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Excavations at Birrens, 1936-1937. 275 I. Excavations

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Excavations at Birrens, 1936-1937. 275 I. Excavations EXCAVATION T BIRRENSA S , 1936-1937. 275 I. EXCAVATION BIRRENST SA , 1936-1937 ERIY B C. BIRLEY, M.A., F.S.A.ScoT., F.S.A., WITH CONTRIBUTION . RICHMONDA . I Y B S , M.A., F.S.A.ScoT., F.S.A., J. A. STANFIELD, AND W. PERCY HEDLEY, F.S.A. presentinn I g thi allowese b report y expreso dt ma 1I thank y sm o t s collaboratorsy m . RichmonA . I r M d. pai dvisita , which proved most instructive e excavationth o t , f 1936o s , sharee directioth e n th i d f o n work undertaken in the following season, and has contributed the sections of this report which describ s waterit e rampar e ford th e th -an tf o t supply, besides giving general help wit sectione ht th no whicr s i sfo e hh directly responsible r RichmonM ; d undertoo e surveyinth ke th f o g 1 The following abbreviations are employed:— AAa~4 . Archceologia JEliana, 2nd—4th series. CIL . Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Transactions, . e Cumberlanseriesth CWw . f ne ao , d Westmorlanan d d Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Folze . r B. P81zer Bilderschusselne Di , der ostgallischen Sigillata-Manufakturen, Bonn, 1913. Hofheim . E. Bitterling, Das fruhromische Lager bei Hofheim i. T., Wiesbaden, 1913. JRS . Journal of Roman Studies. NiederbieberOelmannF . Keramike Di , . Acs Kastells Niederbieber, Frankfurt a.M., 1914. NMA . National Museum of Antiquities. OswaldF . , . Index f Figure-typeso . n Terra. o 0 Sigillata, Liverpool, 1936-1937. obergermanisch-ratischer De . OB . L Limes Romerreichess de (Reporte th f o s German Limes Commission). PSAS . Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Bicken, Saalburg . H . Bicken Bilderschusselne Di , Kasteller de Saalburg Zugmantel,d un in Saalburg Jahrbuch, viii., 1934. r GeorgSi . e Macdonald . BWS Romane . 2Th , Wall Scotland,n i second edition, 1934. Well-known excavation report e indicatee sit ar se namn italics;th i eth f o ey t b di wil e b l convenien givo t t e further references her thoso t e e sites which have been reporter o d A upoA n ni CW: . AACorbridge,3, . viii. 1911. AA4, vii. Denton Hall turret, Chapel House milecastle. Corbridge, . AA . 19384xv , . CW2, xi. Poltross Burn milecastle. CW. High2, xiii. House. milecastle, Birdoswald, High House, Appletreed an turrets, Throp fort. CW . Birdoswald1, xxx . fort. VOL. LXXII. 19 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1938. structures examine s alsha o d draw1937n di an e figur, nth e illustrating .the two west gateways, found in 1895 and 1936 respectively. Mr J. A. Stanfield, besides drawing most of the decorated Samian ware and the bronzes, has contributed valuable notes on the most interesting of the former material; and Mr W. Percy Hedley has provided notes on the coins. During both seasons Mr W. L. George, B.A., assisted in the direction excavationse ogiveth s f ha ne h considerabld an , eexaminatioe helth n pi n of the pottery; I have had the .benefit of consulting Mr F. G. Simpson, Hon. F.S.A.Scot. connection i , n with e lattesomth f ro e materialr M . ReiC d. R undertoo businese kth s arrangementst thai e o th t w sa d an , detaile"wore b o kt d presently curtaileshoule b t dlacno r dfundf fo k o r o s labour; and Thomas Batey, my foreman, showed himself equally competent as an excavator and as a trainer of the local men whom we employed. INTRODUCTIONI . The original excavations at Birrens in 1895 1 aimed at proving the Roman date of the visible defences and securing as complete a plan as possibl interioe th f eo r arrangement e fortbotd th an f h; so objects were attained, wit h succesa mor e th l e sal noteworth y becaus stimulats it f eo - g influenc e in developmenth n o e f scientifio t c excavation elsewhere. Furthermore, considerable incidental light was thrown on the history of Birrens in Roman times, not merely by the inscriptions, coins, and other relic e discoverth s y foundb t f evidencyo bu , drastia r efo c rebuildinf go e forth t afte a violenr t destruction attempo n t s madBu wa o tt e. discover o structurawhethetw e th r l periods between them accounted whole foth r onlr eo occupatioe ypara th f o t Birrenf nRomanse o th y sb ; and, with t potterestablisheye t yno meana s a df dating o s , thers ewa no guide other than