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Semi-Dwarf Cereal Mutants and Their Use in Cross-Breeding Iaea, Vienna, 1982 Iaea-Tecdoc-268

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Semi-Dwarf Cereal Mutants and Their Use in Cross-Breeding Iaea, Vienna, 1982 Iaea-Tecdoc-268 IAEA-TECDOC-268 SEMI-DWARF CEREAL MUTANTS AND THEIR USE CROSS-BREEDINN I G PROCEEDINGS OF A RESEARCH CO-ORDINATION MEETING ORGANIZEE TH Y DB JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ENERGY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND HEL VIENNAN DI 6 MARC2- , H 1981 TECHNICAA L DOCUMEN W // T ISSUEE TH Y DB *T«P,£ INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1982 SEMI-DWARF CEREAL MUTANTS AND THEIR USE IN CROSS-BREEDING IAEA, VIENNA, 1982 IAEA-TECDOC-268 Printe IAEe th Austriy An di b a July 1982 PLEAS AWARE EB E THAT MISSINE TH AL F LO G PAGE THIN SI S DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK The IAEA does not maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copie f thesso e reportobtainee b n sca d from I MIS Microfiche Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 0 10 x P.OBo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria on prepayment of Austrian Schillings 40.00 or against one IAEA microfiche service coupon. FOREWORD Several co-ordinated research programmes on the use of induced mutations for genetic improvemen f croo t p plants have been organize operated dan e th n di last two decades by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food and Agricultural Development. These programmes aime t developina d e mutatiogth n breeding methodologye th t a , development of improved varieties for particular crops or crop groups such as rice or legumes, or at the improvement of agronomically important specific traits suc diseass ha e resistanc r seeeo d protein quantit qualityd y an emphasie Th . s sha been primarily on induction, selection and evaluation of mutants for release as new cultivars. However, as recommended by the Advisory Group on Induced Mutations in Cross-Breeding, Vienna, 13-17 October 1975 (IAEA, 1976), the contributio f induceno d mutant genetio st c improvemen f croo t p plants should include als oparents a thei e rus cross-breedinn si g programmes. A considerable increase in the yield potential of cereal cultivars has been brought abou improvey b t d lodging resistance, permitting more intensive inputs of wate fertilizersand r . Lodging resistance involves several plant characters, among which length of the culm appears to be most important. However, a major drawback is that the modern short-stature cultivars, for instance of rice and wheat, derive their semi-dwarf plant type from a limited number of genes, e.g. one in ric Chinesd e ol fro e mth e variety Deo-geo-woo-ge whean i o ttw frod e nman th Japanese variety Norin 10. This may represent a risk in terms of vulnerability towards pests, diseases and other hazards. It is also noticeable that some of these short-stature cultivars exhibit some defects, as incomplete panicle exertion in othee th ricen r O hand .limite e intensive th th ,f o d e semi-dwarfineus g genen si breeding programmes raise questioe sth f whetheno r these gene source widele sar y used merely by chance or because of then- high "adaptability" to interact with various genetic backgrounds and/or with different environments. e mosShorth f t to frequentl stature on s i e y selected feature f induceo s d cereal mutants and is a characteristic present in many of the mutants released as cultivars potentiae vien th I f .w o l ris f genetiko c vulnerabilit considerind yan g the fact that many semi-dwarf cereal mutants have not been used so far in cross- breeding a Co-ordinate, d Research Programm n Evaluatioo e f Semi-Dwaro n f Mutant s Cross-Breedina s g Material n Cereali s s initiatewa s n 198i d 0 wite hth objective to provide cereal breeders with alternative sources of genes for short- stature plant types. The first Research Co-ordination Meeting of this programme was held on 2—6 March 1981 at Vienna. At the meeting, participants reviewed e presenth t statu f genetio s c studie severad an s l aspect f breedino s r semigfo - dwarf plant type in cereals, discussed methods of evaluating semi-dwarfing genes cross-breedinn i e fous r g programme tood an sk decisions regarding future work plans. The present publication includes the papers presented at the meeting and e conclusionth d recommendationan s s reached following intensive discussions. CONTENTS Analysis and evaluation of semi-dwarfing genes in wheat, including a major height reducin gvariete genth n ei y "Sava" ...................................................................................7 . M.D. Gale, C.N. Law, G.A. Marshal, J. W. Snape, A.J. Worland Evaluatio genetid nan c analysi semi-dwarf so f mutant f wheat............................................so 5 2 . C.F. Konzak Evaluation of semi-dwarf mutants in triticale and wheat breeding programmes ....................... 