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25 : S.R للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE AN INTRODUCTION TO PHONETCS LANE 332 هلخص + هصطلحبث + ًوبذج أسئلت 2 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 3 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 تجىيف اًفي nasal cavity لثت alveolar ridge اﻷًف nose الشفبٍ lips اﻷسٌبى teeth شفرة اللسبى tongue blade طرف اللسبى tongue tip حٌك plate تجىيف الفن oral cavity velum اللهبة uvula tongue back pharyngeal cavity epiglottis أحببل صىتيت vocal folds glottis الحٌجرة )صٌدوق الصىث( ( larynx ( voice box تجىيف اًفي Nasal cavity اللسبى Tongue الحٌك الٌبعن Soft palate البلعىم Pharynx الشعب الهىائيت Bronchi بلعىم اًفي Nasal pharynx بلعىم فوي Oral pharynx Adam’s apple Pharyngeal wall الرئتيي Lungs 4 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 علن اﻷصوات : phonetics صوتن : phonemes هاتف : phones نسخة تسجيل صوتي : phonetic transcription هفصلة : articulation طريقة : manner voiced :the sound produced with a vibration of the ينتج الصوت باهتساز الحبال الصوتية :vocal cards voiceless: the sound produced without a vibration of the ينتج الصوت بدوى اهتساز الحبال الصوتية :vocal cards حركة : vowels حرف : consonant نسخة تسجيل ضيق : narrow transcription نسخة تسجيل واسع : broad transcription نسخة تسجيل صوتوي : phonemic transcription allophones a single unit (a single morpheme) can actually have more than one pronunciation املاسرت لتدريس مواد اللغة اﻻجنليزية ج: 5066736650 5 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 KEY POINTS - Phonetic transcription is the use of phonetic symbols to write down the way on utterance is pronounced. - There different Accents of English the most popular ones are: RP& GA. -RP received pronunciation -GA: General American. - Consonant are sounds that involve the obstruction or construction of the vocal cards. -Vowels are mode with very open vocal cards. - The place of articulation is the description. -Manner of articulation: -Coda: the element after the nucleus. -The rhyme: the nucleus + coda. -A syllable with empty coda empty syllable. - Where the obstruction occurs in the vocal tract. - Vowels there lax and tense vowels. -There voiceless and voiced consonant -place of articulation: labiates coronals dorsal 6 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 -syllables - Structure -The nucleus P is the vowels of a syllable, and any following semi vowels. - The onset: the elements before the nucleus. -The form with stress is called the strong form. -Vowels are described by 3 dimensions height, backness, Rounding. -A Glid or semi vowel is a moving vowel. - Glides always occur next to a vowel. -Labial: sounds made with one or both lips. -Labial sounds include: billable labiodentals and lingo-labials. -Coronal: sounds made with the apex or lamina of the tongue. -Cornets sounds include dentals alrealars ,alveo-polatals postatveolars and retroflex. -Trills: two types ft trills are commonly found one with the tip of the tongue at the alveolar [r] or dental [r] region. -The other trill is uvular [R] with the uvular strikes against the dorsum of the tongue. 7 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 -Taps are often described as a trill of one vibration. -Flaps: the active articulator returns its point of origin -Phonotactics: the study of possible combinations of sounds. أ 8 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 -CHAPTER1 THE STUDY OF PHONETICS ARTICULATORY PHONETICS ENGLISH PLACES OF ARTICULATION THE STUDY OF PHONETICS phonetics, the study of speech sounds and their physiological production and acoustic qualities. It deals with the configurations of the vocal tract used to produce speech sounds (articulatory phonetics), the acoustic properties of speech sounds (acoustic phonetics), and the manner of combining sounds so as to make syllables, words, and sentences (linguistic phonetics). [Phonetics] is divided into three main branches, corresponding to these three distinctions: articulatory phonetics is the study of the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds auditory phonetics is the study of the way people perceive speech sounds ARTICULATORY PHONETICS The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics. In studying articulation, phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures. 9 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow through the vocal tract. Its potential form is air pressure; its kinetic form is the actual dynamic airflow. Acoustic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented as sound waves, which are then perceived by the human auditory system as sound All memos university's library Ibn Sina in Jeddah The vocal tract can viewed through an aerodynamic-biomechanic model that includes three main components: 1. air cavities 2. pistons 3. air valves ENGLISH PLACES OF ARTICULATION Place of articulation The active articulator usually moves in order to make the constriction. The passive articulator usually just sits there and gets approached. A sound's place of articulation is usually named by using the Latin ajective for the active articulator (ending with an "o") followed by the Latin adjective for the passive articulator. For example, a sound where the tongue tip (the "apex") approaches or touches the upper teeth is called an "apico-dental". Most of the common combinations of active and passive articulator have abbreviated names (usually leaving out the active half). املاسرت لتدريس مواد اللغة اﻻجنليزية ج: 5066736650 10 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 bilabial The articulators are the two lips. (We could say