Civilian Police Issues in Peacekeeping 6 an Interview with Michael O’ Rielly | by Robin Hayden
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Vol. III No. 2 A journal of civil-military humanitarian relief collaborations Also in this issue: Iraq: Doing the Right Thing for the Wrong Reasons Building Effective C4 in Contingency Operations Civilian Police U.S. and Vietnam medical exchange yields insight Issues in Peacekeeping 6 Book Reviews including Vol. III, Number 2 A publication by the Center of Excellence Rumblings across the in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Civil-Military Divide Director Gerard Bradford, III s we mark Ghazi Yawar’s appointment to interim President of Iraq and anticipate Editor an Iraqi transitional government’s emergence on June 30, there are as many ques- Robin Hayden tions as answers about the military’s role in promoting a secure and prosperous Senior Advisor Gerard Bradford, III Iraqi society. How events in Iraq and Afghanistan will impact the international A Art Director relief community over the long haul also remains to be seen. Recent violent events in Kosovo A Brian Miyamoto and Haiti, places thought to be in successful transition after substantial investment of blood Designer and treasure, remind us that the recovery process ahead will be long, uneven, unpredictable Eric Papayoanou and complex. Reflecting on recent trends, many who pay attention to the nature and evolution of civil-military relations, as they concern NGOs, are seriously worried. This pessimism Please direct all inquiries to appears to have begun with the military’s first simultaneous combat and relief operations in The Center of Excellence in Disaster Afghan-istan and then in Iraq where, in both cases, Clauswitz’s notion of war as ‘an exten- Management & Humanitarian Assistance sion of politics by other means’ seemed to be turned on its head. So many decades after the c/o Tripler Army Medical Center Marshall Plan, and with Bosnia and Kosovo still fresh memories, civil politics and political 1 Jarrett White Road (MCPA-DM) action seem again rediscovered as critical extensions of combat operations in efforts toward Tripler AMC, HI 96859-5000 sustainable peace. In these conflicts and the broader global war on terrorism, politics (and Phone 808-433-7035 humanitarian action) have now become ‘an extension of war by other means.’ Fax 808-433-1757 Some humanitarians, observing behaviors around reconstruction projects in Basra and Email [email protected] Herat, express concern about the direction civil-military relations already seem to have taken. At the same time, they recognize their views of current events as mere snapshots in a Website http://coe-dmha.org much bigger dynamic (Jurisic). Others lament their lack of success in efforts to inform deci- sion makers about the constructive role humanitarian agencies can play in transition before our recent military interventions began. They also worry how effective education of the mil- itary will be accomplished in the future (Bishop, Jurisic). Another dimension of concern, one strongly shared by military leaders, is the civil-military relationship between combat forces and those in whose interests they fight. To roughly quote one relief worker in Afghanistan, “the military does not have its finger on the pulse of local communities, even though they think they do.” Perhaps this problem is less attributable to our military culture than our North American culture. ISSN 1527-7208 The Liaison, a publication of the Center of Excellence, serves The humanitarian community is understandably asking “What now?” Animated dis- to inform its diverse constituent audience of timely and cussion and focused research are well underway to address these issues (Bishop). The Carnegie relevant issues—the stories and the people—in the field of international humanitarian disaster management, in order Endowment for International Peace, the US Institute for Peace, and other institutions have to facilitate cooperation between civilian and military raised the importance of civil-military relations in emergencies where combat and nation disaster responders and relief pro viders. The Liaison building must occur simultaneously. Even the US Congress is getting into the act, literally, provides an open forum for stimulating discussion, exchange of ideas and lessons learned—both philosophical through its Stabilization and Reconstruction Civilian Management Act, introduced by and pragmatic—and invites active participation from its Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN) and now under debate. The legislation proposes to develop readers, with the end in mind of creating a communication network for organizations engaged in similar pursuits. a comprehensive plan for the U.S. to carry out nation building in a more systematic fashion. The authors are entirely responsible for opinions ex pressed in As currently designed, the U.S. Department of State would take the lead in implementation, articles appearing in The Liaison; these opi nions are not to be rather than the U.S. Department of Defense, no doubt in recognition of the key role others construed as official or reflecting the views or policies of any