Plants That Can Be Poisonous for Cows. a Review

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REVIEW ARTICLES

Plants that can be Poisonous for Cows. A Review

* 1 2 2 Cristina EL MAHDY *, Silvana POPESCU *, Cristin BORDA 1 Department of Fundamental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj2 - Napoca, Romania Department II Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,* Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 74(2)/ 2017 Print ISSN 1843-5262; Electronic ISSN 1843-536X DOI:10.15835/buasvmcn-asb: 0019

ABSTRACT

Romania is blessed with a rich spontaneous flora, but some of the plants are toxic by their consumption in cattle, affecting Plantthe health, action isproductions not similar. Taxusand endangering Buccata, Eupatorium consumer spp. safety. (E. rugosum, Sometimes E. urticaefolium, even the consumption E. ogeratoides of) aresmall cardiotoxic amounts causesplants, poisoningbut, Eupatorium with a sppbroad extension: from mild, moderate to severe and with chronic orDatura acute stramoniummanifestations. Solanum spp. Atropa belladonna are plants with cholinergic blocking; haemolytic anemia is caused by .Pteridium also acts throughaquilinum depression of the centralEquisetum nervous system; The poisoning (Jimson weed), (nightshades),Sorghum spp (belladonna), Elderberry consumption, Senecio spp. and Hypericum (St John’s wort) induces liver toxicity. (Bracken fern) and (horsetail). with cyanogenic principles: Lupinus occurs spp., Nicotiana at spp, Conium (Johnson maculatum, grass, sudan Veratrum grass); album. Plants containing alkaloids outside their toxicity also have teratogenic action However, some of theseKeywords: plants can ethnoveterinary,be used in certain plants, cows’ poisonous, treatments. symptoms

INTRODUCTION

It is true that there are a number of factors Grazing, although it has many advantages, that contribute to poisoning: the season and the can expose the animals to a series of illnesses weather conditions the animals are subjected to: and accidents (Drăghici, 1991), especially when transport,et al. handling, when they are not regularly the green mass is reducedet quantitativelyal and fed and fed and the quality of the pasture is poor qualitatively, favoring the consumption of plants (Panter , 2011). that cause intoxication (Voia ., 2009). It is necessary for the animals to receive In the choice of plant species or parts of appropriate and good quality feed which allows them, responses to chemical stimuli received the animals to avoid the consumption of toxic by the animal through, smell, taste or touch andet plants, otherwise the cows, fed up with the same althe existing components: carbohydrates, organic diet are tempted to consume et toxic al plants which acids, tannins or alkaloids present (Arnold grow along the pasture and the fence, although and.,1981) the smell is the seems secret to weapon complement in selecting the taste forage. that have low palatability (Baldwin ., 2011). Ruminants use all the senses in selecting plants, As a rule, poisoning occurs through the consumption of the whole plant or parts of it which remains the primaryet al., factor. Unpalatable or non- is toxic, depending on the amount consumed, the swallowable feeds are discarded before being period of the year and the stage of maturity of the swallowed (Lyons 2000). plant, the quantity of water in the feed, the state of 70 et al.

EL MAHDY et al. et al health of theet animals, al their age and weight (www. in cardiac glycosides (Pushner , 2003, Chaney, co.lancaster.pa.us, 2010), physiological state 2015, Zanoschi ., 1981).Lupinus spp, Equisetum (Cortinovis ., 2015), the nature of the toxic spp.,Consumer Aconitum safetyspp., Atropa is endangered belladona, if milk Euphorbia comes principles, the environmental conditions in which spp.,from Pteridium poisoned aquilinumcows with: ( the plants live (Bosworth, 2006). Although poisoning can occur throughout theet POISONING WITH PLANTSRasnoveanu, 2013). alyear, because some plants by drying and present CONTAINING VARIOUS TOXIC in the hay do not lose their toxicity (Puschner PRINCIPLES ., 2003), grazing the early pasture inet the al. spring when the toxic plants make their first appearance, Poisoning with plants containing represent danger of poisoning (Panter , 2011). alkaloids In general, plantet al., toxins are perceived by the brain in an interval of 4-12 hours after ingestion of the feed (Arnold G.W. 1981), but the identification of Lupine can tolerateet.al less fertile soils, due to the causes is hard to analyze, which is why the the massive root system, which is why it hasLupinus wide detection of toxic plants, the understanding of luteus,spread L.albus, area (Markéta L.angustifolius, ., 2005). L. perennis) lupinine the symptoms,et al the recognition of problem areas The alkaloids present in lupine ( represent the strategy for minimizing the hazards (Hart ., 2001). and sparteine are found in large quantities. The toxic principles in plants are multiples: Spartulatine, L. angustifoliuslupanine, hidroxilupanine et alare other alkaloids, glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides,Colchicum alkaloids present in lupine plants, but, especially autumnaletoxalbumin, but, most cases ofConium poisoning maculatum in cows in variety (Zanoschi ., 1981). are due to plants containingDatura stramoniumalkaloids: The plant is evaluated as having a moderate / high Equisetum(meadow palustre saffron), degree of toxicity (Glen, 2008). Senecio(poison spp. hemlock), Taxus baccata (jimson Disorders of: nervous system, liver weed), et al. (marsh horsetail), degeneration, heart, kidneys and ( muscles occur (ragwort), (European mainly by eating before the flowering ofPhomopsis the plant yew) after Cortinovis (2015). A number of leptostromiformisand then, by eating lupine seeds El Mahdy, 2015). plants whose parts are toxic are generally avoided LupinusIntoxication, luteus caused by by animals,Atropa belladona but not whenConium they maculatum, are found Datura in the L., fungus, albus and called L. Angustifoliuslupinosis, attacks stramonium,hay. The most Euphorbia common toxicspp. plantsVeratrum present album in seeds and grows saprofit along Colchicumhay: autumnale, ( with theet al. species ; the , , symptoms manifestingby high hepatotoxicity http://agriculturaonline. (Bhat , 2010). blogspot.ro, 2011). Some of the clinicalLupinus signs spp., of Signs of poisoning: changes in behavior, Nicotianapoisoning spp,in cows Veratrum are similar, album, Coniumthe manifestations maculatum spasms, vomiting, abdominal pain, tremors, being nervouset al., and reproductive: excitement, et al., head pressure, difficulty). breathing, loss of coordination, salivation, convulsions (Forero 2011). Calf birth defects manifested (Baldwin 2011; Chaney, 2015 by malformations of the legs, spine and throat as The reproductive sphere is also affected by well as palate cleft are caused by the consumptionConium cows’ consumption of certain lupine varieties, maculatum,of toxic plants Lupinus during the gestationNicotiana period spp of. because, not all species are equally toxic, and, the cows in the range of 55-75 days ( bitter varieties that containet al quite large amounts Equisetum,); 45-75 daysPteridium aquilinum of alkaloids should not be administered as feed (Panter, 1999). for animals (Baldwin ., 2011). The negative Plants such as: , repercussions on future newborn calves are has the same antivitamin B1: thiaminase factor, manifested through obtaining calves with multiple withDigitalis similar but sp alsoAdonis distinct vernalis,symptoms Convallaria depending congenital deformationset al (D’Mello, 2002). Due majalis,on the other causes principles cardiac disorders (Bosworth, due 2006). to its content to another present alkaloid, et.al by quinolizidine can , type (Dąbrowski ., 2005) - anagyrin, with Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 74(2) / 2017 teratogenic effects (Markéta ., 2005), 71

