REVIEW ARTICLES Plants that can be Poisonous for Cows. A Review * 1 2 2 Cristina EL MAHDY *, Silvana POPESCU *, Cristin BORDA 1 Department of Fundamental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj2 - Napoca, Romania Department II Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,* Cluj-Napoca, Romania Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 74(2)/ 2017 Print ISSN 1843-5262; Electronic ISSN 1843-536X DOI:10.15835/buasvmcn-asb: 0019 ABSTRACT Romania is blessed with a rich spontaneous flora, but some of the plants are toxic by their consumption in cattle, affecting Plantthe health, action isproductions not similar. Taxusand endangering Buccata, Eupatorium consumer spp. safety. (E. rugosum, Sometimes E. urticaefolium, even the consumption E. ogeratoides of) aresmall cardiotoxic amounts causesplants, poisoningbut, Eupatorium with a sppbroad extension: from mild, moderate to severe and with chronic orDatura acute stramoniummanifestations. Solanum spp. Atropa belladonna are plants with cholinergic blocking; haemolytic anemia is caused by .Pteridium also acts throughaquilinum depression of the centralEquisetum nervous system; The poisoning (Jimson weed), (nightshades),Sorghum spp (belladonna), Elderberry consumption, Senecio spp. and Hypericum (St John’s wort) induces liver toxicity. (Bracken fern) and (horsetail). with cyanogenic principles: Lupinus occurs spp., Nicotiana at spp, Conium (Johnson maculatum, grass, sudan Veratrum grass); album. Plants containing alkaloids outside their toxicity also have teratogenic action However, some of theseKeywords: plants can ethnoveterinary,be used in certain plants, cows’ poisonous, treatments. symptoms INTRODUCTION It is true that there are a number of factors Grazing, although it has many advantages, that contribute to poisoning: the season and the can expose the animals to a series of illnesses weather conditions the animals are subjected to: and accidents (Drăghici, 1991), especially when transport,et al.handling, when they are not regularly the green mass is reducedet quantitativelyal and fed and fed and the quality of the pasture is poor qualitatively, favoring the consumption of plants (Panter , 2011). that cause intoxication (Voia ., 2009). It is necessary for the animals to receive In the choice of plant species or parts of appropriate and good quality feed which allows them, responses to chemical stimuli received the animals to avoid the consumption of toxic by the animal through, smell, taste or touch andet plants, otherwise the cows, fed up with the same althe existing components: carbohydrates, organic diet are tempted to consume ettoxic al plants which acids, tannins or alkaloids present (Arnold grow along the pasture and the fence, although and.,1981) the smell is the seems secret to weapon complement in selecting the taste forage. that have low palatability (Baldwin ., 2011). Ruminants use all the senses in selecting plants, As a rule, poisoning occurs through the consumption of the whole plant or parts of it which remains the primaryet al., factor. Unpalatable or non- is toxic, depending on the amount consumed, the swallowable feeds are discarded before being period of the year and the stage of maturity of the swallowed (Lyons 2000). plant, the quantity of water in the feed, the state of 70 et al. EL MAHDY et al. et al health of theet animals, al their age and weight (www. in cardiac glycosides (Pushner , 2003, Chaney, co.lancaster.pa.us, 2010), physiological state 2015, Zanoschi ., 1981).Lupinus spp, Equisetum (Cortinovis ., 2015), the nature of the toxic spp.,Consumer Aconitum safetyspp., Atropa is endangered belladona, if milk Euphorbia comes principles, the environmental conditions in which spp.,from Pteridium poisoned aquilinumcows with: ( the plants live (Bosworth, 2006). Although poisoning can occur throughout theet POISONING WITH PLANTSRasnoveanu, 2013). alyear, because some plants by drying and present CONTAINING VARIOUS TOXIC in the hay do not lose their toxicity (Puschner PRINCIPLES ., 2003), grazing the early pasture inet the al. spring when the toxic plants make their first appearance, Poisoning with plants containing represent danger of poisoning (Panter , 2011). alkaloids In general, plantet al., toxins are perceived by the brain in an interval of 4-12 hours after ingestion of the feed (Arnold G.W. 1981), but the identification of Lupine can tolerateet.al less fertile soils, due to the causes is hard to analyze, which is why the the massive root system, which is why it hasLupinus wide detection of toxic plants, the understanding of luteus,spread L.albus, area (Markéta L.angustifolius, ., 2005). L. perennis) lupinine the symptoms,et al the recognition of problem areas The alkaloids