of the Center of Excel lence partners or the U.S. Government. in the international community must play to achieve success. Nation building, in the words of Senator Lugar, is the hope against terrorism. Replacing one relatively stable regime, however reprehensible, with another relatively stable regime, however benign, requires the coordinated efforts of the full range of U.S. civil and military capabilities, in concert with diverse appendages of many other nation-states, the United Nations and many other institutions. It also re- Continued on page 81 A COLLABORATING CENTER FOR EDUCATION, TRAINING AND RESEARCH Contents Features The Finer Points of Building Effective C4 in Contingency Ops 2 By Brian Michael Morrison 34 Civilian Police Issues in Peacekeeping 6 An Interview with Michael O’ Rielly | By Robin Hayden Vietnam/U.S. Medical Exchange Yields Insight on Non-Traditional Medicine 13 By Heather Paynter 6 One Mzungu’ s Adventure 15 An African journal | By Dr. Elizabeth Blalock Humanitarianism in a Post-Soviet World 21 The Czech Republic and The People in Need Foundation By Dr. Thomas F. Ditzler and Maj. Richard Deleon 1 25 Preserving and Protecting the Human Bridges Over the Chasms of Conflict 25 By Roy Thomas with George Oehring Doing the Right Thing for the Wrong Reason 34 The invasion of Iraq and what can be learned from it | By Brien Hallett Is the Humanitarian-Military Relationship Moving in Reverse? 40 An Analysis Based on Two Snapshots: Iraq and Afghanistan | By Andjela Jurisic War in Afghanistan and Iraq 48 Aberration, or the Shape of Things to Come? | By James Bishop Special Report: United States Response to the Earthquake in Bam, Iran 51 By William J. Garvelink Book Reviews Author Profiles 80 Patronage or Partnership: Local Capacity Building in Humanitarian Crises 55 Reviewed by Mariko Oshiro Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America 56 Reviewed by Jeanne Johnston 63 Hunger and Shame: Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro 59 Reviewed by Lise Martel Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind 61 Reviewed by Dawn Nekorchuk Another Day in Paradise: International Humanitarian Workers Tell Their Stories 63 Reviewed by Roy Brennen Emergency Relief Operations 65 Reviewed by David Vinjamuri 40 The Finer Points of Building Effective C4 2 in Contingency Operations ()Command, Control, Cooperation and Coordination By Michael Brian Morrison he key to any successful multinational, civil-mil- 1. Good Basic Communications are at the Core of itary peace support operation is in achieving Effective Command and Control. not only efficient command and control within a military coalition, but also effective coopera- Passage of information is important – ensuring all tion and coordination between the military and recipients understand the message is the overriding Tall the civilian agencies involved. consideration. A single-issue peace support operations game-seminar, held 9-13 December 2002 in Bangkok, Thailand with repre- Comprehension of key messages is essential if dire sentatives of 23 nations present, highlighted this fundamen- consequences from unnecessary misunderstandings tal idea. The focus of this jointly sponsored United are to be avoided. Nations/United States Pacific Command event, hosted by the Kingdom of Thailand, was the detailed examination of The audience is diverse – own forces, parties to the the critical “C4” issue. conflict, local population, national audience, interna- Participants identified a number of important observa- tional community, etc. Effective means of communi- tions, which are certainly worthy of note for anyone cating with all parties must be established. involved with planning and executing future peace support operations. The purpose of this article is to share their Effective communications generates trust. observations so that a broader audience may benefit from their work. 2. Comprehension of Commander’s Guidance is Paramount in Achieving Effective Command and Military Command and Control Control. The Military Commander’s Concept of The primarily military audience first examined estab- Operations and Intent must be effectively communicated lishing effective military command and control within a to everyone at all levels. Communication itself is not coalition. The following eight observations were considered enough to ensure success – it needs to be effective com- significant aspects of that process: munication. Action must also be taken to ensure that everyone understands the Commander’s Guidance. The Commander, Headquarters staff and sub- Who is Important in Theatre? There ordinate leaders all play an important role will be lots of people from a wide vari- in this process. Personal involvement of ety of organizations who will want to the commander, confirming comprehen- communicate with military com- sion at all levels of the military structure, manders and their principle staff offi- is a critical component of this process. cers. Only a few of these people will be keys to effective action within the 3. Leaders play a Key Role in the Command peace support theatre of operation. It and Control Process and Need-Specific is essential that those personnel are Skills.