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SOF Role in Combating Transnational Organized Crime to Interagency Counterterrorism Operations

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SOF Role in Combating Transnational Organized Crime to Interagency Counterterrorism Operations “…the threat to our nations’ security demands that we… Special Operations Command North (SOCNORTH) is a determine the potential SOF roles for countering and subordinate unified command of U.S. Special Operations diminishing these violent destabilizing networks.” Command (USSOCOM) under the operational control of U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). SOCNORTH Rear Admiral Kerry Metz enhances command and control of special operations forces throughout the USNORTHCOM area of responsi- bility. SOCNORTH also improves DOD capability support Crime Organized Transnational in Combating Role SOF to interagency counterterrorism operations. Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CAN- SOF Role SOFCOM) was stood up in February 2006 to provide the necessary focus and oversight for all Canadian Special Operations Forces. This initiative has ensured that the Government of Canada has the best possible integrated, in Combating led, and trained Special Operations Forces at its disposal. Transnational Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) is located at MacDill AFB, Florida, on the Pinewood Campus. JSOU was activated in September 2000 as USSOCOM’s joint educa- Organized Crime tional element. USSOCOM, a global combatant command, synchronizes the planning of Special Operations and provides Special Operations Forces to support persistent, networked, and distributed Global Combatant Command operations in order to protect and advance our Nation’s interests. MENDEL AND MCCABE Edited by William Mendel and Dr. Peter McCabe jsou.socom.mil Joint Special Operations University Press SOF Role in Combating Transnational Organized Crime Essays By Brigadier General (retired) Hector Pagan Professor Celina Realuyo Dr. Emily Spencer Colonel Bernd Horn Mr. Mark Hanna Dr. Christian Leuprecht Brigadier General Mike Rouleau Colonel Bill Mandrick, Ph.D. Colonel Earl Vandahl Mr. Randy Paul Pearson Dr. Peter McCabe Mr. Michael Miklaucic Edited by Colonel (retired) William Mendel Dr. Peter McCabe The JSOU Press MacDill Air Force Base, Florida 2016 SOF Role in Combating Transnational Organized Crime Published in the United States by Joint Special Operations University Press. Press publications are available for download from the JSOU Library web page located at https://jsou.libguides.com/jsoupublications. Comments about this book are invited and should be forwarded to the Director of the Center for Special Operations Studies and Research, Joint Special Operations University, 7701 Tampa Point Blvd., MacDill AFB, FL 33621. ******* The JSOU Center for Special Operations Studies and Research (CSOSR) is currently accepting written works relevant to special operations for potential publication. For more information, please contact the CSOSR Director at [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the JSOU Press. Sign up to receive notification of new JSOU Press publications with a GovDeliv- ery subscription, available at: https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USJSOU/ subscriber/new. ******* This work was cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ISBN 978-1-941715-05-5 Book cover design by Ms. Lana Burroughs, JSOU Printed in the United States of America The views expressed in this publication are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views, policy, or position of the United States Government, Department of Defense, United States Special Operations Command, or the Joint Special Operations University. Authors are granted academic freedom provided their work does not disclose classified information, jeopardize operations security, or misrepresent official U.S. policy. Such academic freedom empowers authors to offer new and sometimes controversial perspectives in the interest of furthering debate on key issues. Recent Publications of the JSOU Press The Collapse of Iraq and Syria: The End of the Colonial Construct in the Greater Levant, December 2015, Roby C. Barrett Tactical Operations for Strategic Effect: The Challenge of Currency Conversion, November 2015, Colin S. Gray Countering Violent Extremism in Mali, November 2015, Mark Moyar The 2005 Iraqi Sunni Awakening: The Role of the Desert Protectors Program, October 2015, William Knarr 2016 Special Operations Research Topics Saudi Arabia: Modernity, Stability, and the Twenty-First Century Monarchy, June 2015, Roby C. Barrett Special Operations Forces Reference Manual, Fourth Edition, 2015 2015 Special Operations Essays, May 2015 Building Partner Capacity, February 2015, Harry R. Yarger Islam: Ideology and Conflict,December 2014, Roby C. Barrett Village Stability Operations and the Afghan Local Police, October 2014, Mark Moyar Contents Foreword How do SOF Fit into Fighting Transnational Organized Crime Rear Admiral Kerry Metz ..............................................................................vii Introduction The SOF Role in Combating Transnational Organized Crime Colonel (retired) William (Bill) W. Mendel ..................................................... 