Plants that can be Poisonous for Cows. A Review affect pregnant cows fed on lupine in the first delirium (www.envbop.govt.nz, 2003), the cattle 40-70 days of gestation can calving, calves, Conium with appear to be hallucinating, have convulsions, deformations known as “crooked calf syndrome”, become comatose, and possibly die (Fishel,et al., 2001). similar to those caused by consumption of Poisoning occurs et at al. the consumption of 0.250- (Glen, 2008). Contamination of milk is possible 0.453 Kg of green plant (Zanoschi 1981), when large amounts of lupine are consumed and, after Boyd (https://www.uaex.edu/), (Meriçli, http://docs.neu.edu.tr,). Datura ingestion ofDatura an amount stramonium of seed betweenand Colchicum 0.06 to stramonium autumnale0.09 % of animal weight can be fatal in cows. Jimsonweed, thornapple ( Both, ), is an annual plant which we find it cause dysphagia, toxic dystrophyet al in uncultivated or cultivated places, in the field, of the liver and sometimes cardiac lesions, especially among soy and corn crops. The plant cardiopulmonary collapse (Mezzasalma ., prefers rich soils (www.co.lancaster.pa.us, 2010). 2016). Milk from poisoned cows is contaminated Due to the fact that, fresh plant, has strong smell (Jonker,Nicotiana 2015). tabacum N. and unpleasant taste is not consumed by animals, rustica just in case they are hungry or pastures has low et al. (lowland region), value and infested with Jimsonweed (http://www. (higher areas in the northern region of the welchproperty.com/,). In this case, poisoning country) (Zanoschi , 1981), contains especially occurs within few minutes or hours (Bosworth, in leaves and seeds 2-3% of the most toxic 2006). Regardles that, the plant is green or dry, the principle, nicotine (Nellis, 1997), which affects toxicity remains the same, but the seeds and root the nervous system along with another alkaloid, are the most toxic parts (Glen, 2008; Wink, 2009). pyridine (https://www.coursehero.com/, 2015). In green state, more than 0.7% of green leaf weight But the number of alkaloids from the leaveset al is contains toxic alkaloids, and nectar also contains much higher: methylanabasine, acetylnornicotine, toxic principles (Bosworth, 2006). The seeds have acetylanatabine, acetylanabasine Nicotiana (Garland spp. are., low palatability, therefore it will not be consumed 1998). only if they are found in hay, silage or grain (Kerr, Although poisoning with http://extension.wsu.edu,). intended infrequent, the effects of nicotine consumption Poisoning occurset mainly al., when the seeds of this consist of: hair scarring, trembling, restlessness, plant reach in the freshly cut hay or corn salivation, nausea, bloating, constipation followed for ensiling (Binev 2010), in which case, it by feverish, diarrhea, accelerated breathing is noted self-limiting consumption by ruminant and gasping, heartbeat rare at first that become atony and anorexia to prevent further intoxication accelerated and irregular, cardiac arrhythmia, until the level of alkaloidset al. of the blood is reduced extremity cooling, dizziness, loss of sensitivity, and allows the normal intestinal function of strong ptialism, catarrhal gastro-et al., - enteritis, ruminantset al(Nelson ,1982). Alkaloids present polyuria, tonic convulsions followed by muscle in the plant: atropine, scopolamine,et al hyoscyamine etparalysis, al., and death (Zanoschi 1981; http:// (Fuchs ., 2011), have strong anticholinergic poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/,et al. 2015; Forero properties (Soler-Rodríguez ., 2006).et al. But the 2011). plant also contains: daturine, and may contain a Hassine , (2013) describes the sequential large amount of nitrates (Mezzasalma , 2016). stages of intoxication in cows, the first phase Incipient symptoms are manifested by consisting of generalized tremor, hypersalivation, rapid pulse and increased heart rhythm, pupil conjunctivitis, rapid loss of sensitivity, dilatation, vision impairment,et dryal., mouth and sphincter relaxed and palidity of mucous etother al., mucosae, animals looking for a source of membranes, followed by the second stage, water to quench thirst (Hansen 2002; Everest the imbibition, manifested by hypotension,Schep et al., 2005). Later, the symptoms are transposed bradycardia and dyspnea, eventually leading to by: decreased body temperature, nausea, loss coma and respiratory insufficiency ( of muscle coordination, aggressive behavior, 2009). Coma it’s installing depending on the form violent, tremors, breathing disorder manifested of intoxication: 1-2 hours after ingestion (acute by slow breathing, rapid and weak pulse, fever, poisoning)Bulletin and UASVM 1-3 Animal days Science (subacuteand Biotechnologies poisoning) 74(2) / 2017 72 et al.

