Urbanisation in Bangalore.Pdf
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“I will tell the story as I go along of small cities no less than of great. Most of those that were great once are small today; and those which in my own lifetime have grown to greatness, were small enough in the old days.” -- HerodotusHerodotus (The introductory quote in Jacobs, 1969) UrbanisationUrbanisation inin BangaloreBangalore H. S. Sudhira OverviewOverview z What is Urbanisation? z Looking at Cities as Complex Social Systems z Bangalore z An Overview of the City z Analysing Change for Bangalore City z Development Characteristics across Bangalore z Policies, Planning and Programs z Points to ponder WhatWhat isis Urbanisation?Urbanisation? z Evolution of Humans against other life forms z Organization of social systems – 3 levels z 1st Level: Hunter – Gatherer z 2nd Level: Initial Settlements – River Valleys z 3rd Level: Urban Areas / Towns and Cities z Changing patterns of activity z 1st Level: Hunting, Collection of fruits, etc. z 2nd Level: Agriculture – Growing crops, harvesting… z 3rd Level: Industrialization – Fossil-fuel based TracingTracing HumanHuman EvolutionEvolution WhatWhat isis Urbanisation?Urbanisation? z 3rd Level – Post Industrialization z Humans colonizing in large settlements z Supported by surplus food made possible by advances in agriculture z Post 18th Century, transformation of human population from largely Rural- Agrarian to Urban-Non-Agrarian z Currently moving towards Urban ~ Service-oriented economies from Industrial and Manufacturing centers WhatWhat isis Urbanization?Urbanization? z Urbanization characterized by the proportional change in urban to total population z Typically characterized by large scale migration from rural-urban z India is experiencing Urbanization only since last 60 – 70 years z North America and North-Western Europe are 80 % urbanized and no scope for further urbanization z Currently India is urbanizing at 3 – 4 % than avg. population growth of 1 – 2 % z India is about 27.2 % urbanized, while Karnataka is about 34 %; according to 2001 Census WhatWhat isis Urbanization?Urbanization? z A causal phenomenon of Human Design and Evolutionary Emergence z Human Design & Evolutionary Emergence EvolutionaryEvolutionary EmergenceEmergence && HumanHuman DesignDesign Photos: Sudhira and BMP EvolutionaryEvolutionary EmergenceEmergence && HumanHuman DesignDesign Photos: Sudhira EvolutionaryEvolutionary EmergenceEmergence && HumanHuman DesignDesign Photos: Sudhira CitiesCities asas ComplexComplex SocialSocial SystemsSystems z Urbanization and Evolutionary Emergence! z Towns and Cities – as forms of Human Social Organization z Towns and Cities depict strange pattern! z Scaling in urban systems – Zipf’s Law z Rank-size of towns and cities fit a power law – depicting hierarchy and urban primacy z Towns and cities of Karnataka and India fit Power law for last 100 years z Essentially Bangalore ranked 1 in population 100 years ago and continues to do so TheThe IdeaIdea ofof EmergenceEmergence z How systems grow and evolve z Biological Evolution z Cities and Evolution – Urban Evolution z Puzzles!! z Size of a city and rank – correlated! z Popular as Zipf’s law / Pareto law z Size of a city and growth – uncorrelated! z Gibrat’s law z Why? z Historical path dependence and lock in ScalingScaling andand UrbanUrban SystemsSystems z Evolution of towns and cities since about 8000 years z Persistence of scaling behaviour in urban systems z Are the scaling effects observed in urban systems produced by the hierarchical organization of societies? z Are they emergent properties linked with the historical process of urbanization? z Could they disappear after the end of the urban transition? EmergenceEmergence ofof UrbanUrban SystemsSystems z Implications from Scaling behaviour z Organization of human societies in structurally similar pattern as observed in different places irrespective of z Geographic boundaries, z Political boundaries and z Political economies z New Towns and Larger Urban Agglomerations EvolutionEvolution ofof TownsTowns andand CitiesCities inin KarnatakaKarnataka z Dynamics of City-Size Distributions z Verifying for Zipf’s law for Karnataka from 1901 – 2001 z Verifying for Zipf’s law for India – 2001 VerifyingVerifying Zipf’sZipf’s lawlaw asas appliedapplied toto citiescities inin KarnatakaKarnataka forfor 20012001 6,000,000 Rank-Size Power (Rank-Size) 5,000,000 -1.0393 y = 3E+06x 2 R = 0.9396 4,000,000 ) e z i s on ( i 3,000,000 t a opul P 2,000,000 1,000,000 - 1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106 