Diplomasi Kebudayaan Jepang Terhadap Indonesia Dalam Kerangka Japan-Indonesia Partnership Agreement Tahun 2012-2015

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Diplomasi Kebudayaan Jepang Terhadap Indonesia Dalam Kerangka Japan-Indonesia Partnership Agreement Tahun 2012-2015 DIPLOMASI KEBUDAYAAN JEPANG TERHADAP INDONESIA DALAM KERANGKA JAPAN-INDONESIA PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT TAHUN 2012-2015 Oleh: Aldrian Email: [email protected] Pembimbing: Saiman Pakpahan S.IP M.Si Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Ilmu Politik Universitas Riau Kampus Bina Widya Km. 12,5 Simpang Baru Panam, Pekanbaru, 28293 Abstract This research describes the culture diplomacy of Japan toward Indonesia in Japan Indonesia Partnership Agreement in 2012-2015. Culture diplomacy in Japan that was famous in world are cosplay and pop culture. Japan was held World Cosplay Summit in 2000 to another state that have purspose to known the japans culture to the world. The research method used was a qualitative with descriptive as a technic of the research. Writer collects data from books, encyclopedia, journal, mass media and websites to analyze the culture diplomacy of Japan toward Indonesia in Japan Indonesia Partnership Agreement. The theories applied in this research are realism perspective with culture diplomacy theory. The conclusion research about the culture diplomacy of Japan toward Indonesia in Japan Indonesia Partnership Agreement are was done by Japan with held of World Costplay Summit event in 2014, increase of investation of japans culinary in Indonesia and also make culture of Japans was famous in Indonesia.. Key words: culture, diplomacy, partnership and agreement. PENDAHULUAN Partnership Agreement tahun 2012- Penelitian ini merupakan 2015. Hubungan internasional telah sebuah kajian ekonomi politik yang membawa manusia dan semua menganalisa mengenai diplomasi elemennya kepada suatu pola interaksi kebudayaan Jepang terhadap Indonesia yang benar-benar baru. Hubungan dalam kerangka Japan-Indonesia antar bangsa, relasi kerjasama politik, JOM FISIP Vol. 3 No. 1 – Februari 2016 Page 1 ekonomi, sosial dan budaya maupun kebudayaan tidak kalah pentingnya persaingan diantaranya telah sampai dikerjasamakan antar-negara untuk pada jenjang yang senantiasa mencapai kepentingan nasionalnya. terbaharui setiap saat. Tidak terkecuali Maka dari itu Jepang dengan alur hidup manusia moderen yang keanekaragaman budaya yang dimiliki menghidupi bangsa-bangsa di dunia. yang telah dikenal di mata dunia Banyak media dan metode baru yang melakukan diplomasi kebudayaan lahir dan terdifusi menjadi elemen disamping untuk menarik lebih banyak penting bagi hubungan lintas negara. wisatawan asing berkunjung ke Jepang Diplomasi sebagai manajemen dan investor asing menanamkan modal hubungan antar-negara dengan aktor- ke Jepang, diplomasi kebudayaan aktor hubungan internasional lainnya. dikembangkan dalam program Negara melalui perwakilan resmi dan kampanye kebudayaan untuk aktor aktor lain berusaha untuk mencerminkan citra positif Jepang di menyampaikan, mengkordinasikan dan dunia Internasional. mengamankan kepentingan nasional Salah satu bentuk diplomasi khusus atau yang lebih luas, yang publik yang menjadi intrumen dalam dilakukan melalui korespondensi, diplomasi kebudayaan adalah kuliner. pembicaraan tidak resmi, saling Diplomasi kebudayaan dipakai karena menyampaikan cara pandang, lobby, melalui budaya terjadinya pertukaran kunjungan, dan aktivitas-aktivitas ide, gagasan, nilai, dan informasi lebih lainnya yang terkait.1 Diplomasi mudah diterima. Cakupan diplomasi merupakan metode untuk budaya juga sangat luas meliputi penyampaian pesan dan kepentingan bidang seni, olahraga, pendidikan dan negara yang menyangkut bidang sains. Sedangkan instrumen kuliner politik, ekonomi, perdagangan, sosial, dipakai karena semua makhluk hidup budaya, pertahanan dan kepentingan butuh makan. Dan dari cita rasa lidah lain dalam bingkai hubungan yang khas akan lahir cinta. Dengan internasional, guna mencapai saling cinta segala diplomasi pun menjadi pengertian antar dua negara (bilateral) mudah.2 Diplomasi kuliner atau beberapa negara (multilateral). sederhananya adalah satu bentuk Fenomena hubungan diplomasi budaya dengan penggunaan Internasional selama ini didominasi item kuliner sebagai icon brand oleh persoalan ideologi, politik, sebuah negara. Konsep diplomasi ekonomi, dan petahanan keamanan.Akan tetapi, sejalan dengan 2Kompasiana, Merajut Indonesia Melalui kondisi dunia yang dianggap telah Diplomasi Budaya, Kuliner dan Senyum. berada di era globalisasi, maka faktor Diakses dari http://www.kompas.com/kenhirai/merajut- indonesia-melalui-diplomasi-budaya-kuliner- 1R.P. Barston, Modem Diplomacy, Longman, dan-senyum_552b2183f17e61e973d623d1 N.Y, 1997. hal. 1 diakses tanggal 28 Juni 2015 pukul 20:12 JOM FISIP Vol. 3 No. 1 – Februari 2016 Page 2 kuliner atau gastrodiplomacy dapat Salah satu intrumen dalam digunakan oleh negara