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HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES of WHEAT and RICE in the Less Developed Nations

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HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES of WHEAT and RICE in the Less Developed Nations Development and Spread of HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES OF WHEAT AND RICE in the Less Developed Nations DANA G. DALRYMPLE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN COOPERATION WITH U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Foreign Agricultural Ecr~nomic Report No. 95 The use of high-yielding varieties (HYV's) of wheat and rice has expanded sharply in the less developed countries (LDC's) in recent years:This report reviews the development of these varieties and statistically documents their yearly spread. Major emphasis is placed on semi-dwarf varieties (I) developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, and/or (2) offspring of these or similar varieties developed in national breeding programs. Data cover the 12-year period from the 1965166 crop year, when these varieties first came into use, through 1976i77. They are subject to a number of qualifications. As of 19761'77, the total HYV wheat and rice area in the non- Commuist LDC's totaled about 54.7 million hectares (135.1 million acres). Of this, about 29.4 million ha. (72.6 million acres) were wheat and 25.3 million ha. (62.5 million acres) were rice. HYV's represented about 34.5 percent of the total wheat and rice area; HYV wheat accounted for 44.3 percent of total wheat area and HYV rice accounted for 27.5 percent of total rice area. Additional areas of HYV's were planted in Israel, South Africa, and Taiwan, and in the Communist nations. The largest proportion of the non-Communist LDC HYV wheat and rice area in 1976/77 was located in Asia, which represented 80 percent of the total. Asia was followed by Latin America with I I percent. the Near East with 8 percent, and Africa with less than 1 percent. India had by far the largest HYV area, representing about 52 percent of the total. Over the 12-year period from 1965166 to 1976/77, the HYV wheat and rice area in Asia rose steadily. The rate of increase is expected to slow in the future because of both supply and demand factors. KEY WORDS: Wheat, rice. green revolution, high-yielding varieties, seed, agricultural research, agricultural development, developing countries. Development and Spread of HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES OF WHEAT AND RICE in the Less Developed Nations BY DANA G. DALRYMPLE Agricultural Economist SIXTH EDITION SEPTEMBER 1978 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN COOPERATION WITH U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WASHINGTON, D.C. 20250 This is the sixth edition of this report. Previous editions were issued by the ' Economic Research Service (now a part of the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperative Service), U.S. Department of Agriculture, under the same title and FAER number in August 1976 and July 1974. Earlier editions, with a slightly different title and publication number (or no number), were issued in February 1972, January 1971, and November 1969. All are supplanted by this edition. In this edition, the contents have been updated and several other changes have been made. The statistical portion of the report now covers the 12 crop years from 1965166 to 1976/77, a period that tppresents the first dozen years of the "green revolution." Some fragmentary and preliminary area estimates are included for 1977/78. The data are, with a few exceptions, based on information in hand as of May 1978. The more important modifications in this edition are: Chapter I. A brief discussion (and figure) on stages of varietal introduction has been added. Chapter 11. A new review of sources of dwarfism has been added to both the wheat and rice sections. Chapters I11 and IV. Several new country entries, some of them formerly covered in footnotes, have been added in each chapter (this is particularly true of the wheat section for the Near East and the rice section for Africa). The introductions for seven1 sections also have been enlarged and rewritten. Substantial new material on China has been included in both chapters. Chapter V. Reorganized and rewritten. Total estimates for all four LDC regions are included for the first time. Appendix. Two new appendices have been added (C, D). While I would like to think that the overall report continues to be improved with each edition, this is not altogether the case for the statistical reporting in several regions. In the Near East, it has been possible to obtain estimates for two countries for which recent data were not previously available (Lebanon, Turkey), but recent estimates do not seem to be available for several other countries which were covered in earlier editions (Algeria, Iraq, Morocco). Some previously reported data are now considered inadequate and have been dropped (Iran, Morocco). In the Asia region, annual rice estimates are no longer available, at least to me, for two countries where there has been a change in government (Laos, South Vietnam). On the other hand, there have been some additions in coverage elsewhere. Still, the gains may not outweigh the losses. As in the past, many individuals and organizations have cooperated gener- ously in the preparation of the report. Most are cited in footnotes. Here, I would particularly like to acknowledge the many and continuing contributions of Dr. R. Glenn Anderson of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and Dr. T. T. Chang of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Drs. W. Ronnie Coffman and Thomas R. Hargrove of IRRI also provided much help with this edition. Collection of country data was largely made possible through the assistance of agricultural attache's of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and food and agriculture officers of the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Assistance also was provided by staff members of the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). I, of course, owe a particular debt to a vast number of unknown individuals in developing nations who collect the country data summarized here. FA0 reported some rather scattered data it gathered several years ago on HYV wheat and rice in the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economics and Statistics, December 1977, pp. 19-21. The FA0 data cover area, yield, and production for the 3 years from 1972173 to 1974175. Barley and maize also are included. HYV's are not defined. While an attempt has been made to make this report as accurate as possible, some errors-hopefully minor-may have gone undetected. These are most likely to be in the nature of imperfections in variety names and numbers.* Funding for this project was, as in the past, provided through the Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, AID. Anti as before, some work was done on this project while I was on part-time detail to the Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, AID. One error of rather different nature is that the footnotes and most of the numbered tables appear in smaller type than intended. I apologize for any inconvenience this may cause. iv CONTENTS Page Summary ........................................................... ix I . INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 Background and Focus of the Report ................................. 1 Definitions and Sources of Data ...................................... 2 VarietalDefmitions ............................................... 3 Datasources .................................................... 5 Some Basic Biological Characteristics ........................: ........ 6 Classification of Wheat and Rice ................................... 6 GrowingSeasons ................................................. 7 Relation to Inigation ............................................. 8 11 . ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT ............................... 10 High-Yielding Wheat ............................................... 10 Japanese-American Roots ......................................... 10 Italian Varieties .................................................. 12 Mexicanvarieties ................................................ 14 Sources of Dwarfism ............................................. 22 High-Yielding Rice ................................................. 24 Chinese Antecedents ............................................. 24 JaponicaVarieties ................................................ 24 Japonica X Indica Crosses ......................................... 25 IndicaVarieties .................................................. 25 Sources of Dwarfism and Cytoplasm ................................ 34 I11 . HIGH-YIELDING WHEAT VARIETIES ....................... 35 Asia .............................................................. 36 (Korea. South) ................................................... 36 Bangladesh ...................................................... 37 India ........................................................... 38 Nepal ................................................... 39 Pakistan ........................................................ 40 China (People's Republic) ......................................... 41 NearEast ......................................................... 43 (Cyprus/Jordan/Oman/Yemen) ..................................... 43 Afghanistan ..................................................... 45 Algeria ......................................................... 46 Egypt .......................................................... 47 Iran ...........................................................
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