EL MAHDY et al., et al., (Zanoschi 1981). mortality may be between 25-50%. (Zanoschi According to the same author, animals should 1981).Equisetum arvense, E.palustre, E.fluviatile not have access to tobacco plants,Nicotiana and 0.5-2 it Kgis leaves induce state of toxicity in cattle.Lupinus and Colchicum,The teratogenic effect of (field horsetail), is not one of theEquisetum plants preferred species, considered to be identical to that of E.by palustrecows, due w to the large amount of silicon which et byal., induction of malformations and clef reduces its palatability. Of the palate on calves, resultet of al reduced fetal movement hich grows around theet marshesal. is (Welch 2012), during critical stages of the most poisonous, but, the spreading area of gestationColchicum (Dąbrowski autumnale ., 2005). the plant is much wider (Popescuet al., , 1981). We meet on drained soils, sandy soil or gravel (Meadow saffron, with proper drainage (Zanoschi 1981). The Autumn crocus), plant whose presence indicates toxicity of the plant is given by its aerial parts grassland or hayfields with high ecological quality (Wink, 2009). Regardless of the form under which are found in hayfields, wet soils rich in substances it is consumed: a green or dry plant has a toxic important for plant growth (www.rndr.ro/ etcharacter al., through principles existing in the plant: documente/, 2015). alkaloid- equisentin; enzyme thiaminase (Cramer, 1 Colchicine, alkaloid, is present in the whole 2015) with antivitamin B action, palustrine,. plant being, capillary toxic and paralyzing effect palustridine and other alkaloids in a ratio greater of the nervous system. In the category of animals than 0.3%, as well as saponins (Wink, 2009) susceptible to poisoning, ranging from moderate Symptoms of poisoning assessed as having a to severe toxicity (Glen, 2008) includes cattle moderate rate of intoxication in cows is manifested which grazes surfaces in whose floral composition by: lack of appetite, emaciation, decrease in milk the plant is found, or in the field (Seceleanu, 2015), yield, digestive problems, diarrhea (Glen N., 2008). especiallyet in al., spring when, the leaves are in young According to the same author, the poisoning caused stage and, autumn through the ingested flowers by the prolonged administration of horsetail, (Anadón 2012). http://poisonousplants. causes respiratory and heart problems, cardiac The leaves are toxic at a consumption of 0.1% arrhythmias and, in some cases convulsions.et al And of the animal’s weight ( because, young animals are more susceptible ansci.cornell.edu/, 2015). Clinical manifestations to poisoning than adults, Aboling ., (2014) and signs that typically occur 48 hours after reports cases of haemorrhagic enteritis in pregnant ingestion are: pain in the mouth and throat, heifers. Calves that consume contaminated milk vomiting, salivation, dysphagia, tenesmus lethargy, ( low etwill al present convulsions, the head arched straight etblood al., pressure, abdominal pain, colic, diarrhea back and preferset al the lying down position (Forero and faeces foul-smelling, Cortinovis ., 2010). The hay which contain this plant is 2015). In more serious cases, following toxic (Forero ., 2010). Because both, horsetail the consumption of large quantities of the plant: and bracken fern, present the same antivitaminic shock, convulsions and coma precede the end, factor B1- thiaminase, the symptoms are similar. that is, the death of animals (Chaney, 2015). The Difference consists in the fact that horsetail does alkaloid is heat-resistant, is not destroyedColchicum at high not exhibit bone marrow toxin found in brackenfern autumnaletemperatures, the silage and hay being toxic as and that affects the ruminants (Bosworth, 2006). well, when they have many leaves of et At autopsy, it is not noticeable changes in organs al., in their composition because colchicine but only diffuse lesions in the cerebral cortex, is able to withstand storage and drying (Voia involving different nuclei of the brain, in similar 2009). The calves fed with milk coming from to those in encephalomalacia or cerebro-cortical poisoned cows leads to their intoxication (http:// necrosis (http://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell. poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/, 2015). edu/,Aconitum 2015). paniculatum, A. napellus A. Colchiceine, another alkaloid, is manifested by moldavicum diarrhea, black-green bloody feces, hepato-renal disorders, polyuria and haematuria, nervous kind of very poisonous herbaceous Bulletindisorders, UASVM Animal bulbar Science respiratoryand Biotechnologies paralysis,74(2) / 2017 cattle plants commonly known as aconite, monkshood, 73

Plants that can be Poisonous for Cows. A Review wolf’s bane, leopard’s bane, mousebane, women’s specimens, or bouquets (http://www.plantpedia. bane, devil’s helmet, queen of poisons (https:// ro, 2010).All parts of the tree, less the fleshy part of en.wikipedia.org,) grows in wetlands, rocky places the red fruit, dead etor al., alive, are toxic, but especially and mountain meadows (http://www.biaplant. leaves, the toxicity rate being high throughout ro, 2015). All parts of the plant are toxic, but the the year (Wright 2007).The plant contains concentration A. of napellus toxic principles at wild species a number of toxic principles: alkaloids (taxin A, is higher in the roots and root tubers (Chan T.Y., B and C) that suppress the activity of the heart; 2009), and at the roots, the seeds and glycosides (taxicatine), hydrocyanic acid esters, the pre-flower leaves are especially toxic (https:// ephedrine, taxol, and other principles (http:// csuvth.colostate.edu,2017). Poisoning in cows poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu, 2015). Taxin is manifested through: disorders of the nervous A and B are cardio-depressant, death occurs system, paralysis of bulb nervous centers, cardiac diarrhea.suddenly, and, oil found in the sap has irritating and respiratory (Nualláin, 2014) due to the high action on the gut, being incriminated in colic and content of aconitine, the strongest poison of the nervous system that activates the sodium channels Consumption of moderate amounts causes being a powerful toxin of the nerves and muscles digestive discomfort from mild to severe when that cause it numbness and paralysis (Wink, the animal can succumb. Schivera, (2011) is of the 2009); aconin and benzoliaconine (https:// opinion that, small quantities can kill the animal.et al., www.scribd.com/), mesaconitine, lycoctonine;et al Consumption of 0.5% of the weight of etruminants al., is are other toxic principles that are also part of sufficient to show signs of poisoning (Wilson the terpenoid alkaloids category (Zanoschi ., 2001). On the other hand, Cortinovis (2015) 1981). Aconitin is easily absorbed in the digestive suggests that ingestion of 0.5% of body weight for tract and is slowly eliminated by the kidney. The ruminants is fatal. manifestations of poisoning are accompanied by Manifestations of poisoning, which occur in vomiting, colic, constipation, slowing of heartbeats cows at 24-48 hours after ingestion, consist of: and breathing, pupil dilation, muscle tremors andet ataxia, diarrhea, hypotension, colic, cardiac hypothermia, and/or al.,weakness (Gintaras, 2012), polyuria, hypothermia seizures, weakness, respiratory failure, and death, in severe cases. After Constable bradycardia, coma and death, additional (2017), toxic the principles. diarrhea that can accompany respiratory Senecio collapse vulgaris (Bosworth, and S. jacobea 2006). poisoning is attributed to the existence of other (Ragwort and Apart from neurotoxic principles, cardiotoxic Groundsel “stinking willie), grows throughout etagents al act by increasing the sodium ions the country, in uncultivated places, besides walls, permeability and membrane excitability (Acamovic roads, or fields (https://ro.wikipedia.org/).et al, ., 2004). Toxins can also be absorbed through Contains alkaloids of which: senecionine, senecine, the skin (http://www.realgardeners.co.uk/,). senocifidine, are the most toxic (Zanoschi Pastures in whose vegetation is more than 1981). 10% monkshood need to be cleaned because the But the plant is etmuch al., more rich in alkaloids: plant toxicity is high, both, green and dry state jacidine, jacobine, jacoline, jaconine, jacozine and (http://www.triplecrownhorsefeeds.com/,). It retrorsine (Anadón 2012), existing Senecio extendsover 50 is not allowed to consume milk from poisoned principles with cumulative hepatotoxic properties animalsTaxus with buccata monkshood (Rasnoveanu, 2013). (El Mahdy., 2015). Poisoning with from moderate to severe, all parts of the plant (European yew) known as being toxic (Chaney, 2015). Manifestations of ″ the tree of death ″, is a arboretums much poisoning may occur within 2-8 months after etmore al widespread in the past, but, should not be ingestion, not just immediately, period in which overlooked because it is extremely toxic (Zanoschi animals lose their physical condition and jaundiceet al. .,1981). In Romania it appears disseminated is installed, caused by liver failure. In some cases, from the hills to the mountainous area, in the the cows present photosensitivity (Puschner , beeches or mixtures of beech with resin on rugged 2003). relief, rocky areas, screes, in the form of isolated All Bulletin farm UASVM species Animal Science are and Biotechnologies susceptible 74(2) / 2017 to 74 et al.

