DOCSLIB.ORG

Occurrence of Three Dwarfing Rht Genes in German Winter Wheat Varieties

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Occurrence of Three Dwarfing Rht Genes in German Winter Wheat Varieties Cereal Research Communications 36(4), pp. 553–560 (2008) DOI: 10.1556/CRC.36.2008.4.4 Occurrence of Three Dwarfing Rht Genes in German Winter Wheat Varieties C. KNOPF1,3*, H. BECKER1,E.EBMEYER2 and V. KORZUN2 1Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany 2KWS LOCHOW GMBH, D-29296 Bergen, Germany 3Present address: State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim (720), D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany (Received 4 February 2008; accepted 18 April 2008) Ninety percent of wheat varieties grown worldwide have a semi-dwarf phenotype controlled by three major genes Rht-B1 (formerly Rht1), Rht-D1 (formerly Rht2) and Rht8. The objective of this study was to determine their frequency in modern wheat varieties grown in Germany. Ninety-five winter wheat varieties that were registered in Germany in 2004 were screened with PCR-based markers for Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 and with the microsatellite WMS261 for Rht8. The Rht8 allele for plant height reduction was not found in any of the varieties, which confirms previous studies. Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b alleles were present in 44% of the screened va- rieties, but only 6% contained Rht-B1b, which predominates in northern Europe. Rht-D1b was found in 38% of the varieties, which were planted on 34% of the total area of wheat in Ger- many. Wheat varieties with Rht-D1b were shorter and higher yielding than wheat varieties without this allele, but more susceptible to Fusarium head blight, which could limit their pro- ductivity. Keywords: wheat, semi-dwarf gene, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1b, Rht8, height reduction Introduction During the development of current wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) from wild grasses many changes in plant traits have occurred such as spelt into unspelted spike and brittle rachis into non-brittle rachis although straw height has not been reduced significantly (Aufhammer and Fischbeck 1973). At the begin- ning of the 20th century as the world population started growing exponentially * Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] 0133-3720/$20.00 © 2008 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 554 KNOPF et al.: Occurrence of Rht Genes in German Wheat world food shortages became more likely. To address this possibility, CIMMYT (International Improvement Centre of Corn and Wheat) was established in Mex- ico by the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation. Its task was to increase the yield of wheat and maize in order to guarantee consistent grain sup- plies (Herdt 1998). With higher yielding varieties and the increased use of mineral fertilizer, lodging of tall-strawed wheat varieties became a serious problem. Breeders re- sponded by introducing shorter-strawed genotypes into their crossing prog- ramme. This material, based on Norin 10, originated from Japan and was used in the USA in the 1940s to develop shorter higher yielding varieties (Gale and Youssefian 1985). Through the efforts of CIMMYT and international contacts the short-strawed characteristics of Norin 10 spread throughout the world, and led to the so-called “Green Revolution” (Borlaug 1968). Three Reduced-height (Rht) genes, namely Rht-B1 (formerly Rht1), Rht-D1 (formerly Rht2) and Rht8 enabled the development of newer higher yielding wheat varieties. Almost 90% of the world’s wheat cultivation comprises varieties with the semi-dwarf alleles Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b, derived from Norin 10 (Worland et al. 1998b). The yield advantage of wheat varieties carrying one of the two semi-dwarf alleles was proofed by Gale and Youssefian (1985) and the Rht8 allele also has a positive yield effect (Worland 1988). Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, located on chromosomes 4BS and 4DS, respectively, make up part of a homoeologous series of alleles that also govern growth habit (Gale and Marshall 1976; Börner et al. 1996). Rht8 maps on chromosome 2DS (Korzun et al. 1998) 20.9 cM distal to the gene Ppd1 (photoperiod; Worland et al. 1998a). Due to linkage with Ppd1 most wheat varieties containing Rht8 are photo- period insensitive and early flowering (Welsh et al. 1973). This can be advanta- geous during hot summers, which start in early June in southern Europe. This adaptability improves the yield potential of wheat with Rht8 and the linked Ppd1 gene (Worland et al. 1988). Varieties with Rht8 are, therefore, grown more throughout eastern and southern Europe (Worland et al. 1988) and other regions of the world with similar climates, such as Australia. In contrast to Rht8 the Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 alleles are not linked to any photoperiod insensitive genes (Worland et al. 1998a; Worland et al. 1998b). Many short-strawed wheat varieties are grown in Germany, but little is known about the distribution of the Rht genes and the impact these genes have on German wheat cultivation. Despite the yield advantage of short-strawed wheat va- rieties they are, unfortunately, highly susceptible to Fusarium head blight (Mesterhazy 1995) and it is possible that dwarfing genes and susceptibility to Fusarium head blight are correlated. Cereal Research Communications 36, 2008 KNOPF et al.: Occurrence of Rht Genes in German Wheat 555 The objective of this work was to determine the distribution and cultivated area of three semi-dwarfing genes in recently introduced German wheat varieties and whether there is an associated affect on plant height, yield level and Fusarium susceptibility. Materials and Methods Ninety-five wheat varieties listed in Germany by the “Department for Protec- tion and National Listing of New Plant Varieties” (BSA) and described in the 2004 “Descriptive variety list” were screened with three different molecular markers. Five young leaves were removed from each variety, all of which were grown in a growth chamber, and DNA extracted according to the protocol of Rogowsky et al. (1991). Rht-B1b, Rht-B1a, Rht-D1b and Rht-D1a were detected with PCR-based markers, which were specific for the base pair change responsible for the semi- dwarf phenotype (Ellis et al. 2002). The PCR conditions for Rht-B1a/b, Rht-D1a/b and Rht8 genes were the same as described by Ellis et al. (2002) and Korzun et al. (1998). Gel electrophoresis was used and samples scanned for the different bands of the wild and the mutant allele types of Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 under a UV-light after ethidium bromide stain- ing. To determine the allelic variation for the microsatellite marker WMS261 linked with Rht8 the protocol of Korzun et al. (1998) was used. Different sized fragments for WMS261 were detected with a 31000 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Data analysis was carried out with the GENOTYPER program (Ap- plied Biosystems Version 3.7 NT). In addition to the marker results, information on plant height, yield and Fusarium head blight were obtained from publicly available data (BSA 2004). Additional statistics for the cultivated area in different regions of Germany in 2004 were collected from the harvest data analysis of the Ministry of Agriculture (BMELV 2006). Plant height, yield and Fusarium head blight susceptibility were analyzed us- ing ANOVA for varieties with different Rht8, Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 alleles. Tukey’s test was used for multiple mean comparisons among varieties with different Rht8 alleles. T-tests were used for comparing plant height, yield and Fusarium head blight susceptibility of wheat varieties with Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b and those with Rht-B1a and Rht-D1a. A U-test was used for comparing the