PRODUCTION OF THE LIST OF SPECIES AND HABITATS

CONSIDERED TO BE OF PRINCIPAL IMPORTANCE FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN SCOTLAND

(THE SCOTTISH BIODIVERSITY LIST)

PART 2 – TECHNICAL REPORT

November 2005

PRODUCTION OF THE LIST OF SPECIES AND HABITATS CONSIDERED TO BE OF PRINCIPAL IMPORTANCE FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN SCOTLAND (THE SCOTTISH BIODIVERSITY LIST)

PART 2 – TECHNICAL REPORT

Final Report

This report has been checked in accordance with Scott Wilson’s Quality Assurance Procedure.

Issue Report Date Prepared by Reviewed by Approved for Issue No. Status 1 Final 29/11/2005 Karen Blake Stephanie Peay Nigel Hackett

Scott Wilson 23 Chester Street Edinburgh EH3 7ET

Tel: +44 (0)131 225 1230 Fax: +44 (0)131 225 5582 Web: www.scottwilson.com

Scottish Biodiversity List Part 2 Technical Report

CONTENTS 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Organisation of the listing process 1 1.2 Use of proforma spreadsheets 2 1.3 Criteria used 2 1.4 Validity of criteria 4 2 Application of Social criterion ...... 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Definition of importance 6 2.3 Methodology 6 2.4 Results 7 2.5 Animals important to the Scottish Population 8 2.6 Plants important to the Scottish Population 11 2.7 Habitats important to the Scottish Population 13 2.8 Species and habitats important for conservation purposes 15 2.9 Interpretation of results 16 2.10 Species / habitats also meeting scientific criteria 18 2.11 Species / habitats meeting only the social criteria 18 2.12 Review process 18 3 Application of Criteria for Terrestrial and Freshwater Species 19 3.1 Explanation of Criteria 19 3.2 Application of the criteria 19 3.3 Terrestrial Mammals 20 3.4 Herpetofauna 22 3.5 Birds 24 3.6 Invertebrates 28 3.7 Fish 44 3.8 Vascular Plants 46 3.9 Bryophytes 56 3.10 Charophytes 63 3.11 Fungi 65 3.12 Lichens 72

Scottish Biodiversity List Part 2 Technical Report

3.13 Freshwater Algae 86 4 Application of Criteria for Terrestrial and Freshwater Habitats 94 4.1 Summary of Criteria for terrestrial and freshwater habitats 94 4.2 Terrestrial and Freshwater Habitats 94 5 Application of Criteria for Marine Species and Habitats 100 5.1 Explanation of Criteria 100 5.2 Marine Species 100 5.3 Marine Habitats 106 6 Appendices 112 6.1 Appendix 2A – Questionnaire used in social survey 112 6.2 Appendix 2B – Scottish Biodiversity List of terrestrial and freshwater species 112 6.3 Appendix 2C – Scottish Biodiversity List of terrestrial and freshwater habitats 112 6.4 Appendix 2D – Scottish Biodiversity List of marine species and habitats 112 6.5 Appendix 2E – Scottish Biodiversity List of data deficient species and habitats 112 6.6 Appendix 2F - Scottish Biodiversity List of extinct species and habitats 112 6.7Appendix 2G – Report on the Selection of Vascular Plants for the Scottish Biodiversity List 112

Scottish Biodiversity List Part 2 Technical Report

1 Introduction

This technical report comprises Section 2 of the Scottish Biodiversity List project. It explains the application of the criteria, provides details about the species and habitats that have been included on the Scottish Biodiversity List (including which criteria were met) broken down by taxonomic group, and includes lists of species and habitats on the Data Deficient and Extinct Lists. For each taxonomic group, information is provided on the contributors, consultees, species that made the list, and comments applicable to the group. General comments are also provided in a separate section, where these were more widely applicable. The Technical Report also includes electronic versions of Excel spreadsheets, which comprise The Scottish Biodiversity Lists for : Terrestrial and Freshwater Species Terrestrial and Freshwater Habitats Marine Species and Habitats List of Data Deficient Species and Habitats List of Extinct Species and Habitats In addition, there are appendices of the social survey questionnaire, and a report on issues relating to the application of the criteria to the selection of the vascular plant species for the list.

1.1 Organisation of the listing process The timescale for the production of the Scottish Biodiversity List from the criteria developed during Phase 1 of the Project was 16 weeks. Given the huge size of the task, and the number of species and habitats to be evaluated, the consultants chose to use the same specialists who were involved with the development of the criteria, to coordinate the application of the criteria to the taxonomic groups. Because of their background knowledge of the criteria, it was felt that this would help to reduce the introductory phase of the project. Several of the specialist coordinators on the team were not based in Scotland, and it was not possible for them to contact every specialist for every group in Scotland to assist with the production of the list. The approach to the use of additional contributors was that the specialist coordinators, with their knowledge of their groups, would contact people whom they considered appropriate to provide input to the list, either formally or informally. For some groups, such as vascular plants and fungi, the coordinator compiled the list themselves, and then consulted other specialists to achieve consensus on the proposed list. In other groups, such as marine and terrestrial invetebrates, several individuals were responsible for compiling different species groups. As an additional source of assistance, at the start of the project, SNH’s data acquisition unit wrote to everyone who holds data that are on the National Biodiversity Network (NBN), to request permission for Scott Wilson and their specialists to have access to any relevant data. The response to this request was very poor, although input to the Scottish Biodiversity List was received for dragonflies and aquatic beetles through this route.

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1.2 Use of proforma spreadsheets In order to assist with standardisation of input across the groups, and output of the final Scottish Biodiversity List, a standard proforma was developed for contributors to complete for their taxonomic group. The format of the proforma was agreed at the meeting of the Steering Group in late July 2005.The excel proforma were developed to ensure standard answers were received within columns where appropriate, for example, “yes”, “no”, “unknown”, “not appropriate”. This was designed to reduce the time required to edit the completed sheets. The proforma was adapted from the one used by JNCC to collect information at the UK level, which is pre-coded with taxon keys from the Natural History Museum Species Directory. A positive benefit of using taxon key codes, is that these are the same as are used on the NBN Gateway, and therefore facilitated the development of a presentation mechanism which will allow the interrogation of the Scottish list with links to the NBN. As a starting point, SNH were approached for a list of species occurring in Scotland. However, this list is still under development, and no Scottish list was available upon which to base the proforma spreadsheets. Scott Wilson therefore approached the JNCC to provide a list of UK species. The JNCC created a spreadsheet from the species directory, listing all species with their taxon reference codes. This spreadsheet comprised more than 60,000 records, which was then subdivided into broader taxonomic groups for distribution to specialist coordinators. This spreadsheet was missing several species groups (mostly aquatic) and contained some aquatic and marine species coded as terrestrial invertebrates. JNCC provided additional information to help solve these problems, although there was some cost in terms of time, particularly in the extraction of aquatic groups, as the database system did not have a specific aquatic category. As the spreadsheets were derived from the full UK species list they were sometimes large. For this reason, some specialists therefore chose to use alternative data sources to ‘weed’ the list to include only those species they considered relevant. Specialists sometimes also found it easier to supply information to Scott Wilson in document format, rather than using the spreadsheet proformas. This data was transposed by Scott Wilson to the relevant spreadsheets.

