DOCSLIB.ORG

Multicultural Japan? Discourse and the 'Myth' of Homogeneity [Indonesian Translation Available]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Multicultural Japan? Discourse and the 'Myth' of Homogeneity [Indonesian Translation Available] Volume 5 | Issue 3 | Article ID 2389 | Mar 01, 2007 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Multicultural Japan? Discourse and the 'Myth' of Homogeneity [Indonesian Translation Available] Chris Burgess Multicultural Japan? Discourse and the one which dismisses the popular discourse of ‘Myth’ of Homogeneity [1] ‘homogeneous Japan’ as myth and which draws on ‘factual’ demographic and economic data to [Indonesian Translation Available Here] argue for the inevitability of further migration. This paper examines the discrepancy between Chris Burgess an increasingly negative global discourse on migration and an unwaveringly positive ‘multicultural Japan’ discourse. I argue that a It is not sufficient to fight against myths by destroying one myth and replacing it failure to acknowledge popular discourse as a with another, as in, for example,crucial element in the construction of Japanese criticising the myth of the homogenous social reality can lead to a distorted nation by replacing it with the myth of the understanding of migrants and migration in mixed nation (Oguma 2002: 349) Japan. 1. Nihonjinron and ‘Multicultural Japan’ Introduction In the field of Japanese Studies, one prominent discourse is that of a ‘multicultural Japan’. Recent years have seen a trend towards the Much of this can be traced back to a number of stabilisation of global migration flows (OECD critiques (e.g. Aoki 1990; Befu 1987; Dale 2005: 17/53). One factor behind this trend may 1986; Mouer and Sugimoto 1986; Yoshino be the growing atmosphere of global anxiety 1992) of Nihonjinron, a genre of writing and fear, fuelled by media reports of terrorist discussing Japanese cultural uniqueness. atrocities, bird flu, and nuclear proliferation. Mouer and Sugimoto (1986: 406) define Such an atmosphere exacerbates the process of Nihonjinron as having two central tenets: (a) exclusion, opposition, and hierachisation that is Japanese society is 'uniquely' unique and (b) known as Othering (Cahoone 1996: 16). This is group orientation is the dominant cultural particularly evident in attitudes and policies pattern which shapes behaviour. A central towards migration, specifically in thepremise of Nihonjinron is that the Japanese are imposition of much stricter immigrationa homogeneous people (tan'itsu minzoku) who controls and the emergence of extremist anti- constitute a racially unified nation tan'itsu( immigrant movements in many nations. minzoku kokka). Ironically, it has been pointed out (Revell 1997: 74) that the origins of this Japan, an economic superpower with apost-war discussion on national identity are not sophisticated media infrastructure, has hardly Japanese but rather American, specifically Ruth been immune to these global currents. By Benedict’s (1946) The Chrysanthemum and the contrast, the dominant academic discourse on Sword. Japan has, in general, continued to frame itself in a political ideal of a ‘multicultural Japan’, Although Nihonjinron is a convenient 1 5 | 3 | 0 APJ | JF shorthand, writings are diverse and varied wave of writings in this mould were primarily covering a number of major themes. For by Japanese scholars (e.g. Komai 1992; Oguma example, Fujiwara’s (2005) best-selling ‘Style 1995; Onuma 1993) who were almost uniformly of a Nation’, which emphases, bushido-style, concerned with ‘overcoming’ the ‘myth of the importance ofindividual (rather than homogeneity’ (tan’itsu minzoku no shinwa). In group) feeling or spirit jyocho( ), advertises 1995, two books, both jointly edited by John itself as ‘epoch-making’kakkiteki ( ) Maher (Maher and Macdonald 1995; Maher Nihon(jin)ron. In an often cited 1978 survey by and Yashiro 1995), focussed on the linguistic the Nomura Research Institute, writings on and cultural heterogeneity in Japanese society, national character, desire and satisfaction, combined in Japanese as Towards a New Order: work ethics, saving, time, and even foreigners’ Language and Cultural Diversity in Japan views on Japanese economic activities were all (Maher and Honna 1994). Like the first wave of subsumed under the Nihonjinron labelJapanese writings, Maher’s project was framed (Wikipedia 2006a). Revell (1997: 74) notes that largely as a response to a ‘dangerous’ in the Nomura survey, often used as evidence Nihonjinron: for the pervasiveness of the genre, any book which had ‘Japanese’ in the title or which The purpose of this volume is to discussed ‘obviously Japanese concepts’ was accelerate the burial process that will classified as Nihonjinron (see also Yoshino finish off a chronic dependency on the 1992: 227). In fact, Revell (1997: 74) argues invented tradition of monolingualism that most Japanese are not even aware that and monoculturalism (Maher and they are reading a definable body of literature, Yashiro 1995: 2) and may need reminding. Thus, what one expert (Befu, 2001: 14) characterises narrowly Michael Weiner (1997), in Japan’s Minorities: as a species of cultural nationalism which is The Illusion of Homogeneity, continued in this presumably found everywhere,[2] has, for vein, challenging the ‘dominant paradigm’ of academics and publishers, come to broadly homogeneity by emphasising the diversity that encompass almost any text – rarely state- exists in Japanese society. Weiner (1997: xiii) originated, sometimes academic or pseudo- argued that Japan was home to diverse academic, mostly popular, occasionallypopulations despite “a master narrative of crackpot – on Japanese society or identity. As ‘racial’ and cultural homogeneity which Clammer (2001:10/66) points out, Nihonjinron precludes the existence of minorities.” We are has come, for better or worse, to berarely told who has actually said that Japan is representative of all indigenous thinking; homogenous, as evidenced by the lack of almost all Japanese social thought has come to references. Yet, today, writers queue up to be seen through the lenses of Nihonjinron and debunk the ‘myth’ of homogeneity, which has "anything remotely nativist is immediately come to represent a straw man par-excellence. classified as (in a negative sense) Nihonjinron." From the mid-1990s, a number of books about Although typically referred to as a ‘discourse’, migrant settlement in Japan began to appear Nihonjinron appears to lack the unity or (e.g. Komai 1995b; Miyajima and Kajita 1996; internal coherence to qualify as a single system Weiner and Hanami 1998). Soon after, the of knowledge. Nevertheless, the publication of word ‘multicultural’ became quite common in the Nihonjinron critiques listed above was writings on Japan. In a volume which promised followed by a large number of books placing to offer a ‘multicultural perspective’ on themselves in direct opposition to – and seeking ‘Nihonjinron at the end of the Twentieth to refute – the Nihonjinron ‘discourse’. The first Century’, Mouer and Sugimoto (1995: 242), the 2 5 | 3 | 0 APJ | JF first to critically examine the Nihonjinron genre Graburn et al.’s (forthcoming) edited volume systematically, titled a section of their paper which looks at the ‘growing and contested ‘Multicultural Japan’. Although they seemed to forms of multiculturalism’ as newcomers be pointing to nothing more than the existence transform Japan at the grassroots level. Here, of social variation in Japanese society, it multiculturalism refers not so much to a state marked the start of a ‘multicultural Japan’ of society but rather to ‘the adoption of an ideal boom. For example, in 1996, Denoonet al form of public policy’ (Graburn and Ertl published Multicultural Japan, a book which forthcoming) in response to increased numbers purported to challenge the ‘conventional’ view of foreign workers and other migrants. Below, I of Japanese society as being monocultural and analyse the two senses in which ‘multicultural homogenous (McCormack 1996). Like Mouer Japan’ is used, namely as variation, which has and Sugimoto, the term ‘multicultural’ was always existed (1.1) and as a new political ideal used in order to stress the variation and (1.2). diversity present in Japanese society, a diversity which, they were keen to stress, had a 1.1 ‘Multicultural Japan’ as Social long history. Sugimoto (1999: 93) defines the Variation ‘multicultural paradigm’ as one that: The idea that social variation exists in Japanese embraces all ethnic minorities of the society is uncontroversial. As Morris-Suzuki underlying Japanese(1998: 156/192) notes, if culture is taken to population…Multiculturality mean the possession of the same knowledge, here…comprises the so-calledvalues, and experiences then any national subcultural groupings, including for society is by definition multicultural: culture is example, female culture, part-time always ‘multi’ by its very nature. Nevertheless, workers’ culture, physicallythe focus on difference, which has always handicapped people’s culture, youth existed in Japan, can perhaps be taken too far. culture, homosexual culture and so on. Ryang (2005: 10/201) calls for caution in what she calls the ‘recent and powerful trend of The problem was that while some writers (e.g. representing Japan from a…pluralistic angle’ Sugimoto 1997: chapter 1) continued to use with its ever-increasing celebration of diversity, ‘multicultural society’ as a simple shorthand for marginals, and minorities. In the first place, the variation in society, which has always existed, overriding concern withethnic minorities others began to use it to describe thetends, as Clammer (2001: 7) points out, to emergence of the kind of political ideal in Japan occlude other dimensions of difference
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PIIE Briefing 14-4: Lessons from Decades Lost: Economic Challenges and Opportunities Facing Japan and the United States
