Bangalore (Or ???????? Bengaluru, ['Be?G??U??U] ( Listen)) Is the Capital City O F the Indian State of Karnataka

Bangalore (or ???????? Bengaluru, ['be?g??u??u] ( listen)) is the capital city o f the Indian state of Karnataka. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-east ern part of Karnataka. Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-m ost populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is known as the Silicon Valley of In dia because of its position as nation's leading Information technology (IT) expo rter.[7][8][9] Located at a height of over 3,000 feet (914.4 m) above sea level, Bangalore is known for its pleasant climate throughout the year.[10] The city i s amongst the top ten preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.[11] A succession of South Indian dynasties, the Western Gangas, the Cholas, and the Hoysalas ruled the present region of Bangalore until in 1537 CE, Kempé Gowda a feu datory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by the Ma rathas and Mughals, the city remained under the Mysore Kingdom. It later passed into the hands of Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, and was captured by the Bri tish after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), who returned administr ative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore. The old city developed in t he dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore, and was made capital of the Princely Sta te of Mysore, which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore, outside the old city , and a town grew up around it, which was governed as part of British India. Fol lowing India's independence in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore Stat e, and remained capital when the new Indian state of Karnataka was formed in 195 6. The two urban settlements of Bangalore City and Cantonment which had develope d as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The city wa s renamed Bengaluru in 2006. Bangalore is home to many well-recognised educational and research institutions in India, such as the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Indian Institute of Ma nagement (Bangalore) (IIMB),National Institute of Fashion Technology( NIFT ) and National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS). Numerous publi c sector heavy industries, technology companies, aerospace, telecommunications, and defence organisations, such as Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Hindustan A eronautics Limited (HAL), National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bharat Heavy El ectricals Limited (BHEL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Infosys, an d Wipro are headquartered in the city. A demographically diverse city, Bangalore is a major economic and cultural hub and the second-fastest growing major metro polis in India.[12] The city also houses the Kannada film industry. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Bangalore confronts substantial poll ution and other logistical and socio-economic problems.[13][14] With a Gross dom estic product (GDP) of US$83 billion, Bangalore is listed fourth among the top 1 5 cities contributing to India's overall GDP.[15] Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early and medieval history 2.2 City foundation and early modern history 2.3 Later modern and contemporary history 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Civic administration 4.1 Pollution control 4.2 Slums 5 Waste management 6 Economy 7 Transport 7.1 Air 7.2 Rail 7.3 Road 8 Demographics 9 Culture 9.1 Art and literature 9.2 Theatre, music, and dance 10 Education 11 Media 12 Sports 12.1 City based Clubs 13 Twin towns Sister cities 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology[edit] The name "Bangalore" represents an anglicised version of the Kannada language na me, "Benga?uru" ['be?g??u?ru] ( listen). The earliest reference to the name "Ben galuru" was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a "vira gallu" (????????) (literally, "hero stone", a rock edict extolling the v irtues of a warrior). In this inscription found in Begur, "Bengaluru" is referre d to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE. It states that the place was part of the Ganga Kingdom until 1004 and was known as "Bengaval-uru", the " City of Guards" in Halegannada (Old Kannada).[16][17] An apocryphal, though popular, anecdote recounts that the 12th century Hoysala k ing Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "benda-kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled b eans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengaluru".[16][18][19] Suryanath Kamath has put forward an explanation of a possible floral origin of the name, being de rived from benga, the Kannada term for Pterocarpus marsupium (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist deciduous trees, that grew abundan tly in the region.[20] On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to B engaluru.[21] On 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP ) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change.[22] The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal, and it was decided to officially implement t he name change from 1 November 2006.[23][24] However, this process has stalled d ue to delays in getting clearances from the Union Home Ministry.[25] History[edit] Main article: History of Bangalore Early and medieval history[edit] The Begur Nageshwara Temple was built in Bangalore around c. 860, during the rei gn of the Western Ganga Dynasty. Someshwara Temple (c. 1890), dates from the Chola era A recent discovery of Stone Age artifacts during the 2001 census of India at Jal ahalli, Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli, all of which are located on Bangalore's out skirts today, suggest probable human settlement around 4,000 BCE.[26] Around 1,0 00 BCE (Iron Age), burial grounds were established at Koramangala and Chikkajala on the outskirts of Bangalore. Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius found at Yeswanthpur and HAL indicate that Bangalore was involved i n trans-oceanic trade with ancient civilisations in 27 BCE.[27] The region of modern day Bangalore was part of several successive South Indian k ingdoms. Between the fourth and the tenth centuries, the Bangalore region was ru led by the Western Ganga Dynasty of Karnataka, the first dynasty to set up effec tive control over the region.[28] The Western Gangas ruled the region initially as a sovereign power (350 550), and later as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Bad ami, followed by the Rashtrakutas till the tenth century.[20] The Begur Nageshwa ra Temple was commissioned around 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga Kin g Ereganga Nitimarga I and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.[29][30] At th e end of the tenth century, the Cholas from Tamil Nadu began to penetrate in are as east of Bangalore; it later began to extend its control over parts of present -day Bangalore, such as Domlur on the eastern side of the city.[28] Around 1004, during the reign of Rajendra Chola I, the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas, a nd captured Bangalore.[29] During this period, the Bangalore region witnessed th e migration of many groups - warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastor als, cultivators, and religious personnel from Tamil Nadu and other Kannada spea king regions.[28] The Chokkanathaswamy temple at Domlur, the Aigandapura complex near Hesaraghatta, Mukthi Natheshwara Temple at Binnamangala, Choleshwara Templ e at Begur, Someshwara Temple at Madiwala, date from the Chola era.[29] In 1117, the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Ta lakad in south Karnataka, and extended its rule over the region.[29] With the co llapse of the Cholas, especially after 1250, migrations from Andhra Pradesh bega n into Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.[28] By the end of the 13th century, Bangalore b ecame a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler Veer a Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha, who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu.[29] Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hud i (now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits), thus promoting the villag e to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala III's death in 1343, the next emp ire to rule the region was the Vijayanagara Empire, which itself saw the rise of four dynasties, the Sangamas (1336 1485), the Saluvas (1485 1491), the Tuluvas (1491 1565), and the Aravidu (1565 1646).[31] During the reign of the Vijayanaga ra Empire, Achyuta Deva Raya of the Tuluva Dynasty raised the Shivasamudra Dam a cross the Arkavati river at Hesaraghatta, whose reservoir is the present city's supply of regular piped water.[32] City foundation and early modern history[edit] Bangalore Fort in 1860 showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was origina lly built by Kempe Gowda I as a mud fort in 1537. Bangalore Palace, built in 1887 in Tudor architectural style was modelled on the Windsor Castle in England.[33] Modern Bangalore had its beginning in 1537 by a vassal of the Vijayanagara Empir e, Kempé Gowda I, who aligned with the Vijayanagara empire to campaign against Gan garaja who he defeated and expelled to Kanchi, and who built a mud-brick fort fo r the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bangalore.

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