that the lower lip is the active articulator and the upper lip the passive articulator, though the upper lip usually moves too, at least a little.) English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m]. labio-dental The lower lip is the active articulator and the upper teeth are the passive articulator. English labio-dental sounds include [f]and[v] denta 11 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 Dental sounds involve the upper teeth as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. Extreme lamino-dental sounds are often called interdental. English interdental sounds include [t] and [ d]. alveolar Alveolar sounds involve the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue blade or (usually) the tongue tip -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. English alveolar sounds include [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l]. postalveolar Postalveolar sounds involve the area just behind the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. English postalveolars include [ ] and [ ]. 12 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 retroflex In retroflex sounds, the tongue tip is curled up and back. Retroflexes can be classed as apico-postalveolar, though not The closest sound to a retroflex that English has is [ ]. For most North Americans, the tongue tip is curled back in [ ], palatal The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard palate. The English glide [j] is a palatal. velar The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the soft palate. English velars include [k], [g], and [ ]. glottal 13 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 articulation: physical points of articulation phonetics: tongue positions for vowel sounds 14 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 articulation: physical points of articulation Consonant Articulation • The shape of the sound is modified as it moves through the vocal tract • Place of articulation = a point where the airstream can be modified • Labial (lips) – as in [p] of pin, [b] of bin, and [m] of mitt • Labio-dental (teeth and lips) - as in [f] of fish • Dental (teeth) – as in temps and dire in European French 15 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 • Interdental (tongue between teeth) - as in [ɵ] thin • Alveolar (the bumpy ridge just behind your upper teeth) - as in [t] of top, [d] of deer, [l] of lip, and [n] of neck • Alveopalatal (the area between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate) - as in [ʃ] of ship.Places of Articulation • Palatal (hard palate, or 'roof' of the mouth') - as in [j] of yet • Velar (soft area toward the rear of the roof of mouth) - as in [k] of cat, [ɡ] of guy, and [ŋ] of hang. (The velum can open or close to control airflow into the nasal cavity) • Uvular (flap hanging down from velum) – as in rouge in European French. • Pharyngeal (pharynx) – found in dialects of Arabic • Glottal (the vocal cords) - as in [h] hen 16 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 CHAPTER 2 PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION Transcription is the use of phonetic symbols to write down the way an utterance (a stretch of speech) is pronounced. One obvious goal of phonetics is to be able to transcribe accurately any utterance in any language. Achieving this goal is in fact rather more complex than you might think at first THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET IPA املاسرت لتدريس مواد اللغة اﻻجنليزية ج: 5066736650 17 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 PULMONIC CONSONANTS IPA Phonetic Chart Consonants hot - shut - vet - sit - think - win - tell - other - sing - man - vision - zen - nut - chat - but - dig - get - fig - king - pet - yes - lit - run - just - 18 للعام 5343هـ - 5341هـ Lane 332 Vowels bird - bought - bait - wet - about - father - bite
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  • Equivalences Between Different Phonetic Alphabets

    Equivalences Between Different Phonetic Alphabets

    Equivalences between different phonetic alphabets by Carlos Daniel Hern´andezMena Description IPA Mexbet X-SAMPA IPA Symbol in LATEX Voiceless bilabial plosive p p p p Voiceless dental plosive” t t t d ntextsubbridgeftg Voiceless velar plosive k k k k Voiceless palatalized plosive kj k j k j kntextsuperscriptfjg Voiced bilabial plosive b b b b Voiced bilabial approximant B VB o ntextloweringfntextbetag fl Voiced dental plosive d” d d d ntextsubbridgefdg Voiced dental fricative flD DD o ntextloweringfntextipafn;Dgg Voiced velar plosive g g g g Voiced velar fricative Èfl GG o ntextloweringfntextbabygammag Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate t“S tS tS ntextroundcapftntexteshg Voiceless labiodental fricative f f f f Voiceless alveolar fricative s s s s Voiced alveolar fricative z z z z Voiceless dental fricative” s s [ s d ntextsubbridgefsg Voiced dental fricative” z z [ z d ntextsubbridgefzg Voiceless postalveolar fricative S SS ntextesh Voiceless velar fricative x x x x Voiced palatal fricative J Z jn ntextctj Voiced postalveolar affricate d“Z dZ dZ ntextroundcapfdntextyoghg Voiced bilabial nasal m m m m Voiced alveolar nasal n n n n Voiced labiodental nasal M MF ntextltailm Voiced dental nasal n” n [ n d ntextsubbridgefng Voiced palatalized nasal nj n j n j nntextsuperscriptfjg Voiced velarized nasal nÈ N n G nntextsuperscript fntextbabygammag Voiced palatal nasal ñ n∼ J ntextltailn Voiced alveolar lateral approximant l l l l Voiced dental lateral” l l [ l d ntextsubbridgeflg Voiced palatalized lateral lj l j l j lntextsuperscriptfjg Lowered