EL MAHDY consumption Senecio

of , but especially cows and poisoning being manifested by acute neurotoxic,et al., horses, where the plant consumption produces cardiovascular effects and fetotoxic Conium effects fatal liver damage. Extending the effect, however, including teratogenesis (Mezzasalmaet al., is much wider due to the mutagenic and 2016). Cows that have ingested during carcinogenic action, and inhibition of peripheral 55-75 days of pregnancy (Panter 1992) will nerves (Wink, 2009). Nervouset al., system disorders give birth of calves with malformationset al., of the are due to the high amounts of ammonia present neck, spine: arthrogryposis, scoliosis, torticollis, in the blood (Cortinovis 2015) which has kyposis, and lordosis (Green 2012); limbs: as manifestations: staggering, circling and head over-or et under-extension al or curvature of joints, pressing ((http://www.thecattlesite.com). rigidity of joints and immobility, clef palate In the first stage of poisoning cows manifested (Panter ., 1992). The obvious symptoms of as symptoms: lethargy, loss of appetite, reduction intoxication are translated by: foam on the mouth, in the body condition score, crusting around the restlessness, pain, dilated pupils, jawet al clamping, eyes and nose, red eyes and tears, gastroenteritis, teething, vomiting, weak pulse, diarrhea, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, weaknesset al., manifested by seizures, respiratory failure (Binev ., 2007), wobbling and dragging rear feet (https://www. gastrointestinal irritation, nervous irritation, Senecioars.usda.gov, 2016). Walsh (2007) has also neuromuscular blockadeet al., (Gintaras, 2012), cold noticed other changes to bulls poisoned with extremities, and sometimes coma precede death : depressive behavior, ears bent, gait, of animals (Everest 2005). Sometimes, the absence of ruminal contractions, ascites. plant consumption can cause dermatitis, and cow Sometimes the simptoms are accompanied by, poisoning occurs at ingestion of over 2 kg / 400 kg diarrhoea, with straining, as well as jaundice of live weight (www.envbop.govt.nz, 2003). Who – yellowing particularly of the whites of the has any doubt on the plant is quite easy to identify. eye. Cows may develop a pig-like odor that has By crushing the plant, it leaves a bad smell similar a somewhat Senecio sweetish quality (http://www. to the smell of the mice (https://novascotia.ca,). thecattlesite.com/). The silage contaminatedet al., with less than 5% , administered in ration inS. Although the name of the plant comes from the jacobaeacows is considered unsafe (Forero 2010). italian word “belladonna”, which means beautiful Not all species in this category are toxic but, woman, Atropa belladonna, is also known under yes, which is why it should be removed other names as: belladonna, deadly nightshade, from the floral composition, because, all parts of devil’s berries, naughty man’s cherries, death the plant are toxic and remain toxic and after they cherries, beautiful death, and devil’s herb, being are preserved in the form of hay (www.defra.gov. one of the most toxic plants, common in allet theal., uk/, Conium2009). maculatum- wooded regions of the Carpathians, frequented on the floor of the beech forests (Zanoschi poison hemlock. has 1981). as a spreading area: dry ditches, depreciated Plant toxicity varies depending on the land surfaces (www.calivitavelcu.ro, 2009) The vegetation stage, but, the peak of toxicity is alkaloids: coniine and γ-coniceine are present recorded during the fruiting stage (http://www. throughout the plant, including: flowers, fruits, provet.co.uk). Contains alkaloids: atropine, seeds. However, coniine is more concentrated scopolamine, hyosciamine, last two causing in the leaves of the plant at the beginning of the delusions and hallucinations, plus other principles vegetative stage,et al., while the fruits incorporate the such as: beladonine and nicotine (El Mahdy, 2015). highest amount of coniine, in the autumn season Poisoning is rare but possible, by ingestion (Cortinovis 2015). of berries or contamination of feed (Largo, Although, the effects of alkaloids on the 2014). Symptoms of cow intoxication occur nervous system are not fully elucidated it is rapidly causing paralysis and death within 5-6 believed that they act like nicotine, that is, hours (http://www.belladonnakillz.com), and as Coniuminitially stimulate and then blocket theal autonomic manifestations: animals refuse the feed, maximal ganglia (Gintaras, 2012). By the alkaloid content, pupil dilation and iris reduction, dry mouth and Bulletin UASVM affects Animal Sciencethe cows and Biotechnologies (Binev 74(2) .,/ 20172007), the thirst, bloating, restlessness, accelerated and 75