that provide inscriptione th y db e coind th an so t s time when the fort "was first built or to the total length of the occupa- tion. Among the inscriptions, only one was directly dated, to A.D. 158,2 nond an e coul show e earliee db b lateo r nt o r r tha secone nth d century; the brief coin list gave no cause to assume an occupation antecedent or subsequen thato t t century seemeit and follo dto ; w thahistorthe t y of Birrens must have3 been simila y Antonin an o that rf o t e forn i t Scotland, established befor e middleth e d finallan , y abandoned before secone th f ende o dth , century. tims a t e went becamBu i n o t e clear that Birren splace e coulb t dno 1 PSAS, xxx., 1896, pp. 81-199; reprint, pp. 1-119. 2 Ephemeris Epigraphica, . 123ix 0 (correctin e readingth g given in PSAS, . 129)xxxp .. 3 Cf. PSAS, lii., . 2171918p ., EXCAVATION BIRRENST A S 7 , 27 1936-1937. e samth en i categor s JSTewsteaya e Antonin e fortth th f o sr do e Vallum. The historical attributio differene th f no t structural period t Newsteasa d can hardly be settled without further digging,1 and here we must confine ourselves to noting the mere fact that they outnumbered the two periods at Birrens. But excavation in the forts of the northern limes regularly produced three periods attributable to the occupation inaugurated by Lollius Urbicus, and it became clear that the discrepancy could only be explained in one or more of three ways: (1) Birrens had been occupied fo shortea r r period tha othee nth r forts prioria likela ; t yno s thiswa d succeedesuggestionha t e I destruction ) th n escapin i d(2 f o . e gon s which overwhelme forte dth s farther north; this possibilit s clearlywa y strengthened by the results, to be referred to later, obtained by excavatio t Risinghaa n d Higm an o period h tw Rochester e s Th ) (3 . note 189n di 5 represente dpara t s occupationonlit f yo I wil; l show presently that this explanation seemed certain to me, but I must first deal briefly wit hdifferena t readin e evidenceth f go , whic largels hwa y the undertakiny causm f eo g excavatio t Birrensna . e concludinth n I g chapte e seconth f o rd editio s Romanhi f no Wall in Scotland, Sir George Macdonald, adopting the second of the above explanations, mad s interpretatiohi e e evidencth f o n e from Birrena s touchstone for the vicissitudes of the Antonine frontier. His argument may be summarised thus: 2 The inscription of A.D. 158, already referred , musto o observetw t e belone seconth th d f o t go periodsde th r fo , circumstances unde r s founwhicwa d t i h showe s stild n i wa thal t i t position when Birrens was deserted for the last time; there was no break in the occupation of the site between that date and the final destructio archaeologicae th forte d th an ;f no l evidence showed thae th t sitlaid eha n derelict after circa A.D. 196. Ergo, Birrens (like Hadrian's Wall escaped ha ) disastee dth r which overwhelme Antonine dth e Vallum earle i nth t occupie yno years Commodusf wa dso t i late f i rd thaan ; n A.D. 196, the Antonine Itinerary, in which one route has Birrens as its northern terminus, must be assigned to the time of Commodus at latest; and the absence from it of the forts farther north showed that they, and the Antonine Vallum, must already have been abandoned under that emperor. place th discuso t et Thi no widee s si sth r histore questioth o t y s na e Romaoth f n Wal Scotlandn i l , thoug e sequehth l will show thay m t interpretatio evidence th f no e differs "widely fro r GteorgmSi e Macdonald's; s necessari t i t fort t se e reason th ho bu yt o reject se e whicth tm d hle 1 Cf. Dragendorff's acute observations in JRS, i., 1911, p. 135. 2 RWS", p. 478. 278 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 19389 TH Y F .O S MA , above interpretatio e evidencth f no e from Birrensinitiato t d e an eth , recent excavations ther orden ei provo t r point.y em 1 In the first place, I concurred in thinking that Birrens had escaped the disaster of circa A.D. 180, because its position suggested that Birrens should be regarded as an element in the Hadrianic frontier rather than e Roma th a lin n s i ka n occupatio f Scotlando n e accompanyinTh . g sketch-map (fig ) wil1 . l serv o emphasiset e closeth e similarity between s positioit thad Netherbf nan o t r Bewcastlyo relation ei Hadrian'o nt s TO FORTH HIGH* ROCHESTER Fig.
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