    LESSONS FROM DECADES LOST ECONOMIC CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACING JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES PIIE Briefi ng No. 14-4 DECEMBER 2014 CONTENTS PREFACE iii 1 AN AMERICan’s ASSESSMENT OF ABENOMICS AT MID-TERM 1 ADAM S. POSEN 2 JAPan’s LOST DECADES: STRUCTURAL CAUSES AND LESSONS 9 KYOJI FUKAO 3 SUSTAINABILITY OF PUBLIC DEBT IN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN 24 WILLIAM R. CLINE 4 COMPARING FISCAL PROBLEMS IN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES 43 TOKUO IWAISAKO 5 THE UNITED STATES, JAPAN, AND THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP 56 JEFFREY J. SCHOTT 6 MONETARY POLICY DURING JAPan’s GREAT RECESSION: FROM SELF-INDUCED 66 PARALYSIS TO ROOSEVELTIAN RESOLVE KENNETH KUTTNER 7 HIGH-LEVEL PANELS ON JAPAN-US COMMON ECONOMIC CHALLENGES 81 EVENT TRANSCRIPT Copyright © 2014 by the Peterson Institute for International Economics. The Peterson Institute for International Economics is a private, nonprofit institution for rigorous, intellectually open, and indepth study and discussion of international economic policy. Its purpose is to identify and analyze important issues to making globalization beneficial and sustainable for the people of the United States and the world and then to develop and communicate practical new approaches for dealing with them. The Institute is widely viewed as nonpartisan. Its work is funded by a highly diverse group of philanthropic foundations, private corporations, and interested individuals, as well as income on its capital fund. About 35 percent of the Institute’s resources in its latest fiscal year were provided by contributors from outside the United States. A list of all financial supporters for the preceding four years is posted at http://piie.com/supporters.cfm.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Are Nominal Wages Downwardly Rigid, but Less So in Japan? an Explanation Based on Behavioral Economics and Labor Market/Macroeconomic Differences
    Why Are Nominal Wages Downwardly Rigid, but Less So in Japan? An Explanation Based on Behavioral Economics and Labor Market/Macroeconomic Differences Sachiko Kuroda and Isamu Yamamoto In this paper, we survey the theoretical and empirical literature to investi- gate why nominal wages can be downwardly rigid. Looking back from the 19th century until recently, we first examine the existence and extent of downward nominal wage rigidity (DNWR) for several countries. We find that (1) nominal wages were flexible in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, but (2) nominal wages were downwardly rigid in almost all the industrialized countries in the second half of the 20th century, although (3) the extent of DNWR varied from country to country. Next, we use a behavioral economics framework to explain the reasons for DNWR. We also explain why the existence and extent of DNWR varied between time periods and/or from country to country, focusing on differences in the labor market characteristics (such as labor mobility and employment protection legislation) and in the macroeconomic environment (such as economic growth and inflation), which can alter employees’ and firms’ perceptions toward nominal wage cuts. Keywords: Downward nominal wage rigidity; Behavioral economics; Labor mobility; Employment protection legislation; Inflation rate; Indexation JEL Classification: E50, J30, N30, Z13 Sachiko Kuroda: Associate Professor, Hitotsubashi University (E-mail: [email protected]) Isamu Yamamoto: Associate Professor, Keio University (E-mail: [email protected]) The authors would like to thank Professors Steinar Holden (University of Oslo) and Fumio Ohtake (Osaka University), the participants at the third modern economic policy research conference, and the staff at the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, the Bank of Japan (BOJ), for their valuable comments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Enduring Myth of an Okinawan Struggle: the History and Trajectory of a Diverse Community of Protest
    The Enduring Myth of an Okinawan Struggle: The History and Trajectory of a Diverse Community of Protest A dissertation presented to the Division of Arts, Murdoch University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2003 Miyume Tanji BA (Sophia University) MA (Australian National University) I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research. It contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any university. ——————————————————————————————— ii ABSTRACT The islands of Okinawa have a long history of people’s protest. Much of this has been a manifestation in one way or another of Okinawa’s enforced assimilation into Japan and their differential treatment thereafter. However, it is only in the contemporary period that we find interpretations among academic and popular writers of a collective political movement opposing marginalisation of, and discrimination against, Okinawans. This is most powerfully expressed in the idea of the three ‘waves’ of a post-war ‘Okinawan struggle’ against the US military bases. Yet, since Okinawa’s annexation to Japan in 1879, differences have constantly existed among protest groups over the reasons for and the means by which to protest, and these have only intensified after the reversion to Japanese administration in 1972. This dissertation examines the trajectory of Okinawan protest actors, focusing on the development and nature of internal differences, the origin and survival of the idea of a united ‘Okinawan struggle’, and the implications of these factors for political reform agendas in Okinawa. It explains the internal differences in organisation, strategies and collective identities among the groups in terms of three major priorities in their protest.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Instructor