Plants that can be Poisonous for Cows. A Review weak pulse, heavy breathing, absent intestinal forehead to the fetuses (www.thepoisongarden. peristalsis, constipation,et al., and the eye can not co.uk). accommodate and the animals can prevent, acute The toxic potential is greatly reduced by frost tympanism (Zanoschi 1981). Milk obtained (Kerr, http://extension.wsu.edu/). Solanum dulcamara, is a plant from poisoned cows is contaminated, alkaloids Bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, popular reaching in its composition (http://www.provet. names of the plant co.uk/). with a wide spread: from the plain to the subalpine VeratrumA plant album which grow on pastures, meadows, level (www.geomorphologyonline.com,). grassland, especially at high altitudes of Romania, All parts of the plant are toxic, the tender (Hellebore), comes from latin peaks, seeds, but especially berries (Glen, 2008). ‘vere’, ‘true’, ‘real’, ‘truly’ plus ‘ater’, ‘black’ because The intoxication is given by the solanidine of theVeratrum roots of very intense black color (http:// and steroidal alkaloids solanine (https://csuvth. www.thepoisongarden.co.uk,). colostate.edu/), which interferes with digestion acts as a modifier of muscle tonus by inhibiting theet al., vegetative nervous system and and toxic bulbar, but, can cause dermatitis too, parasimpatic and direct irritation of the digestive due to the principles that make it a violent tract (Schivera 2011). vesicant (https://www.coursehero.com, 2015). It can cause serious poisoning through The plant is toxic by its high alkaloid content, consumption, regardless of whether the plant is jervanine and veratranine type (veratridine, green or found in hay. The forms of intoxication veratramine, veratrosine, jervine, pseudojervine, have wide spread: from mild to chronic, where, and isorubrijervine) and alkaloids with the after Bosworth (2006), small, but, daily: amounts cevanine et skeleton al (cevadine, cevine, zygadenine, of the plant ingested by the animals induce. veracerine, germine, protoverine, and their esters) chronic intoxication manifested by general (Gaillard ., 2001). Protoverine A and B reduce unthriftiness,depression, diarrhea or constipation oxygen in the blood, manifested by respiratory Neurodigestive symptoms occur in the subacute problems where with the animals are confronted form of intoxication and, in severe, acute forms, to(Chaney, Digitalis 2015). Veratridine, protoverin, jervine, signs are nervous caused by the damage to the is neurological and cardiac toxins comparable nervous system bySolanum solanine (Glen,dulcamara 2008). translate instead calciumwho acts throughet al an increase in On the whole, the clinical signs of cows the intracellular concentration of sodium poisoned with (Gaillard ., 2001). It causes through: loss of appetite, salivation, pupil dilation, specific manifestations, namely: blurred vision, abdominal pain, gastric lesions,et al. inflammation of transitional blindness; dizziness;cardiovascular, intestinal mucous membranes, diarrhea that may respiratory disorders: slow and irregular pulse, become bleeding (Forero 2011). slow and deep breathing, hallucinations; lack of Sometimes the symptoms are more extensive, muscle coordination,et al locomotor ataxia, seizures;et affecting the kidneys with manifestation of al.,gastrointestinal, disorders: nausea, vomiting nephritis. Hemoglobinuria may occur as a result of (Gaillard ., 2001), abdominal pain (Gilotta etthe al., action of solanin in the blood, causing hemolysis et al. 2010) diarrhea, skin irritation (Wink., 2009). of erythrocytes and urine staining in red (Zanoschi According to Manceanu quoted by Zanoschi 1981). In severe cases of intoxication cows (1981) the total amount of alkaloids in the manifest: vomiting, pupil dilatation, difficulty plant is 0.6-0.7%, which is not lost by drying the in breathing, diarrhea, paralysis, and death of plant. The dose of fresh lethal roots for cows is 2g/ animalsChelidonium (Chaney, 2015).majus kg body weight. The cessation of bulbar nervous activities that control circulation and breathing (Greater celandine) lead to the death of animals. On the other hand, is a common plant throughout the country. It the consumption of this plant affects the pregnant contains a bitter alkaloid stored especially in the cows which will give birth to some calves with root (chelidonine) which does not seem to be defects (Chaney, 2015); jervine, cyclopamine toxic, but at least another 20et alalkaloids are found causing malformations (cyclopean eye) which in the various organs of the plant dependent on means, the presence of one eye at the center of the the growthBulletin stage UASVM Animal (Frohne Science and Biotechnologies., 1983) of 74(2) which / 2017 76 et al.

EL MAHDY chelerythrine it is poisonous for cows (http:// abundant salivation, nausea, vomiting, colic, poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/, 2015). Other diarrhea (http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca, 1995, principles present: protopine, sanguinarine, 2010), polyuria, albuminuria, haematuria. berberine, tetrahydrocoptisine (https://research. The cardiotoxic activity of glycosideset al is due vet.upenn.edu,). to inhibition of ATPase transport and increased The plant does not have a high degree of myocardial contractility (Dąbrowski ., 2005). palatability, therefore, because of the sour and Signs characteristic of cardiovascular poisoning: spicy taste, but, also the fetish smell, repulsively, the alternation between bradycardia - tachycardia is avoided by cows (Pădeanu, 2017). The toxic and periods of arrhythmia; high blood pressure. In part of the plant is the light yellow liquid, which serious cases of intoxication, the chance of survival in contact with the air becomes reddish (http:// animals is null, deathDigitalis occurring. by asphyxiation. www.cbif.gc.ca,). Consequently, consumption of To avoidDigitalis intoxication, lanatum the hay should not contain the whole plant has a toxic effect by ingestion more than 0.5% (www.lancastercountyplanning.org/, 2010), , in our country grows the effects being: narcotic, emetic, purgative spontaneously in meadows, stony places and and manifestations of intoxication: drowsiness, glades (www.wikipedia.ro/). It contains as main salivation, staggering gait, staggering, convulsions, cardiotonic glycosides: diginatoside, lanatoside death. Calves consuming cow’s milk with symptoms D, lanatoside A, lanatoside C, lanatoside E, of intoxication are not affected, but necropsy lanatoside B, digoxigeninmonodigitoxoside, reveals gastrointestinal irritation (http://www. digoxigeninbisdigitoxoside, digoxin, cbif.gc.ca, 2014). The plant has irritating effect glucocytofucoside,et al., strospezid. Of the saponins, on the eyes and the skin if, the animals come into plant contains: digitonine, gitonine, tigonine contactPoisoning with it (Thomson, with plants 2007). containing (Zanoschi 1981), and other principles as well: glycosides antirhinic acid, digitalosmin, and digitoflavoneus (http://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu, 2015). Leaves, roots and seeds are the most toxic parts thereAs is a no rule, selective animals consumption do not consume due to thesepoor of the plant causing heart disease. Poisoning plants, most of them having flowers.However, if is manifested by: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, et al., slowed/ abnormal heartbeat, hallucinations productive capacity of pastures, they Digitalis will be toxic(Tikofsky, principles 2013). is Adonis vernalis purpureaconsumed by animals (Popescu 1981). Another plant that contains the same cardio Among the plants that contain glycosides, , widespread in (Foxglove), protected species is very the pastures, grasslands, glades, scarp; having like common among spontaneous flora species present spreading area: the plain area up to the region in the meadows, forest edges or in glades, steppe of the high hills, but, more widespread in the grasslands (dry) which of ecologicalet al., quality is limestone areas of the plateau and hill areas of the medium-high, frequently burned in the spring, of Romanian Subcarpathians, in the counties: Cluj, the plain and hill areas (Akeroyd 2012). Bistriţa-Năsăud, Alba, Hunedoara, Sibiu, Mureş, Contains as principles, cardiotoxic glycosides:. Dobrogea (https://dianthus2rt.wordpress.com, digitalin, digoxin and digitoxin, both, in green 2011). et al., and dry plants (Kerr, http://extension.wsu.edu) Contain cardenolides toxic especially in leaves In addition, it possesses a saponin-digitonin and flowers (Forero 2010). The whole plant, and digilanides A, B and C, accumulated in contains adonitoxin which causes cardio-vascular leaves, stem, seeds, flowers. (Kormanik, 2016). disorders by inhibit Na+,K+- ATPase (Wink, 2009) So, all parts of the plant are toxic (http://www. externalized by: weak pulse then accelerated, smallholderseries.co.uk,) The highest proportion pronounced and progressive heart failure. of these toxic principles is found in the leaves and Cardenolides causes gastrointestinal disorders the action is cumulative. The lethal dose is 160- such as: colic, haemorrhagic enteritis, diarrhea, 200 g for ruminants, signs of intoxication being of decreased intestinal motility; nephritis and cardiovascular and gastrointestinal nature (http:// morphopathological changes: dilated cord (atrial www.smallholderseries.co.uk/,)Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 74(2) manifested / 2017 by: dilatation), pulmonary with venous stasis (www. 77