1 The Strategic Environment Chapter 1. Transnational Organized Crime, a Regional Perspective Brigadier General (retired) Hector E. Pagan ..................................................19 Chapter 2. SOF and the New Borderless World Dr. Emily Spencer ....................................................................................... 27 Chapter 3. Transnational Organized Crime in an Era of Accelerating Change Mr. Mark Hanna ..........................................................................................37 Chapter 4. Transnational Criminal Organizations and the SOF Nexus Brigadier General Mike Rouleau ...................................................................47 Chapter 5. Transnational Organized Crime: the SOF Nexus Colonel Earl Vandahl ................................................................................... 59 Policy and Strategy Chapter 6. Counter Transnational Organized Crime Strategic Guidance Dr. Peter McCabe ....................................................................................... 67 Chapter 7. North American Efforts to Combat the Financing of Terrorism Professor Celina Realuyo ............................................................................. 85 Chapter 8. Inside Pandora’s Box: Foreign Fighters and the Lone Wolf Terrorism Nexus Colonel Bernd Horn ...................................................................................109 Operations Chapter 9. Borders and Security Dr. Christian Leuprecht ..............................................................................131 v Chapter 10. An Ontological Framework for Understanding the Terror-Crime Nexus Colonel Bill Mandrick, Ph.D. ......................................................................147 Chapter 11. Thoughts on Special Operations Forces Roles in Combating Transnational Organized Crime Mr. Randy Paul Pearson .............................................................................163 Conclusion: SOF Roles and Future Challenges Chapter 12. World Order or Disorder: The SOF Contribution Mr. Michael Miklaucic ................................................................................175 Acronym List .............................................................................................. 191 vi Foreword How do SOF Fit into Fighting Transnational Organized Crime Rear Admiral Kerry Metz t is my pleasure to present this publication’s summary and conclusions Ifrom our 2015 Symposium on Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) conducted with our Canadian Special Operations Forces (CANSOF) and Mexican special operations and law enforcement partners. Why is TOC a concern and why should it be a concern to our special operations commu- nity? The nexus between criminal and terrorist networks is significant and evolving, and the threat to our nations’ security demands that we collectively explore regional whole-of-government approaches and determine the poten- tial Special Operations Forces (SOF) roles for countering and diminishing these violent destabilizing networks. The panel summaries that fill this pub- lication detail our national sovereignty challenges, shared opportunities, and most importantly, some very useful conclusions regarding the employment of SOF against TOC. For this years’ symposium, we are again indebted to U.S. Special Opera- tions Command’s Joint Special Operations University for establishing an academic environment with subject matter experts so we could collabora- tively explore regional implications. CANSOF Command’s recent publica- tion, ‘By, With, Through’ captures the theme and discussions from our 2014 symposium and highlights the imperative of working with national and agency partners to solve complex transnational problems. Because of the groundwork we established in 2014, we were able to focus this year’s sym- posium not only on the specific Western Hemisphere TOC challenges, but also on potential roles and unified actions for SOF. The wonderful diver- sity of profession, experience, and expertise of our panelists and attendees enabled focused discussions that were thought provoking and extremely useful. Our discussions focused on our shared national interests, our unique perspectives, and arguably our disjointed national policies. Most important vii to United States Special Operations Command North (SOCNORTH), and I hope for our partners, were our discussions on how the employment of SOF could address TOC challenges. Let me conclude by expressing my appreciation, gratitude, and merci to our Canadian SOF partners who continue to make these symposiums
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