median mean culti- vated area of varieties containing different semi-dwarfing genes. Cereal Research Communications 36, 2008 556 KNOPF et al.: Occurrence of Rht Genes in German Wheat Table 1. Occurrence of Rht-D1, Rht-B1 and Rht8 alleles in 95 German winter wheat varieties Wheat variety Rht-B1b or WMS261 Wheat variety Rht-B1b or WMS261 Rht-D1b or fragment Rht-D1b or fragment none (=tall) Rht8 = 192bp none (=tall) Rht8 = 192bp Achat tall 165 Koch Rht-B1b 174 Akteur tall 197 Kontrast tall 197 Alidos tall 197 Kornett Rht-D1b 165 Alitis tall 165 Korund Rht-D1b 174 Altos tall 197 Limes Rht-D1b 174 Aristos tall 165 Ludwig tall 174 Aron tall 165 Magnus tall 174 Astron tall 165 Maltop tall 174 Atlantis tall 174 Mandup Rht-B1b 174 Atoll Rht-D1b 174 Manhattan tall 174 Bandit Rht-D1b 174 Maverick Rht-D1b 174 Batis tall 165 Meunier Rht-D1b 174 Biscay Rht-D1b 174 Milvus Rht-D1b 165 Borneo tall 165 Monopol tall 165 Bussard tall 174 Naturastar tall 174 Buteo tall 165 Noah Rht-D1b 165 Campari Rht-D1b 174 Novalis Rht-D1b 165 Capnor Rht-D1b 174 Olivin tall 165 Capo tall 197 Opus Rht-D1b 165 Cardos Rht-D1b 165 Ordeal Rht-D1b 165 Centrum tall 174 Paroli Rht-D1b 174 Certo Rht-D1b 174 Pegassos tall 165 Champion tall 165 Petrus tall 165 Claire Rht-D1b 165 Qualibo tall 174 Complet tall 174 Quebon Rht-D1b 174 Compliment tall 197 Redford tall 174 Contur Rht-D1b 165 Ritmo Rht-D1b 174 Creativ Rht-D1b 174 Romanus tall 165 Cubus Rht-D1b 197 Skater tall 174 Dekan Rht-D1b 165 Sobi tall 174 Dream tall 165 Sokrates tall 174 Drifter tall 174 Solitär tall 174 Ebi tall 165 Striker Rht-B1b 165 Elvis tall 165 SW Maxi tall 197 Empire tall 165 SW Topper tall 174 Enorm Rht-D1b 165 Terrier tall 165 Excellenz Rht-D1b 174 Tiger tall 174 Exsept Rht-D1b 165 Tommi Rht-D1b 165 Flair tall 165 Toras Rht-D1b 197 Florida tall 174 Tulsa Rht-B1b 174 Greif Rht-D1b 165 Türkis tall 197 Hermann Rht-B1b 174 Vergas tall 165 Heroldo Rht-D1b 174 Vivant Rht-D1b 174 Hybnos 1 Rht-D1b 174 Wasmo Rht-B1b 174 Hybnos 2B Rht-D1b 174 Wenga tall 165 Hybred Rht-D1b 174 Winnetou tall 174 Idol tall 174 Zentos tall 197 Kaltop Rht-D1b 174 Cereal Research Communications 36, 2008 KNOPF et al.: Occurrence of Rht Genes in German Wheat 557 Results All wheat varieties were screened for their allelic variation of Rht-B1, Rht-D1 and Rht8 genes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Norman Borlaug
    Norman Borlaug Melinda Smale, Michigan State University I’d like to offer some illustrative examples of how scientific partnerships and exchange of plant genetic resources in international agricultural research have generated benefits for US farmers and consumers. 1. It is widely accepted that the greatest transformation in world agriculture of the last century was the Green Revolution, which averted famine particularly in the wheat and rice-growing areas of numerous countries in Asia by boosting levels of farm productivity several times over, lowering prices for consumers, raising income and demand for goods and services. Most of us here are familiar with the history of this transformation. • You will remember that the key technological impetus was short- statured varieties that were fertilizer responsive and didn’t fall over in the field when more of the plant’s energy was poured into grain rather than the stalk and leaves. • Less well known is that the origin of the genes that conferred short- stature in wheat was a landrace from Korea--transferred to Japan, named Daruma, and bred into Norin 10. Norin 10 was named for a Japanese research station, tenth selection from a cross. Later, Norin 10 was brought as a seed sample by an agronomist advisor who served in the MacArthur campaign after WWII. At Washington State University it was crossed to produce important US wheat varieties. The most extensive use of Norin 10 genes outside Japan and the US was by Norman Borlaug, who won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize. He was the founder of the World Food Prize (won, for example, by Gebisa Ejeta).