Plants that can be Poisonous for Cows. A Review

et al., scritub.com,). Sometimes the end is undesirable: glycoside (durrhin) whose toxicity level is low, the death of the animals (Puschner 2003). after Knight (2007). Durrhin, by hydrolysis at an Symptoms etwould al not be completely without long- alkaline pH or by crushing the plant, decomposes lasting diarrhea, stubborn to treatment, polyuria into glucose, oxybenzoic acid and hydrogenet (Zanoschi ., 1981). According to the same acyanide whichand cardiac inactivate arrest ( cell ferments and author, none of the glycosides disappear by boiling, produce respiratory center paralysis (Popescu and in the hay, the weight Convallaria of this plant majalis should is toxic not l., 1981) D’Mello, 2002). exceed 1%. Poisoning is manifested by hind limb paralysis, The whole plant of paresis, death through anoxia (Man, 1986). The because it has over 20 cardiac glycosides and parts of the plant with a high concentration of saponins (Wink, 2009). Thehttp://poisonousplants. poisoning is severe cynide are: strain and leaves, but, the young shoots by affecting the cardiovascular system.The plant are the most toxic (Fishel F., 2001). contains convallarin ( The animals will not be allowed to grazing ansci.cornell.edu, 2015); cardiac glycosides the sorghum before the dew rises because it (https://www.coursehero.com, 2015), which exacerbates the toxicity of the plant. Other cases in causes painful burns in the mouth and throat, which toxicity is manifested are: the consumption salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, of green sorghum during or after rain or bumpy pupils dilation, slow and irregular heartbeats, days, or when animals are hungry and consum a hypertension,Helleborus sometimes purpurascens, coma and death (Wink, great quantity of plant in to short time (http:// 2009; Chaney, 2015). www.dpi.nsw.gov.au, 2007). Poisoning usually has as a spreading occurs after a period of drought followed by rainy area: the beech and spruce forests, from the weather when the amount of hydrogen cyanide altitude of 300 meters inside the Carpathian arch reaches 1 mg / kg of live weight (El Mahdy, 2015). and from 500 to 600 meters in the rest. Because it Prevention measures consist of avoiding is a calcite plant, it does not grow on acidic lands, grazing or sorghum consumption in rainy Sorghumweather. but it appears around limestone rocks (https:// In hay or silo the toxicity of durrhine is lost ro.wikipedia.org,). Contains 3 active principles: (Luginbuhl, 2015). Whatever the variety, heleborine, alkaloid - drastically purgative; contains between 400-900 ppm cyanide by dry heleborein, saponin acting on the nervous system weight, which is why it is difficult to set a limit causing narcosis and anesthesia and a steroidal due to many factors, but 600 ppm is considered a glycoside with cardiotonicet al., action, hebrin, to dangerous threshold and sometimes 200 ppm for which is added ecdysteroids and γ-lactones starving animals. (https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/, (protoanemonin) (Maior 2013). Because 2013).Sambucus nigra of these principles, the signs of intoxication manifested by cows are: digestive, nervous, (Elderberry),et al., common cardiac. Cows exhibit inappetence, vomiting, species from the plain to the lower floor of gastroenteritis (Paul, 2007). At the cardiac level forests, meadows, shrubs, (Zanoschi et al., 1981),, manifestations include: slow heart rate, with is particularly present on soils rich in nitrogen, periods of arrhythmia, difficulty breathing. Muscle phosphate and potassium (Atkinson 2002) tremors are usually preceded by coma and death but, poisoning are rare (DiTomaso, http://wric. by asphyxia. It is not recommendedet al to consume ucdavis.edu,). milk from poisoned cows because it causes Palatability is differentiated overet al., seasons, less diarrhea and vomiting (Zanoschi ., 1981). in the spring and with greater expansion in late summer and autumn (Stevens et al., 2003). All Poisoning with plants Sorghum.containing S. cyanogenic halepense parts of the plant: bark, leaves, mature fruit, unripe glycosides ) berries, roots, stems (Cooper 1984), by Plants of the genus ingestion produce poisoning in mild or moderate (Johnson grass , a naturalized and invasive plant forms (Gough, 2010). present in Romania’s spontaneous flora (Sîrbu, Cyanogenic glycoside, sambunigrine is present 2012), under certain soil and climate conditions, in the leaves (Long, http//books.google.ro/), ie frost or drought, contain a cyanogen nitrile fresh fruitsBulletin contain UASVM Animal hydrogen Science and Biotechnologies cyanide (Zanoschi 74(2) / 2017 78 et al.

