自然との調和、生態系の保全を図り、さらに地球環境の保全にも配慮したグローバルな展 開を目指します。 Harmony with nature ● We have been working on global-oriented sabo works in consideration of harmony between nature and humans, and conservation of the ecosystem and earth environment. 目次 CONTENTS ● 砂防憲章● Slogan for Sabo Works 創意あふれる砂防の展開 3 1. 私達の仕事は荒れた山河に挑み、自然 1. Our responsibility is to revive rich nature through our Development of Original and Creative Sabo Works を復元することである。 strong commitment to the improvement of devastated mountains and rivers. 土砂災害を起こしやすい日本の自然・社会条件 4～ 5 1. 私達が砂防の歴史を創っているのだと 1. We are aware that we have been creating a new histo- Natural and Social Conditions in Japan Susceptible to Sediment-related Disasters いう気概を持とう。 ry of sabo. 私たちを脅かす災害の数々 6～ 7 1. 先人の心を活かし、渓流の自然にとけ 1. We aim at sabo works harmonized with natural streams Disasters Threatening Our Lives 込んだ砂防を工夫しよう。 and rivers making the best use of the wisdom and spirit of our forerunners. 砂防事業の歩み 8～ 9 1. 住民の日常生活になじんだ、人にやさ 1. We aim at human-friendly sabo works paying good Progress of Sabo Works しい砂防を工夫しよう。 regard to everyday life of local citizens. 土砂災害を防ぐために 10～11 1. 地域おこしの役割を担う、趣向をこら 1. We aim at ingenious sabo works serving for revitaliza- For Preventing Sediment-related Disasters した砂防を工夫しよう。 tion of local communities. 水系砂防とは 12～13 1. 地域の人々と一緒に考え、砂防を盛上 1. We work with local citizens to invigorate sabo activities. What is the "River System Sabo"? げよう。 1. We aim at sabo works for the conservation of water 土石流とは 14～15 1. 広く流域全体の土砂を管理し、水土保 What is a Debris Flow? 全の砂防に取組もう。 and sediment through controlling sediment over an entire drainage basin. 1. We commit ourselves to the development of new sabo 地すべりとは 16～17 1. 既成概念をのり越えて、新しい砂防の technology beyond the existing concept of sabo works. What is a Landslide? 展開に挑戦しよう。 がけ崩れとは 18～19 What is a Slope Failure? Administrative Organization 砂防行政組織 for Sabo Management 火山災害とは 20～21 What is a Volcanic Disaster? 河川局 River Bureau 雪崩とは 22 砂防部 砂防計画課 Sabo (Erosion and Sediment What is an Avalanche? Sabo (Erosion and Sediment Control) Planning Division Control) Department 砂防管理室 総合的な土砂管理の推進 23 Sabo (Erosion and Sediment Promotion of Comprehensive Sediment Control 保全課 Control) Management Office Land Conservation Division 警戒避難体制の確立 24～25 国土交通省 Establishment of Warning and Evacuation System 地方整備局 河川部 Ministry of Land, Regional Development Bureau Infrastructure and River Management Department 地域の明日を支える砂防 26～27 Transport 工事事務所 出張所 Sabo Works Support the Future of Local Communities Construction Work Office Sub-Branch Office 緑をつくり、活かし、共生する砂防 28～29 国土技術政策総合研究所 危機管理研究センター 砂防研究室 Sabo―Create, Retain and Live with Greenery National Institute for Land and Research Center for Disaster Risk Management Erosion and Sediment Infrastructure Management Control Division 土砂災害防止法の制定 30～31 独立行政法人土木研究所 土砂管理研究グループ Establishment of Sediment-related Disaster Prevention Law Public Works Research Institute Erosion and Sediment Control Research Group 新潟試験所 警戒区域の指定と措置 32～33 Niigata Experimental Laboratory Designation of Hazard Areas and Preventive Measures 都道府県 土木部等 砂防課等 Prefectural Public Works Department Sabo Division 世界に展開するＳＡＢＯ 34～35 Government 土木事務所等 Sabo Activities Expanding All Over the World Civil Works Office 2 3 土砂災害を起こしやすい日本の 自然・社会条件 Natural and Social Conditions in Japan Susceptible to Sediment-relat -ed Disasters 世界の火山 volcanoes in the world 険しい山地と、ぜい弱な地質、厳しい気象条件 北アメリカプレート 地震や火山噴火による被害を受けやすい日本列島 North American plate 豊かな自然に恵まれた日本。しかし、その反面、厳しい自然条件に 環太平洋火山帯に位置する日本列島には、世界の活火山の約１割に 大雪山 アトサヌプリ 知床硫黄山 取り囲まれているともいえます。国土の約7割が山地・丘陵地であ Mt.Taisetsu Atosanupuri Mt.Shiretoko-Iwo 相当する86もの活火山が点在しています。しかも、太平洋プレー り、急流河川が多く、地質的にもぜい弱な日本列島は、台風や集中豪 ト、ユーラシアプレート、フィリピン海プレート及び北アメリカプ 十勝岳 羅臼岳 雨などの気象条件によって土砂災害の発生しやすい環境にあります。 Mt.Tokachidake レートの４つのプレートが集まる世界でも有数の変動帯に位置して Mt.Rausudake Steep mountains, geological weakness and severe weather conditions 恵庭岳 おり、地震や火山噴火が頻発しています。 