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Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies Kazuko Yokoyama Sarah Louisa Birchley Transnational Entrepreneurship in South East Asia Japanese Self-Initiated Expatriate Entrepreneurs Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies Series Editors Tetsushi Sonobe, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan Takashi Shiraishi, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan Akihiko Tanaka, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan Keiichi Tsunekawa, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan Akio Takahara, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Public Policy, Tokyo, Japan This is the first series to highlight research into the processes and impacts of the state building and economic development of developing countries in the non-Western World that have recently come to influence global economy and governance. It offers a broad and interactive forum for discussions about the challenges of these countries and the responses of other countries to their rise. The term ‘emerging-economy state,’ a part of the series title, or its shorthand ‘emerging states,’ is intended to promote dialogues between economists who have discussed policy problems faced by ‘emerging-market economies’ and scholars in political science and international relations who have discussed ‘modern state formation.’ Many emerging states are still in the middle-income status and not immune from the risk of falling into the middle-income trap. The manner of their external engagement is different from that of the high-income countries. Their rise has increased the uncertainty surrounding the world. To reduce the uncertainty, good understanding of their purpose of politics and state capacity as well as their economies and societies would be required. Although the emerging states are far from homogenous, viewing them as a type of countries would force us into understand better the similarity and differences among the emerging states and those between them and the high-income countries, which would in turn to help countries to ensure peace and prosperity. The series welcomes policy studies of empirical, historical, or theoretical nature from a micro, macro, or global point of view. It accepts, but does not call for, interdisciplinary studies. Instead, it aims to promote transdisciplinary dialogues among a variety of disciplines, including but not limited to area studies, economics, history, international relations, and political science. Relevant topics include emerging states’ economic policies, social policies, and politics, their external engagement, ensuing policy reactions of other countries, ensuing social changes in different parts of the world, and cooperation between the emerging states and other countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The series welcomes both monographs and edited volumes that are accessible to academics and interested general readers. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16114 Kazuko Yokoyama • Sarah Louisa Birchley Transnational Entrepreneurship in South East Asia Japanese Self-Initiated Expatriate Entrepreneurs Kazuko Yokoyama Sarah Louisa Birchley Graduate School of Business Graduate School of Business Administration Administration Toyo Gakuen University Toyo Gakuen University Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan ISSN 2524-5015 ISSN 2524-5031 (electronic) Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies ISBN 978-981-32-9251-2 ISBN 978-981-32-9252-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9252-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this license to share adapted material derived from this book or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the author(s), whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Regarding these commercial rights a non-exclusive license has been granted to the publisher. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publi- cation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore This book is dedicated to Kazuo, Yasuka and all my students who will read this book and use it for their professional development. I hope this book will guide your career. Kazuko Yokoyama This book is dedicated to my beautiful mum, Stuart, Grace, Daisy and all the young aspiring entrepreneurs who pass through my classroom: Go, travel, explore, discover, adventure, learn, grow; Live a Great Story. Sarah Louisa Birchley Preface This book is the result of our curiosity; of course, not only as academic researchers, but also as women who have traveled the world and worked overseas ourselves. Over the years, our careers have spanned different continents, providing us with various experiences and opportunities to interact with the world. I (Yokoyama) embarked on an international career when I graduated from university. When I returned to Japan at the age of 35, in 1990, the Japanese-style employment scheme was the mainstream in Japanese society. However, convinced that after having experience in different working styles while in overseas, I felt that Japanese HRM would likely change in the future. And it has. It now incorporates performance-related management practices and a more global outlook. I (Birchley) arrived in Japan in 2001, having just graduated with a degree in geography and having spent a short time working in Spain. In the early 2000s, with no cell phone or social media, living in a small, rural village in Gunma Prefecture, I quickly became embedded in the culture and ways of life in Japan; each day I found myself becoming more and more curious about the interactions I witnessed between my colleagues in the office and how my colleagues were supported in their work, what motivated them and how they worked together. I questioned what made them enjoy their work? Were they interested in leaving Japan, like I had left my home country? What was it like to live and work in another country? The geographer and business-mind in me was curious. We both became motivated to research this topic as we had a strong idea that an increasing number of young Japanese passing through our classrooms might be suited to or decide to seek an international career and/or had a desire to work for the improvement of society. The first step for me (Yokoyama) was to write a book called Human Resource Management in the UN: A Japanese Perspective, edited with Sarah, where I conducted research on Japanese UN staff and found that 40% of Japanese UN staff quit Japanese companies and made a UN career. This meant that they knew and had experience of both systems. In addition, I conducted in-depth interviews with these expatriate employees. After completion of the book, I wanted to develop my research by interviewing Japanese self-initiated expatriate entre- preneurs in Southeast (SE) Asia. Similarly, I (Birchley) began to explore vii viii Preface self-initiated expatriate academics working in Japan, arguing that psychological contracts among these expatriates are indicative of communication within the organization and form a useful basis for better understanding of intercultural workplaces. This research leads to an interest in expatriate entrepreneurs in Japan and entrepreneurship, workplace and career education. Having successfully worked together previously, we joined forces again to undertake this research.

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