Keys to the Lichens of Italy I. Terricolous Species

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235335567 Keys to the lichens of Italy I. Terricolous species Book · January 2004 CITATIONS READS 21 715 2 authors: Pier Luigi Nimis Martellos Stefano University of Trieste University of Trieste 296 PUBLICATIONS 4,727 CITATIONS 83 PUBLICATIONS 903 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: KeyToNature View project Create new project "Organism Identification for Citizen Science" View project All content following this page was uploaded by Pier Luigi Nimis on 28 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Le guide di Dryades 1 – Serie Licheni I (L-I) KEYS TO THE LICHENS OF ITALY I. TERRICOLOUS SPECIES Pier Luigi NIMIS & Stefano MARTELLOS 2 TRIESTE 2004 3 4 INDEX Abstract 7 Riassunto 7 Acknowledgments 7 INTRODUCTION The term “terricolous” 9 The terricolous lichen vegetation of Italy 12 Identification and classification 17 Program FRIDA 19 The distributional-ecological filter: ITALIC 22 The rank of characters 31 The keys 34 Tips and limitatons 35 GENERAL KEY 37 Subkey 1 - Fruticose lichens 37 Subkey 2 – Foliose lichens 83 Subkey 3 – Squamulose lichens 111 Subkey 4 – Crustose lichens 159 Subkey 5 – Leprose lichens 243 SIMPLIFIED KEYS 253 Key A: subalpine-alpine, on acid to subacid substrata 253 Fruticose lichens: subkey A1 253 Foliose lichens: subkey A2 259 Squamulose lichens: subkey A3 261 Crustose lichens: subkey A4 262 Key B: subalpine-alpine, on subneutral to basic (calcareous) 269 substrata Fruticose lichens: subkey B1 269 Foliose lichens: subkey B2 271 Squamulose lichens: subkey B3 274 Crustose lichens: subkey B4 277 Key C: mediterranean to montane, on acid to subacid substrata 283 Fruticose lichens: subkey C1 283 Foliose lichens: subkey C2 287 Squamulose lichens: subkey C3 289 Crustose lichens: subkey C4 290 Key D: mediterranean to montane, on subneutral to basic 295 (calcareous) substrata Fruticose lichens: subkey D1 295 Foliose lichens: subkey D2 297 Squamulose lichens: subkey D3 299 Crustose lichens: subkey D4 304 GLOSSARY 309 REFERENCES 329 INDEX TO TAXA 333 5 6 Abstract : This book contains keys to all terricolous ascolichens hitherto known from Italy (439 species). The introduction includes a critical discussion of the term “terricolous”. The general key, provided with descriptions and maps which show the hitherto known distribution in Italy, is followed by four smaller keys for beginners, limited to species found on acid-siliceous and calciferous substrata, below and above treeline. A glossary of 300 technical terms is included. The basic outline of the keys was produced by program FRIDA, patented by the University of Trieste. Riassunto : chiavi per l'identificazione di tutti i licheni terricoli italiani (439 specie, escludendo i basidiolicheni). Introduzione: discussione del temine “terricolo”. Chiave generale, con descrizioni e carte di distribuzione. Quattro chiavi semplificate per i licheni di substrati silicei e calcarei, al di sotto ed al di sopra della fascia montana. Glossario di 300 termini tecnici. Le chiavi sono state generate da un programma originale (FRIDA), brevettato dall'Università di Trieste. Acknowledgements : we thank Dr. Guido Incerti (Trieste) for technical assistance in the preparation of the maps, and Prof. Mauro Tretiach (Trieste) for critical comments to the keys. The publication of this book was partially funded by a MIUR grant to the senior author. 7 8 INTRODUCTION This book, dedicated to “terricolous” species, is the first in a series of practical guides to the lichens of Italy, conceived as a baseline for a forthcoming flora of the country. The outline of the keys was produced by program FRIDA, written by the junior author (see later), while data input and descriptions are by the senior author. The instruments which led to the production of this book originate from two projects co-financed by the Italian Ministry for Education in the period 2000-2004, under the direction of the senior author. The first project has created ecological-distributional and nomenclatural databases searchable on-line for most of the terrestrial “plants” of Italy. These are: 1) Macrobasidiomycetes http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/global/mush 2) Lichens http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/ 3) Mosses http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/global/mosses1 4) Liverworts http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/global/epat1 5) Vascular plants http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/global/flora1 The second project (2003-2004) is presently implementing morphological databases and interactive identification keys. It aims at making easier the identification of organisms by joining ecological- distributional information and