1.3 Criteria used This section explains how the individual criteria were applied, and any issues that were reported by the specialists when applying the criteria. Criteria were separate and different for three different groups, namely terrestrial and freshwater species, terrestrial and freshwater habitats, and marine species and habitats. The criteria are discussed in relation to each group in the sections below. 1.3.1 Exclusion criteria The first two criteria on the spreadsheet related to the exclusion of species which were introduced or escaped (unless they were of known conservation importance e.g. white-clawed crayfish, and sand lizard), and exclusion of species for which there were insufficient data to apply the scientific criteria. Exclusion on the basis of lack of information was deemed to relate only to information on species population and decline, as the first scientific criteria (UK BAP Prioirty) could be applied in all cases. The exclusion criteria applied to all groups. 1.3.2 UK BAP All three groups also had a criterion relating to the inclusion of a species or habitat on the UK BAP. If a species is a UK BAP species on the current list, it is on the Scottish Biodiversity List.

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This was the least problematic criterion for the specialists to apply, although it was important to note that species had to be on the existing BAP list, and not include species that have been proposed for the UK list that is currently under development. 1.3.3 International obligation For terrestrial and freshwater species and habitats, there was a criterion relating to international obligations. Any species for which the UK has an international obligation is included on the Scottish Biodiversity List for these groups. This criterion was not included for marine species and habitats. The international obligations that were used to determine whether a species should be included on the list under this criterion, were the same as were used at the UK level. The international obligations deemed relevant to biodiversity for this process were: European Commission Birds Directive – Annex 1 - for native species only European Commission Habitats Directive – Annex II and/or IV - for native species only Bern Convention - Appendices I and II - for native species only Bonn Convention - Appendices I and II - for native species only The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) Schedules 1, 5 and 8. 1.3.4 Rarity and uniqueness All groups included a criterion for rarity within Scotland. Terrestrial and aquatic species also included a criterion for rarity within the UK and the habitats category included a criterion for habitats that are unique to Scotland. Rarity criteria were relatively straightforward to apply for terrestrial and aquatic groups, and the majority were based on UK or GB 10km square data, which is generally the format followed in distribution atlases, red data books and on the NBN Gateway. For marine species and habitats, the rarity criteria were divided into consideration of individuals for mobile species, and 10km squares or ICES rectangles (depending on distance from shore) for sedentary species and habitats. This caused problems for a number of mobile marine species, for example fish, where the threshold of 250 individuals would clearly not apply to any of the species. The use of “mobile” was not helpful, and for most marine species, specialists used data at the 10km square level for non-sedentary species, which is consistent with the approach for terrestrial species. 1.3.5 Decline Decline criteria were included for marine features and terrestrial and freshwater species. The number of species groups for which reliable decline data exists within Scotland were very small. The vascular plants and birds specialists extrapolated declines by using information from consecutive atlases, but for the majority of species and habitats, the decline estimates was recorded as “unknown”. 1.3.6 Endemic species The terrestrial and freshwater species category included criteria for endemic species (and subspecies or races) if they met another scientific criteria. This proved to be relatively straightforward to apply and specialist contributors did not raise any issues with this criterion.

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1.3.7 Importance for data-poor species The terrestrial and freshwater habitats and marine categories both had a criterion for inclusion in the Scottish List if the habitat is known to support species or assemblages of species that are data poor. As a consequence, a large number of habitats have been included under this crtierion. It is particularly important for marine species, which were generally considered by all the specialists to be data poor at the Scottish level, mainly as a result of under-recording. This criterion was widely applied, and there were no particular comments relating to its application. 1.3.8 Social The social criterion was applied across all the categories. A questionnaire survey was commissioned to identify plants, animals and habitats important to the Scottish public. In order to accommodate the non-specialist target audience, the categories were not the same as were used for applying the scientific criteria. As a consequence, generic categories such as “open sea” and “butterflies” were recorded as being important. In order to dovetail these results with the scientific criteria, it was agreed that for generic results, all specific species or habitats that would fall into the generic category, and met any of the scientific criteria, would be presumed to also have met the social criterion. All the habitats from both marine and terrestrial freshwater habitat groups that were included under scientific criteria fell into the top ten habitat categories, and as a consequence, every habitat was deemed to have met the social criterion. This is perhaps not particularly useful in terms of usability, as it is unlikely that the public meant that they considered an underwater rock habitat to be in their top ten, but the approach was agreed by the Steering Group and applied consistently across all the groups.

1.4 Validity of criteria In the Phase 1 report, relating to the development of the criteria, it was noted that the agreed criteria may need “tweaking” once specialists started to apply them. Early on, the vascular plant specialist suggested the inclusion of “nationally scarce but declining” as a criterion, as several plants were missed off the list, (see report in appendix 2G). In the Phase 1 report, it was felt that the process of developing the Scottish Biodiversity list would take about nine months, and there would be chance to evaluate the applicability of criteria during the process. At an early Steering Group meeting, it was determined that the criteria would be kept as signed off by Ministers, and that no changes would be incorporated within this project. This was a practical decision, as there was insufficent time to alter criteria in a robust way that included wider consultation, before creating the list. In a future revision of the list, it is recommended that time be set aside for reviewing the applicability of the criteria, and consideration be given to defining more appropriate criteria for some groups.