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Wheat Genetics: from Genome to Field Proceedings of the 12Th International Wheat Genetics Symposium Advances in Wheat Genetics: from Genome to Field
    Yasunari Ogihara · Shigeo Takumi Hirokazu Handa Editors Advances in Wheat Genetics: From Genome to Field Proceedings of the 12th International Wheat Genetics Symposium Advances in Wheat Genetics: From Genome to Field Yasunari Ogihara • Shigeo Takumi Hirokazu Handa Editors Advances in Wheat Genetics: From Genome to Field Proceedings of the 12th International Wheat Genetics Symposium Editors Yasunari Ogihara Shigeo Takumi Kihara Institute for Biological Research Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences Yokohama City University Kobe University Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan Kobe , Hyogo , Japan Hirokazu Handa Plant Genome Research Unit National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan ISBN 978-4-431-55674-9 ISBN 978-4-431-55675-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55675-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949398 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2015 . The book is published with open access at SpringerLink.com. Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- commercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
    [Show full text]
  • I and Rht I, Genes for Gibberellin Insensitivity and Semi- Dwarfism, in a Derivative of Norin 10 Wheat
    Heredity (1976), 37 (2), 283-289 THECHROMOSOMAL LOCATION OF GA! I AND RHT I, GENES FOR GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVITY AND SEMI- DWARFISM, IN A DERIVATIVE OF NORIN 10 WHEAT M. D. GALE and GERALDINE A. MARSHALL Plant Breeding Institute, Cambridge Received5.ii.76 SUMMARY The gene conferring gibberellin insensitivity, Gai 1, was located on chromo- some 4A. This gene is associated with the semi-dwarf habit and consequently it was concluded that Rht1is carried by 4A. No recombination was found between Gai 1 and Gal 3, the gibberellin insensitivity gene in "TomThumb "- typedwarf wheats, indicating that these genes are either alternative alleles at the same locus or are closely linked. 1. INTRODUCTION N0RIN 1 0-BREVOR 14 (NB 14) was derived from a cross between the Japanese dwarf and an American variety. This line is the major source of the semi- dwarfing character common to many present-day commercial wheat varieties. NB 14 carries two alleles that confer "insensitivity" of aerial plant parts to application of the phytohormone, gibberellic acid (GA). One of these alleles, Gai 2, has been shown to be located on chromosome 4D by Gale et al. (1 975b). They also showed that the segregation of Gai 2/gai 2 was closely associated with variation in height in a GA-insensitive (GAl) semi-dwarf x GA-responsive tall wheat cross. The positive association between GAl and height reduction has been shown for both Gai 1 with Rht 1 and Gai 2 with Rht 2 in crosses involving Norm 10 derivative semi-dwarfs (Gale and Marshall, 1973; Hu, 1974) and for Gai 3 with Rht 3, the genes controlling GAl and dwarfism in "Tom Thumb "-type dwarf wheats (Gale et al., 1975a; Fick and Qualset, 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 RICE (Oryza Sativa) TRADITIONAL VARIETIES & THEIR YIELD
    Lecuture No: 1 R I C E (Oryza sativa) TRADITIONAL VARIETIES & THEIR YIELD POTENTIAL-CONCEPT OF NEW PLANT TYPES (NPT’s) Reasons for low yield of crops- 1. Poor genetic yield potential of varieties of different crops. 2. Under identical conditions genetic makeup of a variety is most significant factor in determining yield. In recent years due to all round efforts of agricultural scientists it has been possible to cultivate HYVs of cereal crops which are often been termed as “NEW PLANT TYPES”. 1. IDEOTYPE : refers to plant type in which morphological and physiological characteristics are ideally suited to achieve high production potential and yield reliability. 2. NPT’s are also called as fertilizer responsive varieties since these NPTs possess the trait of high responsiveness towards heavy fertilizer applications. 3. NPT’s are also termed as adaptable varieties means the physiological attributes of variety responsible for a) Controlling the assimilation of absorbed N in plant body. b) Translocation and storage of photosynthetic products. c) Possessing more activity of roots under heavy application of fertilizers. d) Availability of resistance to lodging and diseases. But, the term NPT seems to be more appropriate and reasonable as it can very easily express the extent of improvement incorporated over the old type varieties. The so called improved tall varieties cultivated by farmers generally grow very tall and possess low yielding potentiality due to 1. Weak and tall straw, susceptible to lodging under heavy fertilizer application. 2. Inefficient leaf arrangement responsible for poor photosynthetic activity and less utilization of Solar energy. 3. Many associated attributes like unsynchronized susceptibility towards the attack of pests and diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivated Emmer Wheat (Triticum Dicoccon Schrank), an Old Crop with Promising Future: a Review
