Teloschistaceae, Liquens), Amb Especial Èmfasi En El Grup De C

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Teloschistaceae, Liquens), Amb Especial Èmfasi En El Grup De C Universitat de Bacelona Facultat de Biologia Departament de Biologia Vegetal Unitat de Botànica REVISIÓ MORFOLÒGICA I MOLECULAR DELS TÀXONS LOBULATS DEL GÈNERE CALOPLACA (TELOSCHISTACEAE, LIQUENS), AMB ESPECIAL ÈMFASI EN EL GRUP DE C. SAXICOLA Memòria presentada per Ester Gaya i Bellés per optar al grau de Doctor en Ciències Biològiques Programa de Doctorat de Biologia Vegetal Bienni 1999-2001 Directors de Tesi: Dr. Xavier Llimona i Pagès Dr. Pere Navarro i Rosinés Barcelona, Octubre de 2005 ‘This sensational “Romance of Lichenology”, or the unnatural union between captive algal damsel and tyrant fungal master’ Crombie 1874 “Lichen fugit” per Michal Skakuj. AGRAÏMENTS Després de tant de temps dedicat gairebé exclusivament a la realització d’aquesta tesi és necessari i obligat que agraeixi a un bon nombre de persones que m’han encoratjat en tot moment, m’han ajudat i també m’han ensenyat molt sobre el món dels líquens i de la filogènia. De fet, sense molts d’ells no seria on sóc ara. En primer lloc vull agraïr els meus directors de tesi, Pere Navarro i Xavier Llimona. A en Pere, gràcies per haver-me traspassat tots els teus coneixements sobre taxonomia i morfologia. Tot el que sé t’ho dec a tu, i també moltes, moltes gràcies per haver aguantat estoicament els xàfecs periòdics a que t’he sotmès. Xavier, gràcies per haver estat el meu ‘pare espiritual’ i per haver-me despertat la passió pels líquens. Vull fer un esment especial a en Néstor Hladun. Sense la seva inestimable col·laboració no hagués pogut acabar aquesta tesi. Moltes gràcies per haver posat al meu abast el laboratori de molecular de Botànica i per tot l’ajut que m’has donat. In fact, I haven’t had only two supervisors, but three or even four. Thank you very much, François, for having introduced me to the world of lichen phylogeny, for spending so many hours in front of the computer trying to teach this blockhead. I will always admire your passion and dedication to science. My two visits to the Field Museum and to Duke have been basic for my training. Furthermore, without you I would never had met such a bunch of wonderful people. Valerie, my good friend and mentor at the molecular lab. Val, we still have to celebrate it (dancing salsa or hiking?). After so much struggling we finally got it. Life is much easier now...Jola, my adviser for nearly everything. Thanks to be always there. Stefan and Frankie, your jokes and patience helped me to finally get on with computers. Celia and Val H, thanks for your love and friendship, and for thousands of beers and endless talks. Thanks, Megan, Cécile, Heath, Pepe, Robin and many others to make me feel like at home. Thanks Michael, for your artistic contribution. Thank you, Austen Gansley, to make me believe inadream. El quart ‘director de tesi’ potser és dels que ha patit més la meva desesperació davant les dificultats de l’anàlisi filogenètica. Kele, mai podré recompensar-te per tot a l’ajut que m’has facilitat, per ensenyar-me a veure el bosc i no pas l’arbre! per solucionar-me els problemes de formats d’una Macquera poc convençuda. No sé si agraïr-te, però, que m’emboliquessis amb la filogènia morfològica. M’ha fet suar molt. Però gràcies per les bones estones passades, pel bon i no tan bon cinema. A aquell que m’anomena ‘mujer de la perla’, Salvi, li dono les gràcies pel seu gran sentit de l’humor i per ajudar-me a enriure’m de mi mateixa. A tot l’equip de filogènia molecular animal, Marta, Jordi, Mercè, etc., per haver-me adoptat en els vostres seminaris, tot i no acabar d’entendre que feien els “liquens aquells”. Gràcies també a tota la comunitat internacional de liquenòlegs que han col·laborat en l’elaboració d’aquesta tesi. El meu reconeixement més gran per a Claude Roux, mestre de mestres. No deixaré d’admirar el teu vastíssim coneixement liquenològic. Gràcies per haver-me acollit a Marsella i, prometo, que un dia aprendré esperanto. Agraeixo també a tots els herbaris i als Drs. P. van den Boom, J. Etayo i A. Aptroot haver-me proporcionat material imprescindible per al meu estudi. I don’t want to forget the Teloschistologist people, which gave me good idees and discussions about this exciting group. Thanks, Ulrik Søchting, your contributions have always been of great help. It was funny to collect next to another Caloplaca hunter. And thanks, Ulf Arup, for sending me material whenever I asked you. També vull agraïr a tot l’equip de liquenologia de Barcelona i a aquells que han compartit