untuk diplomasi kebudayaan Jepang adalah menciptakan pengertian lintas budaya melalui Sushi. Sushi merupakan salah dengan harapan dapat meningkatkan satu makanan khas Jepang yang pada interaksi dengan publik atau umumnya dibuat dari perpaduan antara masyarakat yang menjadi target.3 Hal nasi, seafood, sayuran dan beberapa ini karena makanan adalah bagian vital bahan lainnya. Dalam pembuatan bagi kehidupan masyarakat dalam Sushi, nasi yang digunakan biasanya kaitannya sebagai kelompok manusia. telah diberi campuran cuka dan Makanan mewakili sebuah sejarah, beberapa perpaduan bumbu lainnya tradisi, dan budaya dalam suatu sehingga memiliki aroma dan cita rasa masyarakat. yang khas.5 Sushi kini telah menjadi Jepang adalah salah satu sebuah produk budaya Jepang yang contoh negara yang sukses telah mengglobal. Theodore Bestor, menjalankan diplomasi budaya. Di seorang profesor antropologi di bidang seni, mereka sukses Universitas Cornell, menulis sebuah menyebarkan budaya Jepang hingga artikel yang berjudul “How sushi went dikenal di seluruh dunia. Demam global?” bahwa sushi telah berubah masyarakat dunia terhadap seni taiko dari sesuatu yang eksotis dan hampir (bedug), origami, kimono, ritual tidak disukai menjadi makanan yang minum teh hingga kesuksesan AKB48 berkelas tinggi.6 Salah satu contoh melebarkan sayapnya ke berbagai dijadikannya sushi sebagai salah satu negara adalah buktinya. Diplomasi intrumen dalam diplomasi kebudayaan budaya juga sangat terkait erat dengan Jepang adalah ketika Presiden karakter dan jatidiri sebuah bangsa. Amerika Barack Obama mengadakan Sebagai buktinya, ketika orang dari kunjungan kenegaraan ke Jepang. berbagai penjuru dunia bicara tentang Dalam kunjungan tersebut, beliau disiplin dan kerja keras maka seluruh diundang dan dijamu makanan khas mata akan tertuju pada Jepang. Begitu Jepang, yaitu sushi, oleh Perdana juga dibidang pendidikan dan sains. Menteri Jepang Shinzo Abe di salah Jepang adalah salah satu kiblat satu restoran sushi berbintang tiga pendidikan dan sains dunia. Banyak bernama Sukiyabashi Jiro yang peraih nobel dibidang ilmu terletak di Ginza, Tokyo.7 Salah satu 4 pengetahuan berasal dari Jepang. 5Wisata Jepang, Sushi. Diakses dari http://jepang.panduanwisata.id/2009/10/22/sus 3Sam Chapple-Sokol. 2013. Culinary hi/ pada tanggal 28 Juni 2015 pukul 20:24 Diplomacy : Breaking Bread to Win Hearts 6Bestor, Theodore, How Sushi Went Global, and Minds.The Hague Journal of Diplomacy Foreign Policy, 121 ( November, 2000) hlm. Volume 8 Issue 2. USA : Martius Hijhoff 55-56 Publishers. hal. 161-183 7Sindonews, Seni Kuliner dalam Diplomasi 4Ibid Kenegaraan. Diakses dari JOM FISIP Vol. 3 No. 1 – Februari 2016 Page 3 negara yang membuat sushi Kerangka dasar pemikiran berkembang adalah Indonesia. diperlukan oleh penulis untuk Sebelum berkembang di membantu dalam menetapkan tujuan Indonesia, Sushi terlebih dahulu dan arah sebuah penelitian serta berkembang di Singapura. Di memiliki konsep yang tepat untuk Singapura, sushi menjadi booming pembentukan hipotesa. Teori bukan pada akhir tahun 90-an dan awal tahun merupakan pengetahuan yang sudah 2000. Hingga kini terdapat ratusan pasti tapi merupakan petunjuk restoran Jepang di Singapura dan membuat sebuah hipotesis. Dalam sepertiganya merupakan restoran melakukan penelitian ini, dibutuhkan sushi. Tetapi, sushi di Singapura hanya adanya kerangka pemikiran yang dikonsumsi oleh beberapa kalangan menjadi pedoman peneliti dalam masyarakat saja.8 Demikian pula sushi menemukan, menggambarkan dan juga telah menjadi populer di menjelaskan objek penelitian sekaligus Indonesia. Seperti di Singapura, menjadi frame bagi peneliti. kepopuleran sushi berkaitan pula Dalam tulisan ini, penulis akan dengan kepopuleran budaya populer menggunakan perspektik neorealis Jepang di Indonesia. Budaya populer menjadi dasar pandangan dalam Jepang memang telah menjadi penelitian ini. Perspektif neorealis booming di Indonesia. Hingga kini merupakan sebuah perspektif yang para penggemar budaya populer berakar dari realisme klasik dan Jepang terbilang cukup banyak. Hal ini neoklasik. Pencetus perspektif ini, dapat kita lihat dari pelbagai festival Kenneth Waltz menekankan konsep Jepang yang diadakan, Harajuku Style, anarki internasional sebagai fokus dan fenomena munculnya band-band utama neorealisme. Selain itu Waltz beraliran Japan Rock. Booming-nya juga menganggap perhatian mendasar budaya populer juga meningkatkan negara adalah keamanan dan konsumsi barang-barang Jepang, salah kelangsungan hidup, serta satunya adalah makanan, karena menganggap bahwa masalah utama makanan merupakan salah satu hal konflik negara adalah perang, dan yang dapat menarik perhatian para bahwa tugas utama hubungan penggemar. internasional diantara negara -negara berkekuatan besar adalah perdamaian dan keamanan. Walaupun demikian, http://lifestyle.okezone.com/read/2014/05/09/2 neorealisme mengabaikan 99/982632/seni-kuliner-dalam-diplomasi-
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