Japan is blessed with rich natural environment. Such environment, however, pre- Mt.Eniwadake sents severe natural conditions. The mountainous and hilly areas make up 70% of 摩周 有珠山 The Japanese islands vulnerable to damages by earthquakes and the total land area of Japan. With a large number of rapids and its geological Masyu weakness, the Japanese islands are vulnerable to sediment-related disasters Mt.Usu volcanic eruptions caused by weather conditions like typhoons and localized torrential rain. 雌阿寒岳 Located over the circum-Pacific volcanic zone, the Japanese islands are scattered 世界には約850もの活火山があります。 There are some 850 active volcanoes in the world. Mt.Meakandake with as many as 86 active volcanoes, accounting for about 10% of the total active 北海道駒ヶ岳 樽前山 Mt.Hokkaido Komagatake volcanoes in the world. Japan is also situated over one of the world-largest mobile Mt.Tarumae ■国土面積に対する可住地面積の割合が低い日本 茂世路岳 丸山 belts where major four plates meet: Pacific Plate, Eurasian Plate, Philippine Sea Smaller proportion of habitable area with respect to total land area of Japan. 北方領土 Mt.Moyorodake 倶多楽 Mt.Maru Plate, and North American Plate. For this reason, Japan is frequented with earth- （％） Kuttara 100 散布山 指臼山 渡島大島 quakes and volcanic eruptions. 74.7% 78.4% 72.7% Mt.Sashiusu 80 69.8% Mt.Chirippu Oshima-Ohshima 恵山 60 択捉焼山 Mt.Esan Mt.Etorofu- 40 32.3% Yakeyama 岩木山 恐山 20 Mt.Osore ベルタルベ山 Mt.Iwaki 0 八甲田山 日本 アメリカ イタリア ドイツ フランス Mt.Berutarube 都市化の一方で過疎化・高齢化が進展 秋田焼山 Japan USA Italy Germany France 爺爺岳 Mt.Hakkoda ※日本／総務省統計局資料より 硫黄鳥島 Mt.Akita-Yakeyama The above information on the land area of Japan is based on the Papers by the Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Mt.Chachadake 十和田 Iwo-Torishima Posts and Telecommunications, Statistics Bureau of Japan. 羅臼山 Towada 都市部では山麓・丘陵地周辺の宅地開発等により、土砂災害危険 ※その他各国については、 秋田駒ヶ岳 可住地面積＝総面積－（森林面積＋湖沼面積）として算出。但し、湖沼面積に関しては、面積5,000㎞2以上の自然湖沼、および 泊山 Mt.Rausu Mt.Akita-Komagatake その他のおもな湖（「理科年表 平成13年度版」より）とした。 八幡平 箇所が増加しています。一方、中山間地では過疎化等が原因で、 Mt.Tomari 西表島北北東海底火山 The land areas of foreign countries were calculated in the following formula: Habitable land area = Total land area - (Forest area + Lake 鳥海山 Hachimantai area) The 'lake area' include natural lakes and other major lakes having an area over 5,000km2 (Based on "Science Annual Record" 2001). Iriomotejima Northnortheast 森林管理が不十分となり、山が荒れて土砂災害の危険性が高ま Submarine Volcano Mt.Chokai 岩手山 ■世界の河川に比べて急な河川が多い日本 諸島沖縄 吾妻山 Mt.Iwate る傾向にあります。また、高齢化の進展に伴い、緊急時に迅速 Larger proportion of rapid rivers in Japan than in other countries in the world Mt.Agatsuma 栗駒山 燧ヶ岳 Mt.Kurikoma な避難行動が困難である災害弱者が増加しています。 ロアール川 小笠原諸島 磐梯山 常願寺川 the Joganji the Loire Mt.Hiuchigatake 鳴子火山 Mt.Bandai 1,000 富士川 西之島 草津白根山 Mt.Naruko the Fuji コロラド川 Urbanization on one hand but depopulation and aging on the other Nishinoshima Mt.Kusatsu-Shirane 蔵王山 標 800 信濃川 the Shinano the Colorado hand 利根川 新潟焼山 妙高山 Mt.Zao 高 ユーラシアプレート 600 the Tone 安達太良山 In urban areas, an increasing number of areas have become more vulnerable to a （ セーヌ川 Eurasian plate Niigata-Yakeyama Mt.Myoko m the Seine 海徳海山 Mt.Adatara sediment-related disaster because of residential area developments on the foothill elevation 弥陀ヶ原 400 Kaitoku Seamount ） Midagahara 那須岳 and hillside. On the other hand, the local depopulation in mountain areas leads to メコン川 200 the Mekong 焼岳 Mt.Nasudake inadequate forest management, thereby resulting in mountain devastation. In 噴火浅根 日光白根山 0 Funka Asane Mt.Yakedake these areas, there are increasing risks of sediment-related disasters. On top of 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 白山 Mt.Nikko-Shirane this, with the progress of the aging society, more and more people have become 河口からの距離（km） 硫黄島 赤城山 distance from river mouth Mt.Hakusan vulnerable to a disaster because they have difficulty in taking quick actions for Iwo-jima Mt.Akagi 御嶽山 evacuation in case of emergency. ■世界の同緯度にある代表的な都市の年降水量 Mt.Ontake 榛名山 Mt.Haruna Annual Rainfall in major world cities 北福徳堆 南硫黄島南東沖 Kochi mm at similar latitude 2,582 Kita 海底火山 浅間山 Mt.Asama Fukutokutai Minami Iwo-jima m ※平成13年度版
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