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2 Application of Social criterion

2.1 Introduction A single Social Criterion was employed to assess which non-domestic species and habitats in Scotland are identified as important by the Scottish public. The social importance of biodiversity is recognised by the Rio Convention, and the inclusion of a social criterion is in accordance with the Convention of Biological Diversity’s definition of biodiversity importance. A survey was undertaken to identify these socially important species and habitats using a questionnaire in the Scottish Opinion Survey (SOS), conducted by TNS Travel and Tourism. This questionnaire was devised through a workshop attended by members of the Scottish Executive and consultants from Scott Wilson and TNS. ‘Importance’ of species and habitats was defined as “important for any reasons including for conservation reasons, for their own personal enjoyment, as economically important (e.g. fishing), simply their favourites, as symbols of Scottish identity or just that they are nice to see.” Species and habitats excluded under the exclusion criteria E1 and E2 were excluded for inclusion on the Scottish List under the Social Criterion. The survey questioned 1,033 adults at 50 sampling points throughout the country, with quota targets set on the basis of gender, age-group, social class and working status. Respondents were asked to choose up to ten animals, plants and habitats which they considered important. Two types of question were used, firstly those involving spontaneous response, and secondly those involving a prompt list (which excluded any species previously mentioned spontaneously). Respondent prompt lists were devised through group discussion of trial lists. The ‘top ten’ animals, plants and habitats, derived from spontaneous and prompted responses, are given in table 2.1.1 below. The ‘top ten’ animals, plants and habitats have been selected from the social survey for inclusion on the Scottish Biodiversity List, excluding non-native species. Table 2.1.1. Summary of ‘top ten’ lists No. Top ten animals Top ten plants Top ten habitats 1 Red deer or roe deer Heather Hills and mountains 2 Red squirrel Scots pine Lochs 3 Golden eagle Bluebell/harebell Woodland 4 Dolphin, porpoise or whale Oak Beaches 5 Wild salmon Thistle Rivers and streams 6 Badger Rowan Parks and playing fields 7 Osprey Scottish primrose Coast 8 Otter Poppy Gardens 9 Butterfly Ferns Farmland 10 Robin Orchid Open sea Animals that are only in this top 10 list and do not meet scientific criteria are red or roe deer, badger and robin. Five popular plants meet only the social criterion and not scientific ones: heather, Scots pine, bluebell/harebell, thistle and oak. The only habitats that meet the social criterion only are ‘parks and playing field’ and ‘gardens’.

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2.2 Definition of importance The Social criterion developed during Phase 1 of the project defines socially ‘important’ species and habitats in Scotland to be ‘non domestic species and habitats identified by the Scottish public’ (Criteria SO1). Species and habitats excluded under the Exclusion criteria E1 and E2 are not eligible for inclusion under Criteria SO1. Importance was further defined during the development of the questionnaire. It was agreed at a questionnaire development workshop that for the purpose of these questions, importance would be defined as: “ important for any reasons including for conservation reasons, for their own personal enjoyment, as economically important (e.g. fishing), simply their favourites, as symbols of Scottish identity or just that they are nice to see.”

2.3 Methodology TNS Travel and Tourism, a specialist social survey consultant, was appointed to identify which species and habitats satisfy Criteria SO1, and are therefore ‘important’ in a social context. The survey was undertaken using the Scottish Opinion Survey (SOS), a monthly omnibus survey conducted by TNS. Interviews were performed in-home using a Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) methodology amongst a representative sample of Scotland's adult population. These interviews were undertaken at 50 sampling points throughout the country with quota targets set on the basis of gender, age-group, social class and working status. The use of CAPI allowed the automated routing of questions to ensure that only those applicable to the respondent were asked and, in those questions which used lists of species or habitats as a prompt, the order in which the lists were presented was randomised to avoid any biasing of the results. At the analysis stage, the survey data was weighted using the main demographic variables to ensure that the results can be regarded as representative of the Scottish adult population. A total of 1,033 adults, aged 16 and over were interviewed between Thursday 22nd and Tuesday 27th September 2005. It was not possible to include children in the survey due to budgetary constraints. The survey findings are not considered to be significantly affected by the time of year, although this is acknowledged to be a potential limitation. To ensure the accuracy and usefulness of the information obtained from the survey, a workshop was held on 5th September 2005 with the aim of clarifying the information required from the survey and designing the questionnaire. This workshop was attended by members of the Scottish Executive and consultants from Scott Wilson and TNS.

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During the workshop session it was agreed that a series of nine questions would be included in the questionnaire, split into four sections as follows: animals, defined as 'birds, fish, insects, mammals, reptiles and other animals, except pets and farm animals'; plants - defined as 'all plants including flowers, shrubs, trees and other types of plants, except those only grown in gardens or as farm crops'; habitats - defined as 'places where animals live and plants grow'; and the importance of species and habitats for conservation purposes alone. In the first three of these sections respondents were asked to select animals, plants and habitats which were important to them for any reasons. If the respondents asked the interviewer to clarify what was meant by 'important', they were informed that, for the purpose of these questions, this meant 'for any reasons including for conservation reasons, for their own personal enjoyment, as economically important (e.g. fishing), simply their favourites, as symbols of Scottish identity, or just that they are nice to see.' Respondent prompt lists were devised through group discussion of trial lists. It was agreed that each list (animals, plants and habitats) should not number more than 30 species or habitats. In the fourth section respondents were asked to select from a list of species and habitats specifically for 'conservation purposes'. A full copy of the questionnaire is included in Appendix 2A. The ‘top ten’ animals, plants and habitats have been selected from the social survey for inclusion on the Scottish Biodiversity List, excluding non-native species.

2.4 Results Before discussing the specific results of each of the questions asked, it is important to note some of the more general findings relating to the social importance of species and habitats in Scotland. Large proportions of respondents in all age groups, socio-economic groups and Scottish regions stated that all animals, plants and habitats were of equal importance. 50% of the respondents indicated that all animals were of equal importance, 58% indicated than all plants were of equal importance, and 47% indicated that all habitats were of equal importance. In previous qualitative research undertaken by TNS for the Scottish Executive, a similar finding was obtained and, when probed, respondents indicated that they thought that all species and animals were of equal importance due to the linkages between them, meaning that harm to one could adversely affect another. However, it is also likely that a proportion of those who stated that all were of equal importance indicated this due to a lack of insight or interest in the subject. In addition to the proportion of respondents indicating that all species and habitats were of equal importance, smaller proportions stated that none were important to them or that they did not know. 5% of respondents stated than no animal species were important and 6% did not know if any animals were important. 6% said that no plant species were important and 9% did not know if there were any important plants. 2% said there were no important habitats and 2% did not know if any habitats were important.