    Genet Resour Crop Evol DOI 10.1007/s10722-010-9572-6 NOTES ON NEGLECTED AND UNDERUTILIZED CROPS Cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank), an old crop with promising future: a review Maria Zaharieva • Negash Geleta Ayana • Amin Al Hakimi • Satish C. Misra • Philippe Monneveux Received: 17 November 2009 / Accepted: 10 May 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract Cultivated emmer wheat, Triticum dicoc- specific taste and flavor of emmer wheat products have con Schrank, a tetraploid species with hulled grain, has led to a recent development of the cultivation in some been largely cultivated during seven millennia in the European countries. Emmer wheat also possesses Middle-East, Central and West Asia, and Europe. It valuable traits of resistance to pests and diseases and has been largely replaced by hulless species and is now tolerance to abiotic stresses and is increasingly used as a minor crop, with the exception of some countries like a reservoir of useful genes in wheat breeding. In the India, Ethiopia and Yemen, where its grain is used for present article, a review concerning taxonomy, diver- preparing traditional foods. Nutritional qualities and sity and history of cultivation of emmer wheat is reported. Grain characteristics and valuable agro- M. Zaharieva (&) nomic traits are described. Some successful examples CIMMYT Global Wheat Program, A.P. 6-641, 06600 of emmer wheat utilization for the development of Mexico, DF, Mexico durum or bread wheat cultivars are examined, and the e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] perspectives in using emmer wheat as health food and N.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 11 Cereals and Millets
    -- UNIT 11 CEREALS AND MILLETS 11.1 Introduction Objectives 112 Wheat 11.3 Maize 11.4 Rice 1 1.5 ' 'Rye 11.6 Oats 11.7 Sorghum 1 1.8 Barley 11.9 Triticale 11.10 Summary 11.1 1 Terminal Questions 11.12 Answers 11 .I INTRODUCTION Good food is essential for health as well as survival of human beings. Human beings depend on plants (and on animals that eat pla~~ts)for their food. The food we eat provides sub- stances needed for good health.'These nutrients provide materials for building, repairing or maintaining body tissues. They also regulate body processes and serve as fuel to provide energy. Nutrients are classified into five main groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins. All of these are important in the daily diet; and are obtained from different plants. , The cereal or grain crops are the most important sources of food for man and provide the basic or staple diet. They contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins, and thus have good nutritive value. These were amongst the first plants to be cultivated or domesticated. They have been grown and used by man since ancient times. It is believed that barley and wheat were first grown in Western Asia atleast 9000 years ago. This provided the basis for civilisations of Mesopotamia, Sumeria, Babylon, Egypt, Rome, Italy and others. Similarly, rice served as the important cereal for the civilisations in Soah East Asia and rnaizd ~~~~~'$r~~~i~~~ t'lerc for civilisations in the New World. urelatcd dicotyledonous plants The ceredls not only serve as food for man, but are also important for many industrial used as cereals.
    [Show full text]
  • HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES of WHEAT and RICE in the Less Developed Nations