    FROM THE INSTRUCTOR David (Ta-wei) Huang wrote this essay as the third paper for the WR 150 seminar “Anti-Immigrant Sentiments in the United States to 1930.” The course explored trends in negative responses to immigration and their connection to an ongoing struggle to define the meaning of “American” since the early 1800s. The final essay for the course asked students whether the past can provide a useful guideline for understanding society in the present. David requested to pursue a topic outside of the United States, as he saw parallels between the past and current nationalist movements. David engages with the essay prompt by suggesting how Japan should alter current responses to their foreign-born population to strengthen their nation, using the United States in the early twentieth century as a case study. David’s success in connecting seemingly disparate societies arises from the depth of his research and ability to succinctly summarize the key concepts of Social Darwinism and Nihonjinron, structuring his essay to emphasize the parallels of these concepts. He grappled with making his argument while staying within the length limits of the assignment but ably reflected on his sources and culled appropriately without losing key supporting elements. David carefully acknowledged differences in the two societies while still crafting a reasonable policy proposal. Rachel Schneider WR 150: Anti-Immigration Sentiments in the United States to 1930 FROM THE WRITER One of the most eye-opening, but also disheartening, takeaways from Professor Schneider’s course on anti-immigration sentiments in the United States is that many of the arguments used against immigrants in the 1800s are still perpetrated against immigrants today.
    [Show full text]
  • Taipei,China's Banking Problems: Lessons from the Japanese Experience
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Montgomery, Heather Working Paper Taipei,China's Banking Problems: Lessons from the Japanese Experience ADBI Research Paper Series, No. 42 Provided in Cooperation with: Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo Suggested Citation: Montgomery, Heather (2002) : Taipei,China's Banking Problems: Lessons from the Japanese Experience, ADBI Research Paper Series, No. 42, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo, http://hdl.handle.net/11540/4148 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/111142 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ www.econstor.eu ADB INSTITUTE RESEARCH PAPER 42 Taipei,China’s Banking Problems: Lessons from the Japanese Experience Heather Montgomery September 2002 Over the past decade, the health of the banking sector in Taipei,China has been in decline.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Culture, National Culture, and Japanese Culture Author(S): Eika Tai Reviewed Work(S): Source: Japanese Language and Literature, Vol
    Rethinking Culture, National Culture, and Japanese Culture Author(s): Eika Tai Reviewed work(s): Source: Japanese Language and Literature, Vol. 37, No. 1, Special Issue: Sociocultural Issues in Teaching Japanese: Critical Approaches (Apr., 2003), pp. 1-26 Published by: Association of Teachers of Japanese Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594873 . Accessed: 26/11/2011 08:09 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Association of Teachers of Japanese is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Japanese Language and Literature. http://www.jstor.org Rethinking Culture, National Culture, and Japanese Culture Eika Tai 1. Introduction The recent literatureof social and human sciences, such as anthropology, history, and cultural studies, has scrutinized the concept of culture, par- ticularly as it refers to ethnic or national culture. Many scholars have pointed out that, contrary to a common-sense understanding, national culture such as Japaneseculture is far from natural,but is invented in the process of nation building, which is often interwovenwith other political processes such as colonization. It is invented as an essence of the nation, as an integratedhomogeneous whole sharedby the membersof the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Cloning Research in Japan: a Study in Science, Culture, Morality, and Patent Law