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In the following sections results are based upon the responses provided by those respondents who indicated that any animals, plants or habitats are more important than others. Those who stated that all species or habitats are equally important, none are important or that they don't know are excluded from further discussion

2.5 Animals important to the Scottish Population The first section of the survey asked respondents to provide information on the importance of different animals. Respondents were first asked, without any prompts, to indicate which animal or animals, living naturally in Scotland, were the most important to them. Up to five animals could be stated. Table 2.5.1 below lists the animals mentioned by at least 5% of those who responded to say that a particular animal is more important than others. Table 2.5.1. Animals important to Scottish adult population (spontaneous mentions), including all respondents who demonstrated a preference (411 people). Animal % of respondents % respondents at 95% confidence (spontaneous) levels Minimum Maximum Red squirrel 32 27 37 Golden eagle 28 24 32 Deer (not specified) 28 24 32 Red deer 20 16 24 Badger 18 14 22 Osprey 16 12 20 Dolphin, porpoise or whale 15 12 18 Wild salmon 14 11 17 Otter 13 10 16 Hedgehog 12 9 15 Fox 10 7 13 Kestrel 8 5 11 Squirrel 8 5 11 Robin 7 4 9 Barn owl 7 4 9 Blue tit 7 4 9 Sea eagle 6 4 8 Rabbit 6 4 8 Buzzard 5 3 7 Wildcat 5 3 7 Wild trout 5 3 7 Swan 5 3 7 Butterfly 5 3 7 Blackbird 5 3 7 When respondents were asked without any prompts, the most frequently mentioned animals stated were red squirrel (32% of those stating a particular animal) and golden eagle (28%). A further 28% stated deer without indicating the type and 20% specifically said red deer. In the next question, respondents were shown a list of animals and asked to indicate which, if any, on the list were as important as the ones they had previously selected without prompting. Up to five species could be selected. Table 2.5.2 illustrates the combined responses from the first and

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Scottish Biodiversity List Part 2 Technical Report second questions, i.e. the proportions of respondents selecting each animal either with or without prompting. Only those animals contained on the list and selected by 5% or more of those who selected any animal are shown. Table 2.5.2. Animals important to Scottish adult population (total spontaneous and prompted mentions), including all respondents who expressed a preference (491 people). Animal % of respondents % respondents at 95% confidence (spontaneous+ levels prompted) Minimum Maximum Red or roe deer 51 47 55 Red squirrel 47 43 51 Golden eagle 45 41 49 Dolphin, porpoise or whale 37 33 41 Wild salmon 31 27 35 Badger 25 21 29 Osprey 25 21 29 Otter 18 15 21 Butterfly 17 14 20 Robin 14 11 17 Capercaillie 13 10 16 Wildcat 11 8 14 Sea eagle 11 8 14 Red grouse 11 8 14 Puffin 8 6 10 Kingfisher 8 6 10 Ladybird 8 6 10 Bumblebee 7 5 9 Song thrush 7 5 9 Bat 7 5 9 Swallow 6 4 8 Pine marten 5 3 7 Mussels 5 3 7 In Table 1.2 spontaneous mentions of deer, red deer and roe deer and prompted mentions of roe deer have been combined into a single category. This category represents around half of those who selected any animal as important (51%) while slightly smaller proportions selected red squirrel (47%) or golden eagle (45%) and 37% selected dolphin, porpoise or whale. As would be expected, the total mentions of each animal including those provided spontaneously and following prompting are somewhat higher than the results obtained spontaneously. All of the species in the top 10 ranking of unprompted responses (Table 1.1) remained in the prompted list (Table 1.2), except for the hedgehog and fox, which were subsequently listed by fewer than 5% of respondents. They were replaced in the top 10 ranking by butterfly and robin (in 9th and 10th positions). The third question asked respondents to indicate which single animal, if any, was most important to them. Reflecting some of the earlier results, almost three quarters of all respondents were unable to provide a single most important animal (72%). However amongst the respondents who could provide a single animal, the species selected by 10% or more were red squirrel (16%), golden eagle (14%), dolphin, porpoise or whale (13%) and red deer or roe deer (12%).

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Many of the animals chosen were strongly associated with Scotland, notably red deer (‘Monarch of the Glen’), red squirrel (Scotland holds the majority of a declining population), golden eagle (emblematic of wild Scottish uplands), wild salmon (clean rivers and leaping salmon features heavily in Scottish tourism), osprey (famously re-established naturally at Loch Garten), otter (Scottish stronghold population, associated with coasts and rivers, ‘Ring of Bright Water etc.). The 'top 10' animals selected on the basis of the previous findings, and those which will be included on the Scottish Biodiversity List, are: red deer or roe deer; red squirrel; golden eagle; dolphin, porpoise or whale; wild salmon; badger; osprey; otter; butterfly; and robin. It should be noted that while the ten species listed above were the most frequently selected by survey respondents, due to the associated margins of error, other animals might be included in this list if the survey was repeated. These include capercaillie, wildcat, sea eagle and red grouse, all of which are particularly associated with Scotland.

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2.6 Plants important to the Scottish Population The second section of the survey asked respondents to provide information on the importance of different plants. Respondents were initially asked to indicate, without any prompts, which plant or plants, living naturally in Scotland, was most important to them. Up to five plants could be stated. Table 2.6.1 below lists the plants mentioned by at least 5% of those who responded with a particular plant or plants. Table 2.6.1. Plants important to Scottish adult population (spontaneous mentions), including all respondents who expressed a preference (411 people). Plant % of % respondents at 95% confidence levels respondents Minimum Maximum Heather 38 32 44 Scots pine 26 21 31 Bluebell/ harebell 25 20 30 Oak 24 19 29 Thistle 22 17 27 Snowdrop 16 12 20 Rowan 15 11 19 Birch 13 9 17 Scottish primrose 12 8 16 Daffodil 10 6 14 Beech 10 6 14 Honeysuckle 8 5 11 Ferns 8 5 11 Ash 8 5 11 Primrose 6 3 9 Orchid 6 3 9 Foxglove 5 2 8 Daisy 5 2 8 Violet 5 2 8 Buttercup 5 2 8 When asked without any prompts, the most frequently mentioned plants were heather (38%), Scots pine (26%), bluebell/ harebell (25%), oak (24%) and thistle (22%). In the second question, respondents were shown a list of plants and asked to indicate which, if any, of the list were as important as the ones they had already selected. Up to five species could be selected. Table 2.6.2 illustrates the combined spontaneous and prompted responses. Only those selected by 5% or more of those who selected any plant are shown.