morpho-anatomical data into a program for producing identification tools available on-line. The term “terricolous” The term “terricolous” is ambiguous. It well deserves to be discussed in an introduction. “Terricolous” derives from the Latin “ terra ”, which originally referred to land as opposed to water and air (e.g. coelum et terra = the sky and the earth, terra marique = the land and the seas, terrestrae navalesquae pugnae = battles on land and sea, terram attingere = getting to the harbour). Later, it was used for solid ground in general, and even for what we now call “soil” ( terrae solum = the soil; ea qua gignuntur a terra = those things which arouse from soil; terram subigere : working the soil; gleba terrae = a heap of soil). The term “soil”, as well, derives from Latin. Solum is something we can trample on by the sole (Italian = suola) of our feet or shoes [ nullius ante trita solo = a ground never trampled by anybody 9 (Cicero); sederunt medio terra fretumque solo = they were sitting on bare ground (Ovidium); terrae solum = the real soil (Lucretius!)] The Greek counterpart for terra is Γη. In earlier times Γη was a primeval Goddess, the Mother Earth (the Goddess Tellus of Romans). The term Γη evolved like terra : it was used for anything which is different from sea and the atmosphere, for something solid under our feet, sometimes for what we call “soil” (as early as Omerus, we find the expression τεν γην εραξεσται = working the soil). The Greek counterpart of solum is πεδον. Like solum , πεδον has to do with the German-(English) concept of “ground” (from the Barbarian root “ grnd ”), e.g., εσ πεδον χεο = I let it fall to ground, Aeschilus. Πεδον was often used as the Latin solum in the widest sense, e.g. Ευρωπησ πεδον = the territory of Europe. (Aeschilus). The Latin term for feet is pedes (Italian: piedi). For Greeks and Romans the “ground” ( πεδον, solum ) is something we trample with feet. Solum and πεδον are perhaps nearer to the modern concept of “soil” (see later) than the almost mythological terms Terra and Γη. However, the term “solophilous” was never applied to lichens, being a bad mixture of Latin and Greek, while the more correct, completely Greek term pedophilous is not good for lichens. The fully Greek term “epigaeous” (sometimes spelled epigaeic ) can be used instead of “terricolous”, with the same meaning, i.e. "growing on the ground". In this book we use the term “terricolous”, because is more familiar to Italians ( terricolo ) than the Greek “epigaeous”. Apart from etymological matters, most lichenologists agree that “terricolous” (“epigaeous”) lichens are those growing on the ground, or on “soil”. In modern science, however, the term “soil” enjoys a plethora of widely different definitions by pedologists, the systematics of soil being even more complex and confused than that of organisms. Definitions such as " material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow ", or " a variable mixture of organic and inorganic materials, which contains life and constitutes a complex biochemical system of solids, liquids and air " are of no great help for defining the guild of "terricolous" lichens. Soils can be mainly organic, mainly mineral, or a mixture of these two components. On the organic side, can a half-rotten, half- living leaf of Saxifraga colonised by Caloplaca saxifragarum be considered as a “soil”? The border between living-dead plant material 10 and a “soil” is a faint one: the degree of decomposition of organic material in order for it to be considered as real “soil” is controversial. However, a layer of recently fallen leaves in a forest is an integral component of the soil profile according to most pedologists. On the mineral side, things become even more confuse: lichens are cited in many textbooks as the pioneers in the processes of pedogenesis. Thin layers of strongly weathered rocks can act as a “soil” for several lichens, but no phanerogamist would ever consider them as a “real soil”. Like organisms, soils have had a long evolution on Earth. According to Barreno (1998): “ Terrestrial habitats in the Palaeozoic consisted only of siliceous rocks and mineral soil: the first adaptive radiation is likely to have occurred on these substrata…we should distinguish between lichens of mineral siliceous soil and those occurring on organic soil, the latter habitat certainly being much younger….A relatively young genus, like Cladonia , finds its maximum diversity on such substrata ”. This sentence is worthy of consideration, as a trigger for further research. The present book deals with “terricolous” lichens. How do we define this ecological guild? Some “terricolous” lichens exclusively grow on predominantly mineral soil (e.g. Solorinella asteriscus ), others are found on

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