113 120 127 134 141 148 155 162 169 176 183 190 197 204 211 218 225 232 Rank of Cities Karnataka Zipf’s lawasapplied tocitiesin Log Population Karnataka Zipf’s lawasapplied tocitiesin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 Log R 0.85 1.11 a 1.28 nk vsLogSi 1.4 1.49 1.57 1.63 z 1.69 e 1.74 1.79 1.83 1.86 1.9 1.93 1.96 1.99 2.01 2.04 Log R 2.06 a nk 2.08 2.1 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.18 2.2 2.21 Log- 2.23 2.24 P opu 2.26 l 2.27 a t i 2.29 on 2.3 v s 2.31 LogR 2.32 2.34 a n 2.35 k 2.36 2.37 VerifyingVerifying Zipf’sZipf’s lawlaw asas appliedapplied toto citiescities inin IndiaIndia 70,000,000 Total Population Power (Total Population) 60,000,000 -1.2067 y = 6E+07x 2 R = 0.9583 50,000,000 n 40,000,000 o i t a opul P 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 1 12 23 34 45 56 67 78 89 100 111 122 133 144 155 166 177 188 199 210 221 232 243 254 265 276 287 298 309 320 331 342 353 364 375 Rank 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 Zipf’s lawasapplied tocitiesinIndia Zipf’s lawasapplied tocitiesinIndia 0 1 1.28 1.45 1.57 1.66 1.74 1.81 1.86 1.91 1.96 2 2.04 2.07 2.1 2.13 2.16 2.19 2.21 2.24 2.26 2.28 2.3 2.32 2.34 2.35 2.37 2.39 2.4 Log R 2.42 2.43 a 2.45 n k 2.46 v s 2.47 LogP 2.49 2.5 opu 2.51 l 2.52 a t i 2.54 on 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 Evolution of Towns and Cities in Karnataka from 1901 7 6. 5 6 Ev 5. ol 5 ut on io ti n of la u 5 p Tow o P 4. g- 5 ns Lo a n d Ci 4 t ie 3. s 5 - 2001 3 2. 5 0 0.90309 1.1760913 1.3424227 1.462398 1.5563025 1.6334685 1.69897 1.7558749 1.80618 1.8512583 1.8920946 1.9294189 l 1.9637878 og- l p 1.9956352 og- op- p 2.0253059 log- op- 19 p 01 2.0530784 log- op- 19 p 11 2.0791812 log- op- 19 p 21 2.1038037 log- op- 19 L p 31 o 2.1271048 log- op- 19 g- 41 R l p 19 a 2.1492191 og- op- nk p 51 2.1702617 log- op- 19 p 61 2.1903317 log- op- 19 p 71 2.209515 log- op- 19 p 81 2.2278867 op- 19 91 2.2455127 20 2.2624511 01 2.2787536 2.2944662 2.3096302 2.3242825 2.3384565 2.3521825 2.365488 EvolutionEvolution ofof αα parameterparameter fromfrom 19011901 -- 20012001 Evolution of alpha parameter alpha 1.1 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 EvolutionEvolution ofof αα parameterparameter 2 Year α (alpha) R Pk P1 1901 0.8307 0.9341 177976 163091 1911 0.8455 0.9212 181396 189485 1921 0.8503 0.9491 209419 240054 1931 0.8456 0.9562 243477 309785 1941 0.8838 0.9528 333558 410967 1951 0.8719 0.9669 462989 786343 1961 0.8973 0.9651 619737 1206961 1971 0.9199 0.9441 895520 1664208 1981 0.9306 0.9801 1294733 2921751 1991 0.9628 0.9784 1812023 4130288 2001 1.0393 0.9396 3002970 5686844 PatternsPatterns inin UrbanUrban SystemsSystems z In the case of urban systems, scaling effects could be studied by relating either cities population size, their occupied surface, density of activities, speed of transports, income levels and/or accessibility in transportation systems... z To consider the question of urban spatial expansion at two scales of analysis, trying to understand two contrasting processes: z at the level of the city, slower growth in surface than in population, increasing urban densities, then rapid urban sprawl with a larger increase in surface than in population during the last decades, inside a general model of spatial distribution characterized by a rather steep but recently decreasing density gradient from the centre to the periphery; and z growth in size and number of cities but with increasing size inequalities (and local concentrations) at the scale of the interurban processes (national or regional territories) PatternsPatterns inin UrbanUrban SystemsSystems z In both cases, the controlling parameters could be the means of transportation, with varying speeds over time, and their typical spatial range that is different when adapting to the daily urban system or to the connection within networks of cities z But perhaps other social (economic) or physical processes have to be included to provide a consistent model at both scales BendakaaluruBendakaaluru -- BangaloreBangalore -- BengalooruBengalooru Courtesy: Google Inc. and HyperCam Bangalore:Bangalore: AnAn overviewoverview ofof thethe CityCity z Origins and History z Etymology and Historical Accounts z Climate, Geography and Environment z Growth in Bangalore z Governance and Administration z City Economy and Land use z Mobility z Land use and Transportation z Development Characteristics across Bangalore GROWTH OF BANGALORE CITY Maps: Directorate of Census Operations and BMP BangaloreBangalore CityCity CorporationCorporation limitslimits overover thethe yearsyears Sl.