    Development and Spread of HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES OF WHEAT AND RICE in the Less Developed Nations DANA G. DALRYMPLE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN COOPERATION WITH U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Foreign Agricultural Ecr~nomic Report No. 95 The use of high-yielding varieties (HYV's) of wheat and rice has expanded sharply in the less developed countries (LDC's) in recent years:This report reviews the development of these varieties and statistically documents their yearly spread. Major emphasis is placed on semi-dwarf varieties (I) developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, and/or (2) offspring of these or similar varieties developed in national breeding programs. Data cover the 12-year period from the 1965166 crop year, when these varieties first came into use, through 1976i77. They are subject to a number of qualifications. As of 19761'77, the total HYV wheat and rice area in the non- Commuist LDC's totaled about 54.7 million hectares (135.1 million acres). Of this, about 29.4 million ha. (72.6 million acres) were wheat and 25.3 million ha. (62.5 million acres) were rice. HYV's represented about 34.5 percent of the total wheat and rice area; HYV wheat accounted for 44.3 percent of total wheat area and HYV rice accounted for 27.5 percent of total rice area. Additional areas of HYV's were planted in Israel, South Africa, and Taiwan, and in the Communist nations.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Manitoba in Partial Fulfillment Of
    A STUDY OF PRE-HARVEST SPROUTING TOLERANCE IN TR]T]CALE (X TRITICOSECALE WITTMACK) A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies The University of Manitoba by Stanley plett In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Science Department of plant Science August L9B4 A Study of Pre-Harvest Sprouting Tolerance in Triticale (X Triticosecale Witt mack) by Stanley Plett A tlìesis subntitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillrnent of the requirenreuts of the degree of MASTTR OF SCIENCE J O I9B4 Pernrission has been granted to the LIBRARy OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis. to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA ro microfitnr this thesis and to Ie¡rd or sell copies of the film, and UNIVERSITy IvIICROFILMS to publish an absrract of this thesis. The author reserves other publication rights, a¡ld neither the thcs.is ¡ror extensive extracts lro¡n it may be printed or other- wise reproduced withor¡t the author's written ¡rerutission. Acknowledqements I wish to express my gratitude to my advisor Dr. E. N. Larter for his guidance during the course of this study and the invaluable comments in the preparati-on of this thesis. Grateful acknowledgements are also extended to the members of my advisory committee: Drs. L. J. LaCroj-x, D. Leisle, and J. S. Noll. Thanks are due to J. W. Mitchel1, M. Fruehm, and B. R. Oree for thej-r assistance througrhout the course of this research. t1 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i CONTENTS ii L]ST OF TABLES iii LIST
    [Show full text]
  • PNRAA162.Pdf
    AGENCY FOn INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR AID USE ONLY WASHINGTON, 0. C. 20523 BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET A. PRIMARY I.SUBJECT Agriculture 'A25-00O-0000 CLASSI- FICATION B. SECONDARY TITE AD Soil fertility,fertilizers,and'plant nutrition Z, TITLE AND SUBTITLE Fertilizer production,marketing,and use; a handbook for short courses, 3. AUTHOR(S) (101) National Fertilizer Development Center,TVA, 4. DOCUMENT DATE I5. NUMBER OF PAGES 16. ARC NUMBER 1969I 232p. ARC 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS TVA 8. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponsorlng Organlzatlon,Publlhers, Availability) 9. ABSTRACT to. CONTROL NUMBER 11. PRICE OF, DOCUMENT PN-RAA- 162 12. DESCRIPTORS " 13. PROJECT NUMBER Education Manuals - - • 14. CONTRACT NUMBER Manufacturing , PASA TA (QA)6-69 GTS Marketing 15. TYPE OF DOCUMENT AID 590-1 (4-74) "7 'FERTILIZER PRODUCTION, MARKETING, and USE A Handbook for Short Courses Preparedfor the Agency for International Development, By the Tennessee Valley Authority National Fertilizer Development Center Muscle Shoals, Alabama 1969 FOREWORD The production of food needed by a hungry world will require much larger quantities of fertilizer-especially in the developing countries. For most developing countries, fertilizer use for other than plantation-grown export crops is relatively new. Food crops will require large investments in production, distribution, and marketing to bring about the rapid increase that is indicated in the use of fertilizers. Another, and probably more difficult, problem will be that of supplying trained personnel in all phases of fertilizer production, marketing, and use. The National Fertilizer Development Center of the Tennessee Valley Authority in recent years has offered courses in fertilizer production, marketing, and use.