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Table 2.6.2. Plants important to Scottish adult population (total spontaneous and prompted mentions), including all respondents who expressed a preference (343) Plant % of respondents % respondents at 95% confidence levels Minimum Maximum Heather 50 45 55 Scots pine 42 37 47 Bluebell/ harebell 33 28 38 Oak 32 27 37 Thistle 32 27 37 Snowdrop 24 19 28 Rowan 22 18 26 Scottish primrose 21 17 25 Poppy 19 15 23 Birch 19 15 23 Orchid 16 12 20 Ferns 15 11 19 Ash 12 9 15 Waterlily 11 8 14 Mushrooms/ toadstools 8 5 11 Willow 7 4 10 Violet 7 4 10 Wild grasses 7 4 10 Gorse 7 4 10 Yellow iris 7 4 10 Mosses 6 3 9 Seaweed 6 3 9 Hawthorn 5 3 7 Juniper 5 3 7 Blaeberry/ bilberry 5 3 7 The most frequently specified plants were heather (50% of those selecting any particular plants) and Scots pine (42%). Others selected by around a third of respondents were bluebell/ harebell (33%), oak (32%) and thistle (32%). The third question in this section asked respondents to indicate which single plant, if any, was most important to them. In common with the findings of the previous section, most respondents were unable to provide a single most important plant (84%). However amongst the respondents who could, the species selected by 10% or more were heather (16%), thistle (16%), oak (14%) and Scots pine (13%).

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The 'top 10' plants (and those that will therefore be included on the Scottish Biodiversity List) selected on the basis of the previous findings, but excluding those which do not occur naturally in Scotland (snowdrop and daffodil) are: heather; Scots pine; bluebell/harebell; oak; thistle; rowan; Scottish primrose; poppy; ferns; and orchid. It should be noted that although the ten species listed above were the most frequently selected by survey respondents, due to the associated statistical margins of error, water lilies might also be included in this list if the survey was repeated. Five of the top 10 plants were emblematic of Scotland (‘lucky’ Scottish heather, Scots pine, ‘Bluebells of Scotland’, Scottish thistle emblem, Scottish primrose – endemic and formerly the emblem of Scottish Wildlife Trust).

2.7 Habitats important to the Scottish Population Respondents were not asked to spontaneously select habitats that were important to them, because it was felt that habitats are a concept which may not be well understood by a proportion of those questioned. Therefore, respondents were shown a list of common habitats found in Scotland and asked to select those which were more important to them. Up to ten habitats could be selected. Those selected by 5% or more of respondents who provided a preference are shown in Table 2.7.1 below.

Table 2.7.1. Habitats important to Scottish adult population (total prompted mentions), including all respondents who expressed a preference (506 people). Habitat % of respondents % respondents at 95% confidence levels Minimum Maximum Hills and mountains 54 50 58 Lochs 54 50 58 Woodland 47 43 51 Beaches 47 43 51 Rivers and streams 45 41 49 Parks and playing fields 37 33 41 Coast 34 30 38 Gardens 38 24 32 Farmland 26 22 30 Open sea 25 21 29 Hedgerows 21 17 24 Native pine woodland 19 16 22

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Habitat % of respondents % respondents at 95% confidence levels Minimum Maximum Ponds 18 15 21 Cliffs 18 15 21 Rocky shores 16 13 19 Moorland 16 13 19 Cemeteries and churchyards 14 11 17 Peatland and bog 13 10 16 Golf courses 13 10 16 Canals 12 10 15 Sand dunes 12 10 15 Broadleaved woodland 11 8 14 Estuaries 10 7 13 Pasture and grazed land 8 6 10 Wetlands 8 6 10 Reedbeds and swamps 7 5 9 Commercial forestry plantations 7 5 9 Urban environment 6 4 8 Grassy road verges 6 4 8 Hay meadows 6 4 8 Arable fields 5 3 7 Upland grassland 5 3 7 The largest proportions of respondents indicated that the most important habitats to them were hills and mountains (54%), lochs (54%), woodland (47%), beaches (47%) and rivers and streams (45%). It is also notable that over a third of those who stated a preference thought that parks and playing fields were amongst the most important (37%). Around two thirds of all respondents could not provide a single most important habitat but, amongst those who did, the three types selected by over 5% were hills and mountains (18%), lochs (11%) and parks and playing fields (11%). In interpreting these results it is important to remember that respondents had been asked to select habitats important to them for any reason - including both conservation purposes and their own personal enjoyment. If habitats that are not naturally occurring in Scotland were excluded, this would rule out parks and playing fields, and farmland might be considered to be a marginal case. Excluding the parks and playing fields would promote hedges and native pine woodland into the top 10 ranking. Although Scots pine was important to 42% of respondents, native pine woodland was selected by only 21%, which may be an indication of a limited appreciation of habitats. The project steering group decided that, despite not occurring naturally, parks and playing fields and gardens should be retained. For a significant proportion of the Scottish populations, especially in urban areas, these are the habitats that are most easily and regularly enjoyed by people.

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The 'top 10' habitats selected on the basis of the previous findings, and those that will therefore be included on the Scottish Biodiversity List, are: hills and mountains; lochs; woodland; beaches; rivers and streams; parks and playing fields; coast; gardens; farmland; and open sea. Due to the associated statistical margins of error, other habitats might be included if the survey was repeated. These may include hedgerows, native pine wood, ponds and cliffs.

2.8 Species and habitats important for conservation purposes Questionnaire respondents were initially asked to nominate any animals, plants and habitats that were most important to them for any reason, including conservations purposes, economic reasons and personal pleasure. After spontaneous responses had been recorded, the definition of importance was narrowed by asking respondents to identify the most important animal, plant or habitat for conservation purposes, using a prompt list. A maximum of five could be selected. In common with the previous questions, a large proportion of respondents were unable to select any of the list as more important and stated that all were of equal importance (62%). Furthermore a small proportion indicated that none were important (3%). Animals, plants and habitats chosen by 5% or more of those who did select from the list are shown in Table 2.8.1 below.