    HUMAN CLONING RESEARCH IN JAPAN: A STUDY IN SCIENCE, CULTURE, MORALITY, AND PATENT LAW But only God can make a tree.' I. INTRODUCTION Movies and science fiction novels for years have depicted ancient and exotic animals resurrected from extinction by mad scientists and out-of-this- world phenomena. While in actuality we have yet to see any such resurrections, the theoretical results once thought to be science fiction fantasy have come a step closer to reality as powerful technology has been developed which allows the production of genetically identical copies of living, breathing animals through the process of cloning. Cloning technology carries moral, cultural, scientific and legal implications. Today, researchers and scientists work diligently to develop groundbreaking technology that must be protected through worldwide patenting of the fruits of their labor. Recent advances in cloning and other scientific technology have reached the point that there is "virtually no life form which does not have the potential as the subject of a patent application,"2 including human beings. Japan has been at the forefront of the development of cloning technology. In the summer of 1998, Japanese researchers announced that they had successfully cloned a cow. This success, combined with other recent cloning developments throughout the world, immediately raised the question of whether cloning could have human applications, and ultimately whether human cloning was possible. Thus begins a debate that transcends the realms of morality, culture, ethics, and the law. Parts II and III of this note address scientific research in Japan in general, and the science of cloning specifically. Part IV provides an overview of the patent law system of Japan, and Part V discusses religious and cultural influences on Japanese morality.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 TECHNO-ORIENTALISM Japan Panic
    8 TECHNO-ORIENTALISM Japan panic Every western politician has either actual or cinematic experience of the brutalities Japan inflicted on its prisoners-of-war. No one, whether in Asia or beyond, has fond memories of Japanese expansionism. Which is why, as Japan’s economic power expands anew, the Japanese would do better to face up to the darker aspects of their past. (Leader article in The Economist, 24 August 1991) Today, the modern era is in its terminal phase. An awareness of its imminent demise has made Americans, the most powerful Caucasians since World War II, increasingly emotional, almost hysterical, about Japan. (Shintaro Ishihara, 1991) Our concern in this chapter is with what has been called ‘the problem of Japan’, that is to say Japan as a problem for the West. Our interest here is in tracing a set of discursive correspondences that have been, and are still being, developed in the West between ‘Japan’, the ‘Orient’ and the ‘Other’. More specifically, we want to explore why, at this historical moment, this particular Other should occupy such a threatening position in the Western imagination. The former French prime minister, Edith Cresson, publicly declared her belief that ‘the Japanese have a strategy of world conquest’. The Japanese, she said, are ‘little yellow men’ who ‘stay up all night thinking about ways to screw the Americans and Europeans. They are our common enemy’. Most tellingly, Mme Cresson likened the Japanese to ‘ants’. Her fear was that those ‘ants’ were colonising the world and taking possession of the future. What are these fears and anxieties that Japan arouses in the Western psyche? THE JAPAN THAT IS SAYING NO For nearly five centuries now, Japan has been among the West’s Others.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquefaction History, 416-1997, in Japan
    2270 LIQUEFACTION HISTORY, 416-1997, IN JAPAN Kazue WAKAMATSU1 SUMMARY Liquefaction has been known to occur repeatedly at the same site during successive earthquakes. Maps showing locations of past liquefaction occurrences are very useful to delineate and characterize areas of liquefaction susceptibility for future earthquakes. In this study, historical occurrences of liquefaction during the period of 416-1997 in Japan are investigated through documentary study, post-earthquake reconnaissance surveys, and interviews to local residents. A total of 140 earthquakes which induced liquefaction are listed and a map showing distribution of liquefied sites in these earthquakes is compiled. Plains and/or basin where liquefaction occurred repeatedly during successive earthquakes are presented. Seismic intensities, which induced liquefaction effects, are examined and relationships between the distance from epicenter to the farthest liquefied sites and an earthquake magnitude are studied based on the liquefaction data from the earthquakes. INTRODUCTION Liquefaction is known to occur repeatedly at the same site during more than one earthquake as shown by examples from Japan and United States [Kuribayashi and Tatsuoka, 1975; Youd, 1984; Yasuda and Tohno, 1988, Wakamatsu, 1991]. Thus, maps showing the locations of past liquefaction may be considered as potential areas of liquefaction in future earthquakes. The author has compiled records on occurrences of liquefaction during 123 Japanese earthquakes during the period of 416-1990 into a book entitled “Maps for historic liquefaction sites in Japan” [Wakamatsu, 1991]. Since 1990, extensive liquefaction has been induced during several earthquakes including the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake. In addition, new data have been found concerning the historical earthquakes. This paper supplements the previous work by the author with new data from the earthquakes after 1990 as well as historic earthquakes, and discussed some characteristics of liquefaction occurrences in Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • THE YALE REVIEW of INTERNATIONAL STUDIES VOLUME 8, ISSUE 1, INTERCOLLEGIATE ISSUE University Is Not Responsible for Its Contents