    [Show full text]
  • Semi-Dwarf Cereal Mutants and Their Use in Cross-Breeding Ii
    IAEA-TECDOC-307 SEMI-DWARF CEREAL MUTANTS AND THEIR USE IN CROSS-BREEDING II PROCEEDINGS OF A RESEARCH CO-ORDINATION MEETING ON EVALUATION OF SEMI-DWARF CEREAL MUTANTS FOR CROSS BREEDING ORGANIZEE TH Y DB JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISIO ISOTOPF NO RADIATIOD EAN N APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ENERGY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND HELD IN DAVIS, CALIFORNIA, USA 30 AUGUST - 3 SEPTEMBER 1982 A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ISSUED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1984 SEMI-DWARF CEREAL MUTANTS AND THEIR USE IN CROSS-BREEDING II IAEA, VIENNA, 1984 IAEA-TECDOC-307 Printed by the IAEA in Austria May 1984 PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK IAEe Th A doe t normallsno y maintain stock f reportso thin si s series. However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from INIS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders shoul accompaniee db prepaymeny db f Austriao t n Schillings 100,- for e for e chequa th f m th IAEf m o n i o n i r eAo microfiche service coupons orderee whicb y hdma separately fro INIe mth S Clearinghouse. FOREWORD It has become increasingly evident that the role of induced mutations in crop improvement extend r beyonfa s d their direct exploitatio w culne - s a n tivars n impressivA . e numbe f cultivaro r s already have been developed using induced mutant s gena s e donor r desirablfo s e traits e resultTh . s thus obtained imply an even greater potential of mutants as parents for recombination breeding.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of New Plant Varieties and High Quality Seed in Agriculture
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND WORLD SEED CONFERENCE Responding to the challenges of a changing world: The role of new plant varieties and high quality seed in agriculture FAO Headquarters, Rome, September 8-10, 2009 www.worldseedconference.org PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND WORLD SEED CONFERENCE Responding to the challenges of a changing world: The role of new plant varieties and high quality seed in agriculture FAO Headquarters, Rome, September 8-10, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 WELCOME ADDRESS 12 Mr. MODIBO TRAORE, ADG Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) OPENING ADDRESS 13 Mr. BERNARD LE BUANEC, Chairman of the Organising Committee SESSION 1 THE ROLE OF PLANT BREEDING IN MEETING THE MULTIPLE CHALLENGES OF A FAST-CHANGING WORLD 17 Chairperson: Mr. ORLANDO DE PONTI, President of the International Seed Federation (ISF) The evolution and contribution of plant breeding to global agriculture 18 Mr. MARCEL BRUINS, Secretary General, ISF Anticipated demands and challenges to plant breeding and related technologies into the future 32 Mr. MARCEL BUSUMA KANUNGWE, Director, Pannar Seed Ltd. (Zambia) Effective use of modern biotechnology and molecular breeding and associated methods as breeding tools 40 Mrs. USHA BARWALE ZEHR, Director of Research, Mahyco (India) The opportunities presented by modern biotechnology to enhance plant breeding – what’s in the pipeline? 44 Mr. WILLIAM S. NIEBUR, DuPont Vice President, Crop Genetics Research & Development, Pioneer Hi Bred International, Inc., A DuPont Company (United States of America) Building capacity for plant breeding in developing countries 49 Mr. ELCIO GUIMARAES, Senior Officer (Cereals and Crop Breeding), Crop and Grassland Service (AGPC), FAO General discussion 57 Conclusion, presented by the Chairperson 60 SESSION 2 THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR PLANT BREEDING; ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING 61 Chairperson: Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Spread of HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES of WHEAT and RICE in the Less Developed Nations
    DEVELOPMENl' AND SPR·EAD OF HIGH-yIELDING VARIETLES OF WHEAT AND RICE· IN THE LESS ·USDAlFA~R-95 • DEVELOPED NATIONS. (ForeignAg·ricul~ural Economic Report). / Dana:·O, Dalrymple·, wa;rh-c JUT, 74 ~,n,gton, PC: Eoonomlc R,esearch,'Seryice .. ,J1,ll .. 197~., 2 5 0; .~.; IIIII=~ 11111 . 3 2 11111 • • m~·~ I"I~ III II~I!! .:rWi :i I~ . I • I '"&;:L:.a: II 1.8 111111.25 111111.4 11111~6 Development and Spread of HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES OF WHEAT AND RICE in the Less Developed Nations ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE u.s. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN COOPERATION WITH U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATiONAL DEVELOPMENT \ \ .., , i JULY 1974 Foreign Agricultural Economic Report No. 95 ABSTRACT The use of high-yielding varieties (HYV's) of wheat and rice has expanded sharply in the developing nations in recent years. This report reviews the development of these varieties and documents their yearly spread in statistical terms. Major emphasis is placed on semi-dwarf (1) wheat varieties developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico, and (2) rice varieties developed in the Philippines at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Data cover the 8-year period from the 1965/66 crop year, when these varieties came into wide use, through 1972/73. As of 1972/73, the HYV wheat and rice area in non-Communist nations, excluding Mexico and Taiwan, totaled about 80.2 millioi1 acres (32.5 million hectares). Of this, about 41.6 million acres (16.8 million hal were wheat and 38.7 million acres (15.7 million hal were rice.
    [Show full text]