la sala amb mi. Mireia, tu també vas ser la precursora d’aquest embolic en el que m’he ficat. Teresa, la meva segona mare, sense tu els cafès ja no són el mateix; moltes gràcies pels teus consells. Àngels, mai et podré agrair prou que em dónessis la teva confiança i m’incloguessis en el meu primer article de líquens. Esteve, no et torno a esperar a Helsinki! Antonio, no tothom pot dir que ha baixat els Encantats lligat a una corda. Diana, ets una santa, gràcies per haver aguantat l’últim “sprint”. Espero que tu i la Sam sapigueu on us heu ficat, els líquens enganxen. Gràcies Dolores, Lourdes, Pili i la resta de veterans que em vau acollir en la meva primera fase de tesi. Toni, encara tinc un munt de feina per tu, hem de tornar els milers de plecs que et vaig fer demanar...Albert F., gràcies per la teva Immensa paciència i per ser sempre allà. Crec que no acabaré mai amb la següent fornada. Moltes gràcies a tots per fer-me passar tan bones estones i, sobretot, per haver-me “aguantat” i fet riure. Lídia i Miquel, no tinc paraules, sou insuperables. Joan, no ho sembla, però hi ets sempre; gràcies per escoltar les meves interminables queixes b encara que tinguessis “fenya”. Jose, mil, mil, mil gràcies. No se que faria sense tu. Aquestes últimes hores han estat crucials...des d’Edmonton. Aaron, resistirem, no t’atabalis. Hèctor i Àrtur, les vostres brometes al final gairebé em fan gràcia. Mercè, la meva companya de penes taxonòmiques, sempre va bé queixar-se en companyia. Albert Romero “alies La Veu”, Roser O., Laura, Efrem, Gemma, Núria, Estela, i a tothom que em deixo del coffea, moltes gràcies. Diana i Rafa, m’heu salvat la vida! Roser F., molt ànims. Algú ha vist el Joel? Thank you, Oli, the strange german guy, for your love and sincere friendship, for stand this catalan girl. I’ll miss you a lot. Keep an eye on the Lolitas. Muchas gracias también a Richard, Sofia, Veronique, Dan, el “Búlgaro” Nikolai, y demás que me habéis hecho sentir como una “guiri” en mi ciudad. Hi havia una vegada, una colla d’”snobs”...Gràcies nois! per haver-me fet gaudir de tan apassionades discussions político-científico-pseudointel·lectuals, tot i que hagués de lliutar per fer sentir la meva veu. Miquel, Pere, Rafa, Miquel Àngel i Quique, crec que us hauré de seguir “educant”. Crec que hi havia algú que tenia més ganes que s’acabés aquesta tesi que no pas jo: Irma i Xell, sou la meva segona família i ho heu fet fantàsticament bé. Quim, Anna, Roger, Maria, Jordi, Núria, Marc, Jaume i tota la resta de biòlegs i no biòlegs que em deixo, finalment he acabat, he tornat... Gracias Dimitri, por hacerme ver la vida de otro color. Thanks, Neil, for being the English patient, for all you taught me, for the music and for the wine. Beatles will always last... Vull agraïr també a la meva família, el suport incondicional que sempre i en tot moment m’han donat. Gràcies als meus pares per haver-me ensenyat a ser persona, a escollir no sempre el camí més fàcil, i a no ser gens pragmàtica! Gràcies per haver-me deixat fer allò que realment m’agradava i donar-me imaginació i empenta. Al meu germà, Òscar, estic segura que un dia triomfaràs. Per acabar, agraeixo la beca concedida per la Universitat de Barcelona, Personal Investigador-Programa Propi, sense la qual no hauria pogut dur a terme aquest treball. c ÍNDEX ÍNDEX CAPÍTOL 1. SITUACIÓ TAXONÒMICA DEL GÈNERE CALOPLACA 1 1. SITUACIÓ TAXONÒMICA DEL GÈNERE CALOPLACA 3 1.2. CALOPLACA, UN GÈNERE DINS DE LES TELOSCHISTACEAE 3 1.2.1. Lecanorales o Teloschistales?3 1.2.1.1. Ordre Teloschistales o subordre Teloschistineae 4 1.2.1.2. Les famílies companyes del mateix ordre/subordre: Letrouitiaceae, Fuscideaceae 5 1.2.2. La família Teloschistaceae 6 1.2.2.1. Antecedents històrics de la família 7 1.2.2.2. Gèneres menors pertanyents a les Teloschistaceae 8 1.2.2.3. Fulgensia, Teloschistes i Xanthoria: tres gèneres inclosos en les Teloschistaceae i tradicionalment relacionats amb Caloplaca 11 1.2.3. El gènere Caloplaca 15 1.2.3.1. Antecedents històrics del tractament infragenèric de Caloplaca 16 1.2.3.2. Treballs recents sobre el gènere Caloplaca 21 1.3. EL SUBGÈNERE GASPARRINIA 23 1.3.1. Tractament taxonòmic del subgènere Gasparrinia 23 CAPÍTOL 2. OBJECTIUS GENERALS 31 2. OBJECTIUS GENERALS 33 CAPÍTOL 3. METODOLOGIA GENERAL 35 3. METODOLOGIA GENERAL 37 3.1. INTRODUCCIÓ 37 3.2. ESTUDI MORFOLÒGIC 38 3.2.1. Mostreig de tàxons i delimitació de les unitats d’estudi 38 3.3. RECONSTRUCCIÓ FILOGENÈTICA 41 3.3.1. Filogènia morfològica 42 3.3.2. Filogènia basada en dades moleculars 42 3.3.2.1. Tria del marcador molecular 43 3.3.2.2.
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