EL MAHDY et al

., 1981), and those unripe,et al., samburigrine the meadowsEupatorium of therugosum plains and mountain areas, (EMA/HMPC/44208/2012). Another cyanogenic E.terraces, ageratoides, virgin landE. urticaefolium (Enache, 2012). glycoside is vicianine (Tewe 1989), to which, invasive plant Eupatorium cannabinum (white snakeroot), it is added purgative substances (www.weeds. and the newest mangrovemountain.net, 2008); sambucine- - boneset alkaloid, plus triterpenoides, resins, lecitins (http://issg.org/,) are plants of high toxicity (Knight, 2007). Cyanogenic glycosides, by especially at the end of the summer or when, by enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis, release cyanogenic overproduction, the feed is insufficient (Bosworth, acid, which inhibits enzymes that play a role in 2006). tissue respiration, producing histotoxic hypoxia. From the parts of the plant, stems and the In small quantities it causes purging, and large leaves are the most toxic, because of tremetol ingested quantities induce animal depression. It is that causes the disease called “trembles”, and a violent emetic, animals displaying cathartic effect the symptoms are manifested by: muscle tremors with diarrhea, abundant diuresis, accelerated especially in the nose and legs, especially of the pulse (Long, http//books.google.ro,). The nausea flank and hind legs (http://poisonousplants.et al., is causedPoisoning by raw withfruits (Chaney, plants 2015). containing ansci.cornell.edu, 2015), deficiency to stay in other toxic principles standing position (Beardsley 1983), stiff Euphorbia spp.,( ) gait, depression, periods of sweating, normal or subnormal body temperature, labored or shallow spurges is part of the category respiration, partial throat paralysis, jaundice, of toxic plants for cows and not only (DiTomaso, passage of hard feces, prostration, death. The effect http://wric.ucdavis.edu,), but it is rarely consumed of consumption is cumulative, poisoning may occur due to low palatability (Bosworth,et al., 2006). Spread: at the consumption of 1-20% of the body weight All the country! Grows in pastures, cultivated and occurrence of poisoning manifestations within places, vacant lands (Zanoschiet al 1981). 2 days to 3 weeks (http://poisonousplants.ansci. In contact with the sap that has a high content cornell.edu, 2015). Because the toxin is eliminated of euphorbon (Beardsley ., 1983) it is noted through milk, cows willEupatorium show signs consumption of poisoning severe irritation of the skin, with the emergence of later (Spaink, 2003). blisters (Glen., 2008). The toxic effect of Manifestations in case of consumption occur does not only occur directly on animals but, the 1-2 hours after ingestion and are translated by: toxin absorbed in milk or meat, products derived salivation, vomiting, burning irritation in mouth, from poisoned animals also affects consumers to throat and eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea often which it provokes “milk disease”, butter or meat haemorrhagic, muscle trembling, sweating,et al., due (Robinson, 2011, https://zidbits.com/, 2011/). to euphorbia, which in addition causes nervous and, cardiac disorders (Zanoschi 1981), Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern). All manifested by: arrhythmia, tinnitus, kidney parts of the plant are toxic (Knight, 2007), having and liver disorders, coma and in addition is co- several principles: ptaquiloside - unstable carcinogenic (Wink, 2009). glycoside (German, 2017) that, under alkaline The dominant clinical sign in fatal cases conditions is transformed into conjugated diene- is blood-borne diarrhea due to haemorrhagic one which is readily added to various nucleophilic enteritis. Also, it can be notice: the depreciation compounds, the exerted action being positively of organoleptic quality of milk, which has reddish carcinogenic (http://ethnobotanical.info,); at least color, bitter taste and more, is toxic, that is why it two carcinogenic potential principles: quercetin is avoidedEuphorbia to be spp.consuming and Mercurialis (Robinson, 2011).annua şi kaempferol (http://ethnobotanical.info,); The hay should not contain more than 1% prunasin which are glycoside; thiaminase, an of of enzyme that reduces the thiamine reserve of the the composition of the plant mixture,et al because body, present in the leaves and root (Stegelmeier, because, by drying theyEupatorium lose out spp of toxicity but, http://www.msdvetmanual.com; http://www. do not completely disappear (Gligor ., 1971). pfaf.org,). In cattle, the effect is cumulative, the plant AsBulletin a spreadingUASVM Animal Sciencearea and Biotechnologies 74(2) .,/ 2017is found in having direct or indirect anticoagulant properties, 79

Plants that can be Poisonous for Cows. A Review THE REVERSE OF THE COIN: THE POSITIVE EFFECT OF TOXIC PLANTS signs of intoxication occurring after 1-2 months from feed consumption containing more than 30% bracken fern (https://documents.tips,). Animalset al., Although intoxications are imminent in the are listless, weight loss, bleeding on the mucous case when the proportion of toxic plants is high in and internal membranes, anemia (Schivera floral composition, should not be undermine the 2011), high fever, (Bosworth, 2006), abundant beneficial, healing effect of these, which may comeet al salivation, petechial hemorrhages, haematochezia, to the aid of medicine, and considered “the gift of bright blindness (http://vetbook.org,). Nasal and God to mankind” in Hindu mythology (Lans ., rectal haemorrhages, difficulty in breathing,et al., blood 2007), that, can be harvested at the end of August, in urine and faeces, haemorrhagic syndrome, early September. Ethnoveterinary research is induces immunotoxic effects (Latorre 2011), defined as ″the systematicet al investigation and aplastic bone marrow, (https://www.ars.usda. applicationVeratrum of folkalbum veterinary knowledge, theory gov,) leading to severe leucopenia, tombocytopenia and practice″ (Schmid ., 2012). (Bradley, www.chm.bris.ac.uk,), bladder and et al. .Has been used sinceVeratrum the intestinal carcinomas, urinary bladder neoplasm Middle Ages in Europe as an emetic for cows etof variousal., tissue types and epithelial tumors of the (Lans , 2007). In folk medicine upper gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants (Panter is used as well against irritationet al in neurologia, 2011). Symptoms are dependent on the tonic cardiac dueVeratrum to its content album arein alkaloids used as tea with in severity of poisoning. antihypertensive action (Schmid ., 2012).et al Thus, in mild cases, acute dermatitis is noted on Roots of de the nasal bridge which are a tell-tale, and in severe the treatment of diarrhea inBrassica calves (Bartha oleracea ., cases two different syndromes are distinguished: 2015). Root dried and smeared onto the hair or first, acute hemorrhagic syndrome translated boiled in combination with leaf by bone marrow depression and urinary tumors sap are used in the fight against lice to large and that is considered the second syndrome (http:// small ruminants (Gub , 2005). vetbook.org,). Applying the leaves Chelidonium in the form majus of is a blanketused in Young animals can develop swelling in the or in the form of a powder obtained from the larynx and may have respiratory problems due to drying of the plant , laryngeal and perilaryngeal edema (Mc Kinnon, veterinary treatment to combat scabies in animals. http://www.ava.com.au,) called hematidosis, The aerial parts Chelidonium of the plant majus mixed with forage are blood sweat, or Keridilis’s disease (https:// used to treat intestinal infections in cows andet theal. documents.tips,). decoction. of can be given to The second form of intoxication mentioned cows for the eliminationLupinus albus of placenta (Vlková , by the same authors is enteric, which precedes 2015) Among the plants with anti-parasitic effect, laryngeal form and which is manifested by bloody white lupine ( ) is beneficial. In fact, it feces, hematuria, the blood coagulates hard, since is the only plant that can be applied directly to the there is a deficiency of platelets. After German skin of the animals (Tikofsky., 2013), or by boiling (2017), thiaminase does not obviously affect lupine seeds which, due to their high alkaloid ruminants because ruminal bacteria degrade the content, give a bitter taste.et These, al after. boiling, are enzyme, but, most likely ptaquiloside affect bone appliedNicotiana to the tabacum,skin of animals is used having in the a treatment repellent marrow. The same principle is incriminated in soil and aficid effect (Bischoff ., 2016)et al., pollution and can reach in drinking water (http:// Nicotiana ethnobotanical.info,). Health damage is reversible tabacumagainst ectoparasites (Bischoff 2016). if thiamine is administered in a timely manner. nematodes:Nicotine sulphate Monezia, Ascaridia extracted and from other parasites The immunodepresiveet al effect of ptaquiloside et, al is used to eliminate gastrointestinal can be prevented by selenium supplementation Belladonna is (Latorre ., 2011). The possibility of consumer used(Laudo in: ., 2013). poisoning through the milk obtained from cows According to the same author that have ingested this plant is possible (Chaney, high fever systemically and locally and 2015). the tissue is bright red or red streaked and painful such as Bulletinacute UASVM mastitis Animal (McCrory,Science and Biotechnologies 2012).The 74(2) parts / 2017 80 et al.