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Table 2.8.1. Important species and habitats for conservation purposes alone (total prompted mentions), including all respondents who expressed a preference (364 people). Species or habitat % of % respondents at 95% confidence levels respondents Minimum Maximum Golden eagle 42 40 47 Red squirrel 42 40 47 Lochs 35 30 40 Dolphin, porpoise or whale 33 28 38 Wild salmon 32 28 38 Hills and mountains 30 25 35 Native pine woodland 21 17 25 Scots pine 20 16 24 Otter 15 11 19 Capercaillie 13 10 16 Butterfly 13 10 16 Hedgerows 12 9 15 Broadleaved woodlands 10 7 13 Wildcat 10 7 13 Sand dunes 9 6 12 Coastal grassland 9 6 12 Moorland 8 5 11 Black grouse 7 4 10 Estuaries 7 4 10 Orchid 7 4 10 Scottish primrose 7 4 10 Peatland and bog 5 3 7 It is notable that when animals, plants and habitats were combined on a single list, animals were selected most frequently (9 animals featured, out of 22 species and habitats with responses from 5% or more people), while plants were selected less often (3 out of 22). Also, the findings of this question largely reflect the results of the previous questions, suggesting that, for most respondents, species and habitats were important to them mainly for reasons related to conservation. All of the species and habitats in the top ten ranking had been in the top 10 in responses to one or more previous questions, except for capercaillie, which moved into 9th position above butterfly (if native pine woodland and Scots pine are combined), from 11th in the prompted list of important animals. Habitats do appear to be important when conservation is considered by people, with 10 habitats featured overall in the responses from 5% or more, spanning most of the semi-natural vegetation types in Scotland, inland and coastal (Table 2.8.1).

2.9 Interpretation of results This survey of Scottish adults concludes that there is a widespread positive attitude towards Scotland's natural heritage amongst the Scottish population, illustrated by the large proportions of Scots who perceive all animals, all plants and all habitats as being of equal importance. This was not a disinterested populace, but one which illustrated some degree of prior awareness of vulnerable species and habitats in their choices, when answering either unprompted or prompted. In this regard the exercise was designed to specifically identify those species and habitats that are generally 'important to the Scottish public'; therefore it could only result in nominations for the list that were important in 2005. As social trends move and change, so do levels of awareness and

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Scottish Biodiversity List Part 2 Technical Report preferences, and it is fully anticipated that the social criterion for the Scottish list will result in different nominations every time it is reviewed. This is essentially the nature of popularity. Therefore, rather than identifying a fixed threshold (e.g. 20% of mentions in survey) over which a species/habitat would be included via the social criterion, the working group decided to include the 'top 10' from each of the three categories. This choice anticipates that the 'top 10' will possibly change when it is reviewed, and accommodates large shifts in popular opinion for any possible review where the 2005 20% level might no longer be meaningful. In a way, the selection from within the social criterion nominees draws on social parameters rather than statistical ones, to deliver a list that is, and will remain reflective of the views of the people in Scotland, whatever they may think. It is notable that the types of animals and plants which were selected as more important are those which are often used to represent Scotland. By illustration, deer, golden eagle, wild salmon, heather and thistle are all included in the 'top 10' animals and plants. Although the most frequently selected important habitats are also typical 'icons' of Scotland (hills, mountains and lochs), it is also notable that parks and playing fields are seen as important by many respondents. These findings reflect the wider roles of different types of habitats and open spaces for personal enjoyment. The overall ‘top ten’ lists of animals, plants and habitats are summarised in Table 2.9.1. below. These 30 species and habitats will be included in the Scottish Biodiversity List. Table 2.9.1. Summary of ‘top ten’ lists No. Top ten animals Top ten plants Top ten habitats 1 Red deer or roe deer Heather Hills and mountains 2 Red squirrel Scots pine Lochs 3 Golden eagle Bluebell/harebell Woodland 4 Dolphin, porpoise or whale Oak Beaches 5 Wild salmon Thistle Rivers and streams 6 Badger Rowan Parks and playing fields 7 Osprey Scottish primrose Coast 8 Otter Poppy Gardens 9 Butterfly Ferns Farmland 10 Robin Orchid Open sea The position of capercaillie was just outside the top 10 ranking on both the list of important animals and features important for conservation. Wildcat was also just outside the top 10 ranking, for animals and for features important for conservation. It is an iconic animal, ‘the Scottish wildcat’. Other animals with a strong Scottish identity that missed inclusion in the top 10 list of animals are sea eagle and red grouse, both of which were rated as important animals by 11% respondents, equal to wildcat. Because of the error margin in the survey, if it was repeated any or all of these animals might move into the top 10, replacing, for example, robin, butterfly or otter. Woodland is taken to include native pine woodland, given the ranking of that type independently. Hedges are not included within the top 10 list in this summary, but appeared only just outside the top 10 in both the habitat categories and the conservation category. They also probably feature as elements within the parks and playing fields, gardens and farmland categories. With the margin of error, in a repeat survey they might rank above open sea.

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2.10 Species / habitats also meeting scientific criteria Of the top ten animals, there are five that also qualify under scientific criteria as individual species (red squirrel, otter, golden eagle, osprey and salmon) and a further two animals are represented by groups of species that meet scientific criteria (butterfly - 5 species and dolphin, porpoise or whale - 18 species). Species that just missed being included in the top ten list, but qualified under scientific criteria are wild cat, capercaillie and white-tailed (sea) eagle. Among the plants, Scottish primrose qualified as an individual species under scientific criteria. Others in the top ten list of plants were represented by groups of plants, some of which qualified under scientific criteria, as follows: orchids, 7 species; ferns, 11 species; rowan, 2 rare species; poppy, 3 species. The habitat categories are so broad that all of the habitats that meet scientific criteria also fall into one or more of the popular categories. For example, all the coastal and aquatic habitats in the scientific list are covered by the generic categories of ‘lochs’, ‘rivers and streams’, ‘beaches’, ‘coast’ and ‘open sea’ on the popular list. Similarly, ‘Hills and mountains’ can be taken to include all the habitats listed under scientific criteria for moors, grasslands, mires, snowbeds and other montane vegetation. Woodland covers all the listed communities of woodland.

2.11 Species / habitats meeting only the social criteria Animals that are only in the top 10 list and do not meet scientific criteria are red or roe deer, badger and robin. Red grouse, which was just outside the top ten list, also failed to meet scientific criteria, although if economic criteria had been included, it may have been included under that category. Five popular plants only meet social criteria and not scientific ones (heather, Scots pine, bluebell/harebell, thistle, oak). With the exception of the Scottish primrose, all the other plants quoted by respondents appear mostly to be the commoner species, presumably with which they are familiar. Where species within the group meet scientific criteria, they are listed in 2.10 above. The only habitats that meet social criteria only are ‘parks and playing field’ and ‘gardens’. As discussed in 2.7 above, these are not naturally occurring habitats, but are nonetheless important to people for recreation or general enjoyment of biodiversity.

2.12 Review process It is proposed that the species and habitats selected as important based on the social criteria SO1 be reviewed prior to the updating of the list under the scientific criteria, using the same method of assessment as has been employed for this initial survey. If the results of the social survey are given press coverage, this may generate additional public interest and responses. This could be taken into account in future reviews.