    THE YALE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OF INTERNATIONAL REVIEW YALE THE THE YALE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES YRIS IS AN UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL DEDICATED TO PUBLISHING BOTH OPINION AND LONG-FORM SCHOLARSHIP ON CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL ISSUES: THEIR ORIGINS, THEIR PRESENT VOLUME VIII, ISSUe 1 EFFECTS, AND THE FUTURE THEY WILL SHAPE. THE INTERCOLLEGIATE ISSUE ESSAYS Treasure Not Found in the Ground: Political Institutions ISSUE INTERCOLLEGIATE ISSUE 1, 8, VOLUME and Resource Wealth in Botswana and Gabon In this issue: Matthew Taylor King Treasure Not Found in the Japanese Ninhonjinron and 1890s American Social Ground: Political Institutions Darwinism: Looking to the Past for a Solution to Japan’s and Resource Wealth in Vicious Cycle of Homogeneity Botswana and Gabon David Ta-Wei Huang Biopolitics in the Borderlands: The Securitization of Development in the Global Liberal World Order Samuel Singler Water Securitization Reconsidered: Intrastate Water Disputes in India Marielena Octavio Understanding the Narrative: The Crucial First Step toward the Reduction and Prevention of Radical Jihadism Megan Bryn The Yale Review of International Studies is a student publication and a constituent organization of the Yale International Relations Association. The Review is published by Yale College students and Yale University is not responsible for its contents. 3 Editor's Letter ESSAYS 5 Treasure Not Found in the Ground: Political Institutions and Resource Wealth in Botswana and Gabon MATTHEW TAYLOR KING 13 Japanese Ninhonjinron and 1890s American Social
    [Show full text]
  • The Cancer Transition in Japan Since 1951
    Demographic Research a free, expedited, online journal of peer-reviewed research and commentary in the population sciences published by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Doberaner Strasse 114 · D-18057 Rostock · GERMANY www.demographic-research.org DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ARTICLE 5 PUBLISHED 06 AUGUST 2002 www.demographic-research.org Research Article The Cancer Transition in Japan since 1951 Omer Gersten John R. Wilmoth © 2002 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 272 2 Data and methods 273 3 Trends and explanations 275 3.1 Cancers strongly linked to infection 278 3.1.1 Stomach cancer 278 3.1.2 Uterine cancer 280 3.1.3 Liver cancer 281 3.2 Cancers not strongly linked to infection 283 3.2.1 Lung cancer 283 3.2.2 Breast cancer 287 4 Discussion 290 5 Acknowlegdements 294 Notes 295 References 297 Demographic Research - Volume 7, Article 5 Research Article The Cancer Transition in Japan since 1951 Omer Gersten1,2 John R. Wilmoth3 Abstract The overall trend of cancer mortality in Japan has been decreasing since the 1960s (age- standardized death rates for ages 30-69), some 20-30 years earlier than in other industrialized countries. Cancer mortality was heavily influenced by Japanese post-war economic recovery, which led to improved living conditions and better control of some common forms of cancer (stomach, cervical) largely caused by infectious agents. However, Japanese wealth and development have also been associated with risky personal behaviors (smoking, drinking) and other conditions, leading to increases in cancers with no known or else very weak links to infection.
    [Show full text]
  • American Studies and Military Occupation
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Redeemer Nation/Remedy Nation: American Studies and Military Occupation Blaustein, G. Publication date 2014 Document Version Submitted manuscript Published in Legacies of the U.S. occapation of Japan: appraisals after sixty years Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Blaustein, G. (2014). Redeemer Nation/Remedy Nation: American Studies and Military Occupation. In R. Caroli, & D. Basosi (Eds.), Legacies of the U.S. occapation of Japan: appraisals after sixty years (pp. 178-189). Cambridge Scholars Publishers. http://www.cambridgescholars.com/legacies-of-the-us-occupation-of-japan General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date:26 Sep 2021 Redeemer Nation / Remedy Nation: American Studies and Military Occupation George Blaustein in The American Legacy in Japan Sixty Years after the Occupation (1952-2012) Cambridge Scholars, forthcoming, spring 2013. Please do not cite or circulate.
    [Show full text]