EL MAHDY used in the plant Eupatorium perfoliatum

: Leaves, grazing is the main desideratum for maintaining flowers, have an effect immune stimulant, reduce the integrity of health and productive performance plantbone pain,Digitalis fever lanata(Tikofsky, 2013) in cows. In the heart diseases the parts of the Although plants with toxic potential may : leaves, roots, seed have also have beneficial effects being used in homeopathic effect (Tikofsky, 2013). Convallatoxin Ethnoveterinary.REFERENCES and convaloside fromet al., Convallaria major can be used as an alternative to Digitalis cardiac failure treatment (Laudo 2013). Convallatoxin, from 1. Aboling S, Rottmann S, Wolf P, Jahn-Falk D, Kamphues J (2014). Case Report: Complex Plant Poisoning in Heavily the blossoms, is used as a cardiotonic. The dried Pregnant Heifers in Germany. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 5: 178 rhizome, known as Convallaria root, has also been 2. Acamovic T, Stewart CS, TW Pennycott (2004). Poisonous stimulantused as a cardiotonic and diuretic. In veterinary Plants and Related Toxins, chapter 4, pg 38, CABI science it has been used as a diuretic and cardiac publishing (http://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell. 3. Akeroyd J, Bădărău S (2012). Specii de plante indicatoare edu, 2015). pentru pajiști cu Înaltă Valoare Naturală din sudul Hellborus Transilvaniei). Ed: Fundația ADEPT Transilvania spp In Romania, but also countries such as Italy, Turkey, Serbia, the roots and branches of 4. Anadón A, Martínez-Larrañaga MR; Castellano V (2012). et al Poisonous plants of Europe. In Veterinary Toxicology: . areHelleborus inserted under purpurascens the skin roots of sick are animals inserted to Basic and Clinical Principles, 2nd ed.; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; treat respiratory problems (Maior ., 2013). At Elsevier Inc.: San Diego, CA, USA.pp. 1080–1094. cattle, 5. Arnold GW, Morley FHW (1981). Grazing behaviour. et al., Helleborus bocconei are ., Grazing animals. Elsevier. p. 79-104 in the outer ear to treat inflammation (Vlková M., 2015),Helleborus the petiol foetidus of are inserted into the 6. Atkinson MD, Atkinson E (2002). Sambucus nigra L insered into the ear or the neck for bronchitiset theal., Journal of Ecology 90: 895–923 leaves of 7. Bhat R, Ravishankar VR, Karim AA (2010). Mycotoxins ears for bronchitis and pneumonia ( Bartha in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns, Equisetum arvense is used to maintain the Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2015), Vol.9 ( 1): 57–81

( 8. Baldwin L, Boswell M, Burgess D (2011). Livestock mineral balance during the period of calving poisoning plants of whatcom county pastures, www. ithttp://www.bionaturesanteanimale.fr,). is indicated Senecio vulgaris whatcomcounty.us/publicworks/weeds/index.jsp For prevention and therapy of false gestation 9. Bartha SG, Cassandra L Quave CL, Lajos Balogh L, Nóra et al., , which promotes Papp N (2015). Ethnoveterinary practices of Covasna estrogen secretion and inhibits the secretion of County,Transylvania, Romania. J. of Ethnobiology and Sambucus nigra Ethnomedicine (2015) 11:35, DOI 10.1186/s13002-015- progesterone (Laudo 2013) 0020-8 - elderberry may be effective 10. poisonousplantsBeardsley L, Sloot J (1983). Poisonous plants of for the treatment ofet al gastrointestinalSambucus disorders, nigra the Midwest, http://www.archive.org/details/ such as colic, impaired digestion, tympany, and meteorism (Mayer ., 2014). 11. Benedict GT, Lee S T, Panter KE, Brown DR (2012). Review. Piperidine alkaloids: Human and food animal teratogens. flower as a decoction has diuretic effect; the flower Datura et al., Food and chemical toxicology, vol 50: 2049-2055 in fumigation used for inflamed udder, mastitis stramonium (Bartha 2015). “Elderberry flowers contain 12. Binev R (2010). Intoxication by JimsonWeed ( ) in animals. Ecol. Future Bulg. J. Ecol. Sci. 9: flavenoids and rutin, which are known to improve 9–16. immune function, particularly in combination 13. Binev R, Mitev J, Miteva T (2007). Intoxication with Poison with vitamin “C.” The flowers also contain tannins, Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) in calves. Trakia J Sci 5: which account for its traditional use to reduce p 40–50 bleeding, diarrhea, and congestion” (Stevens, 14. Bischoff T, Vogl C R., Ivemeyer S, Klarer F, Meier B, 2003). Hamburger M (2016). Plant and natural product based CONCLUSION homemade remedies manufactured and used by farmers of six central Swiss cantons to treat livestock. Livestock science vol.189,p.110-125 Not all animal species react in the same way 15. Bischoff T, Vogl CR, Ivemeyer S, Klarer F, Meier B, to the action of a substance present in plants, but Hamburger M (2016).Plant and natural product based theBulletin strategy UASVM Animal of Sciencegood and management Biotechnologies 74(2) of /pasture 2017 and homemade remedies manufactured and used by farmers 81

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