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3 Application of Criteria for Terrestrial and Freshwater Species

3.1 Explanation of Criteria Table 3.1.1 provides summary information on the criteria used for terrestrial and freshwater species. Full details of the development of the criteria are available in the Phase 1 report. Table 3.1.1. Criteria used for terrestrial and freshwater species Criterion Description and reason for inclusion S1 All UK priority species that are present in Scotland. - ensures legislative responsibilities are considered S2 Species for which Scotland, through the UK, has international obligations to safeguard. - recognises that Scotland has international responsibilities for particular species S3 All species defined as nationally rare at a GB or UK level, which are present in Scotland. - ensures that species’ rarity is considered, at a national level S4 Species with populations present (resident, wintering or breeding) in five or fewer ten km squares or sites in Scotland. - ensures that species’ rarity is considered, at a Scottish level S5 Species present in Scotland for which a decline of 25% or more in abundance or range (defined by number of sites where appropriate) has occurred in Scotland over the last 25 years or other appropriate time period. - included to take account of threat to a species, or its fragility S6a All species that are endemic to Scotland. - identifies species that are limited to Scotland and therefore of importance for biodiversity S6b Any sub-species or race, that is widely recognised and accepted by the scientific (or other relevant community) and that is endemic to Scotland, if it also meets one of the other scientific criteria. - identifies sub-species that are limited to Scotland and of importance for biodiversity if they meet any of the scientific criteria, S1-S5. SO1 Non-domestic species, and habitats, identified as important by the Scottish public.

In the tables for each of the taxon groups, “y” is used to identify under which criteria the species were included on the list.

3.2 Application of the criteria Many of the terrestrial and freshwater species groups were considered to be data deficient in Scotland, mostly as a result of under-recording or the inaccessibility of data. This was particularly a problem for invertebrate groups. Developments within the NBN, the SNH project to computerise all their data and other data acquisition projects should significantly improve the species information that is available for future revisions of the list.

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3.3 Terrestrial Mammals

Contributors Rosemary Green, formerly of Vincent Wildlife Trust, acted as the co-ordinator for the terrestrial mammals group. Assistance was also obtained from those listed in Table 3.3.1 below. Table 3.3.1. Terrestrial mammal contributors Consultee name Affiliation Andrew Kitchener National Museum of Scotland Don Jefferies Rob Strachan Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Sue Swift Independent Bat Specialist Anne Youngman Bat Conservation Trust National Bat Monitoring Programme

Data used In order to evaluate the species, data were compiled from the sources given in Table 3.3.2 below. Data relating to mammals are available in a number of publications. The intrinsic appeal and relatively high interest of the public to mammals tends to make these species relatively highly recorded compared to less popular groups of species. Table 3.3.2. Terrestrial Mammal data sources Data source Corbet, G. and Harris, S. (eds.) (1991). Handbook of British Mammals Harris, S. et al (1995). A Review of British Mammals Battersby, J. (ed.) (2005). UK Mammals Status and Population Trends Kitchener, A. (2005). The disappearing act of the Scottish wildcat. Mammal News Autumn 2005 Easterbee, N.; Hepburn, L.V. and Jefferies, D.J., (1991). Survey of the status and distribution of the wildcat in Scotland 1983-87. NCCS Arnold, H.R. (1993). Atlas of Mammals in Britain

Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 20 terrestrial mammal species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.3.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.1 of this technical report. Table 3.3.3 Terrestrial Mammal Scottish Biodiversity List species Species Criteria Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Arvicola terrestris European water vole y y Capreolus capreolus Roe Deer Y Cervus elaphus Red Deer Y Felis silvestris Wildcat y y

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Species Criteria Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Lepus europaeus Brown hare y y Lepus timidus Mountain hare y Lutra lutra European otter y y y Meles meles Eurasian Badger Y Microtus arvalis Common vole y y Myotis brandtii Brandt's bat y Myotis daubentonii Daubenton's bat y Myotis mystacinus Whiskered bat y Myotis nattereri Natterer's bat y Nyctalus noctula Noctule bat y Pipistrellus nathusii Nathusius's pipistrelle y Pipistrellus pipistrellus Common pipistrelle y y Pipistrellus pygmaeus Soprano pipistrelle y y Plecotus auritus Brown long-eared bat y Rattus rattus Black rat y y y Sciurus vulgaris Eurasian red squirrel y y

Data Deficient List Insufficient data were available to determine the Scottish population / extent of three of the Scottish List species. These are wildcat, Brandt’s bat and Nathusius’s pipistrelle bat. However, these species are included on the Scottish List under other criteria. Table 3.3.4 below shows two additional species, pine marten and Eurasian water shrew that have insufficient data to assess their populations, and do not qualify for the Scottish List under any other criteria. Table 3.3.4 Terrestrial Mammals Data Deficient List Latin Name Common Name Martes martes Pine Marten Neomys fodiens Eurasian Water Shrew

Extinct List No terrestrial mammal species were included on the list of extinct species. Other information Eurasian badger (Meles meles) and red deer (Cervus elaphus)/roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were identified as important under the Social Criteria. However these species did not meet any of the scientific criteria, and are included only as species important to the Scottish population.

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3.4 Herpetofauna

Contributors Dave Garner, an experienced amphibian and reptile specialist acted as the co-ordinator for the herpetofauna group. Assistance was also obtained from the people listed in Table 3.4.1 below. Table 3.4.1. Herpetofauna consultees Consultee name Affiliation Frank D Bowles British Herpetological Society Martin Gaywood Scottish Natural Heritage Chris Gleed-Owen Herpetological Conservation Trust

Data used In order to evaluate the species, data were compiled from the sources given in Table 3.4.2 below. Much of the data on herpetofauna in Scotland are considered by specialists to be dubious, with the exception of the UKBAP species, for which data are checked and confirmed by SNH. Almost all of the specialists who contributed to the production of the list felt this to be particularly applicable to the western Scotland data. There are also currently little reliable comparative data over the 25- year period upon which to assess species declines. Consequently the decline criteria S5 and S6 were only evaluated where there were sufficient data. Of the species considered for the list, the only species of concern in terms of decline are adders (Vipera berus), but the research that has been done (mostly by questionnaires to farmers in a 1996 study) is mostly anecdotal. Table 3.4.2. Herpetofauna data sources Data source Notes and comments Summary report on numbers and distribution of Gaywood M (1999) The great crested newt in herpetofauna, based on a survey for 5575 sites Scotland - Maps. Scottish Natural Heritage. throughout Scotland in 1995/96. Bates M (1999) Assessment of the status of great Report for Scottish Natural Heritage from Heritage crested newt Triturus cristatus- in Lothian ponds Environmental Ltd. Frazer D (1983) Reptiles and amphibians in Used to check distribution and abundance for 1980. Britain -Collins new naturalist series

Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List Three terrestrial herpetofauna species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.4.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.1 of this technical report.