39 C.J. Driscoll Semi-dwarf winter wheat breedin Hungarn gi y .......................................................................3 4 . Barabas,Z KerteszZ Evaluation of three induced short-culm wheat mutants obtained in Brazil .............................. 47 A.A. Veiga, C.E. Camargo, Felicio,J. B.C. Barros, TulmannA. Neto, J.O.M. Menten, AndoA. Short-straw mutants and other dwarfing gene sources used for the improvement of wheats and barley in Italy ............................................................................................................... 53 B. Giorgi, C. Mosconi Useful mutations induced in durum wheat by gametophyte and seed treatments .................... 65 K.A. Filev, DoniniB. Evaluatio genetid nan c analysi semi-dwarf so f mutant barlef so y ...........................................3 7 . S.E. Ullrich, R.A. Nilan, B. Bacaltchuk physiogenetiOe nth c regulatio dwarfnesf no barlen i s y ..........................................................1 8 . H.E. Hopp, G.C. Favret, E.A. Favret Semi-dwarf rice mutants and their agronomic evaluation ........................................................ 85 P. Narahari, D. C. Joshua, N.S. Rao Use of induced and spontaneous mutants in rice genetics and breeding ................................ 105 J.N. Rutger Semi-dwarf rice breedin Japan gi genetid nan c stud semi-dwarf yo f rice mutants ...................9 11 . H. Yamagata, T. Tanisaka, K. Yonezawa, M. Fujimoto Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................................ 127 Lis Participantf o t s .................................................................................................................7 13 . ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF SEMI-DWARFING GENES IN WHEAT INCLUDING A MAJOR HEIGHT REDUCING VARIETE GENTH N EI Y "SAVA"* MICHAEL D. GALE, C.N. LAW, G.A. MARSHALL, J.W. SNAPE, A.J. WORLAND Plant Breeding Institute, Maris Lane, Trumpington, Cambridge, United Kingdom 1. ABSTRACT e projec o isolate th t aim Th f e o st ar e genetic factors controlling plant heigh o thas t t their potential valun i e breeding programme e ascertainedb n ca s e Nori Th 0 genes.1 n , Rhtl and Rht2, which currently enjoy 54 per cent of the UK acreage e show ar ,o havt n e neutra r positivo l e effectt ne n so yield. The characterisation of Rht genes other than those m ThumbfroTo md ,Norian e manipulate b whic0 1 y n ma h s qualitativa d e characters, usually requires their prior isolation by aneuploid techniques. The use of various chromosome manipulations to locate and assa yiele th y d effect f geneso s from MaraS ,EM Savd an a induced mutants are described. e exploitatioTh w semi-dwarfinne f o n g gene s describei s d withi e contex e 'tall-dwarth nth f to f breeding model. This model predicts that, although positive pleiotropic effectn so yield are ideal, genes with negative effects on plant yield may be useful providing the height reduction effect is adequate and is open to modification by height promoting genes which can restor e selecteth e d phenotyp e breedersth o t e ' target height. 2. Semi-dwarf wheat breeding in Britain Wheat breeding in the UK is carried out by a number of private organisations and by the State financed Agricultural Research Council. Of the ARC breeding institutes, only the Plant Breeding Institut t Cambridga e concernes i e d with spring and winter wheat breeding. Varieties produced by all breeders e testen independena ar y b d t organisation e Nationa,Th l Institute of Agricultural Botany at Cambridge, which produces a recommended list of varieties for use by 'JK farmers, based on their relative overall performance for yield, lodging, earliness, disease resistance, pre-harvest sprouting and grain quality. o datT e most semi-dwar centres ha I f dPB breedin e th t a g on the Norin 10 genes, obtained by Dr. F.G.H.L. Lupton in 1964 as crosses with French wheats mad Chilen i ee Chilea Th . n breeders in turn obtaine e geneth d s directly fro. O.EDr m . Vogel's programm Washingtot a e n State e firsTh . t British semi-dwarf variety, Fundin, was released in 1974. In 1980 40 per cent of the total UK winter wheat acreag s growewa n with Nori 0 derive1 n d varieties. In 1981 this figure will increase to 54 per cent due to increased popularit e qualitth f o yy semi-dwarf Bountye Th . 1981 NIAB Recommended List of 16 varieties contains nine semi- dwarfs, including eight from the PBI. The top six highest yielder semi-dwarfsl al e ar s . The spring wheat crop commands a much smaller acreage in e fouth rf o . recommende Onle UK on e y th d varietie a semi-dwarf s i s , This variety, Highbury, was bred at the PBI and introduced in 1978. Last year Highbury accounted for 10 per cent of UK spring wheat sales. * Research carried out in association with IAEA under Research Agreement No.2816. 7 All of the PBI winter wheat semi-dwarfs carry Rht2 (see Tabl . Thi1) e s simply reflect e facth s t that both semi-dwarf sources obtained in 1964 carried only this gene.
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