present in lupine ( represent the strategy for minimizing the hazards (Hart ., 2001). and sparteine are found in large quantities. The toxic principles in plants are multiples: Spartulatine, L. angustifoliuslupanine, hidroxilupanine et alare other alkaloids, glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides,Colchicum alkaloids present in lupine plants, but, especially autumnaletoxalbumin, but, most cases ofConium poisoning maculatum in cows in variety (Zanoschi ., 1981). are due to plants containingDatura stramoniumalkaloids: The plant is evaluated as having a moderate / high Equisetum(meadow palustre saffron), degree of toxicity (Glen, 2008). Senecio(poison spp.hemlock), Taxus baccata (jimson Disorders of: nervous system, liver weed), et al. (marsh horsetail), degeneration, heart, kidneys and ( muscles occur (ragwort), (European mainly by eating before the flowering ofPhomopsis the plant yew) after Cortinovis (2015). A number of leptostromiformisand then, by eating lupine seeds El Mahdy, 2015). plants whose parts are toxic are generally avoided LupinusIntoxication, luteus caused by by animals,Atropa belladonabut not whenConium they maculatum, are found Daturain the L., fungus, albus and called L. Angustifoliuslupinosis, attacks stramonium,hay. The most Euphorbia common toxicspp. plantsVeratrum present album in seeds and grows saprofit along Colchicumhay: autumnale, ( with theet al. species ; the , , symptoms manifestingby high hepatotoxicity http://agriculturaonline. (Bhat , 2010). blogspot.ro, 2011). Some of the clinicalLupinus signs spp., of Signs of poisoning: changes in behavior, Nicotianapoisoning spp,in cows Veratrum are similar, album, Coniumthe manifestations maculatum spasms, vomiting, abdominal pain, tremors, being nervouset al., and reproductive: excitement, et al.,head pressure, difficulty). breathing, loss of coordination, salivation, convulsions (Forero 2011). Calf birth defects manifested (Baldwin 2011; Chaney, 2015 by malformations of the legs, spine and throat as The reproductive sphere is also affected by well as palate cleft are caused by the consumptionConium cows’ consumption of certain lupine varieties, maculatum,of toxic plants Lupinus during the gestationNicotiana period spp of. because, not all species are equally toxic, and, the cows in the range of 55-75 days ( bitter varieties that containet al quite large amounts Equisetum,); 45-75 daysPteridium aquilinum of alkaloids should not be administered as feed (Panter, 1999). for animals (Baldwin ., 2011). The negative Plants such as: , repercussions on future newborn calves are has the same antivitamin B1: thiaminase factor, manifested through obtaining calves with multiple withDigitalis similar but sp alsoAdonis distinct vernalis,symptoms Convallaria depending congenital deformationset al (D’Mello, 2002). Due majalis,on the other causes principles cardiac disorders (Bosworth, due 2006). to its content to another present alkaloid, et.alby quinolizidine can , type (Dąbrowski ., 2005) - anagyrin, with Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 74(2) / 2017 teratogenic effects (Markéta ., 2005), 71 Plants that can be Poisonous for Cows. A Review affect pregnant cows fed on lupine in the first delirium (www.envbop.govt.nz, 2003), the cattle 40-70 days of gestation can calving, calves, Conium with appear to be hallucinating, have convulsions, deformations known as “crooked calf syndrome”, become comatose, and possibly die (Fishel,et al., 2001). similar to those caused by consumption of Poisoning occurs etat al. the consumption of 0.250- (Glen, 2008). Contamination of milk is possible 0.453 Kg of green plant (Zanoschi 1981), when large amounts of lupine are consumed and, after Boyd (https://www.uaex.edu/), (Meriçli, http://docs.neu.edu.tr,). Datura ingestion ofDatura an amount stramonium of seed betweenand Colchicum 0.06 to stramonium autumnale0.09 % of animal weight can be fatal in cows. Jimsonweed, thornapple ( Both, ), is an annual plant which we find it cause dysphagia, toxic dystrophyet al in uncultivated or cultivated places, in the field, of the liver and sometimes cardiac lesions, especially among soy and corn crops. The plant cardiopulmonary collapse (Mezzasalma ., prefers rich soils (www.co.lancaster.pa.us, 2010). 2016). Milk from poisoned cows is contaminated Due to the fact that, fresh plant, has strong smell (Jonker,Nicotiana 2015). tabacum N. and unpleasant taste is not consumed by animals, rustica just in case they are hungry or pastures has low et al. (lowland region), value and infested with Jimsonweed (http://www. (higher areas in the northern region of the welchproperty.com/,). In this case, poisoning country) (Zanoschi , 1981), contains especially occurs within