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Table 3.4.3 Herpetofauna Scottish Biodiversity List species Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Bufo calamita Natterjack Toad y y y Lacerta agilis Sand Lizard y y y Triturus cristatus Great Crested Newt y y

Data Deficient List Only one species was considered to be data deficient in Scotland, namely the grass snake (Natrix natrix). At present, there are reports of the species being present in Scotland, but the extent of the population and its distribution are not currently known with any certainty. Table 3.4.4 Herpetofauna Data Deficient List species Latin Name Common Name Notes Natrix natrix Grass Snake Unconfirmed in Scotland

Extinct List No herpetofauna species were included on the list of extinct species.

Other information The Herpetological Conservation Trust were consulted on the acceptability of the list of species proposed for the list.

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3.5 Birds Contributors Scott Wilson acted as the co-ordinator for the birds group. The Scottish Ornithologists’ Club supplied a list of the species currently accepted as forming the Scottish Bird List. Mark Eaton from RSPB coordinated the application of the criteria to the species to generate the Scottish Biodiversity List. Assistance was obtained from the people listed in Table 3.5.1 below, and others whose names were not supplied. Table 3.5.1. Birds contributors Consultee name Affiliation Scottish Ornithologists’ Club David Noble British Trust for Ornithology Jeremy Wilson RSPB Data used A number of different trend sources were used for quantitative population trends, including Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), the Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS), RSPB, the three all-UK seabird censuses and data from single-species surveys. In the absence of data on trends in population size for some species, change in range recorded by the two breeding bird atlases (Sharrock 1976, Gibbons et al. 1993 were used as a proxy for population trends. For a few species the decline over 25 years is considered to be greater than 25% without doubt, but there is no single trend to show this (e.g. Black Grouse). In such cases ‘expert opinion’ has been used to determine whether a species qualifies under S5. Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 93 species of bird have been included on the Scottish Biodiversity List. These are listed in Table 3.5.2 below, and the criteria under which they qualify are also listed. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.1 of this technical report. Table 3.5.2 Birds Scottish Biodiversity List species

Latin Name Common Name Species Criteria S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Acrocephalus scirpaceus Eurasian reed warbler y Alauda arvensis Skylark y Alcedo atthis Common kingfisher y Anas querquedula Garganey y Anser albifrons Greater white-fronted goose y Anser fabalis Bean goose y Apus apus Common swift y Aquila chrysaetos Golden eagle y y Asio flammeus Short-eared owl y Aythya ferina Common pochard y Aythya marila Greater scaup y y y Botaurus stellaris Great bittern y y y Branta leucopsis Barnacle goose y Calidris alpina Dunlin y

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Latin Name Common Name Species Criteria S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Calidris maritima Purple sandpiper y y Calidris temminckii Temminck’s stint y y Caprimulgus europaeus European nightjar y y Carduelis cannabina Common linnet y Carduelis spinus Eurasian siskin y Carpodacus erythrinus Common rosefinch y y Charadrius morinellus Eurasian dotterel y Circus aeruginosus Eurasian marsh harrier y y Circus cyaneus Hen harrier y Coccothraustes Hawfinch y coccothraustes Corvus cornix Hooded crow y Crex crex Corn crake y y Cygnus columbianus Tundra swan y Cygnus cygnus Whooper swan y y y Emberiza schoeniclus Reed bunting y Erithracus rubecula Robin y Falco columbarius Merlin y Falco peregrinus Peregrine falcon y Falco subbuteo Eurasian hobby y Falco tinnunculus Common kestrel y Fringilla montifringilla Brambling y y Gavia arctica Black-throated diver y Gavia immer Great northern diver y Gavia stellata Red-throated diver y Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed eagle y y Hydrobates pelagicus European storm-petrel y Jynx torquilla Eurasian wryneck y y y Lanius collurio Red-backed shrike y y y y Larus argentatus Herring gull y Larus ridibundus Black-headed gull y Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed godwit y Limosa limosa Blak-tailed godwit y y Loxia pytyopsittacus Parrot crossbill y i Loxia scotica Scottish crossbill y y y Melanitta nigra Common scoter y y Mergellus albellus Smew y Miliaria calandra Corn bunting y y Milvus milvus Red kite y Motacilla flava Yellow wagtail y Muscicapa striata Spotted flycatcher y Numenius arquata Eurasian curlew y Oceanodroma leucorhoa Leach’s storm petrel y y Pandion haliaetus Osprey y y Panurus biarmicus Bearded tit y Parus montanus Willow tit y Passer montanus Eurasian tree sparrow y y Perdix perdix Grey partridge y y Pernis apivorus European honey-buzzard y y y Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked phalarope y y y y Philomachus pugnax Ruff y Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood warbler y

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Latin Name Common Name Species Criteria S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Plectrophenax nivalis Snow bunting y Pluvialis apricaria European golden plover y Podiceps auritus Slavonian grebe y y Podiceps grisegena Red-necked grebe y y Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked grebe y y Porzana porzana Spotted crake y y Puffinus puffinus Manx shearwater y Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Red-billed chough y Pyrrhula pyrrhula Common bullfinch y Scolopax rusticola Eurasian woodcock y Stercorarius parasiticus Arctic skua y Sterna albifrons Little tern y Sterna dougallii Roseate tern y y y y Sterna hirundo Common tern y Sterna paradisaea Arctic tern y Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich tern y y Streptopelia turtur European turtle dove y y y Tetrao tetrix Black grouse y y Tetrao urogallus Western capercaillie y y y Tringa glareola Wood sandpiper y y y Tringa ochropus Green sandpiper y y Troglodytes troglodytes Fair isle wren y y y y fridariensis Troglodytes troglodytes St Kilda wren y y y hirtensis Turdus iliacus Redwing y Turdus philomelos Song thrush y Turdus torquatus Ring ouzel y Tyto alba Barn owl y Vanellus vanellus Northern lapwing y

Data Deficient List Parrot crossbill was considered to be data deficient in Scotland, because insufficient information was available on its Scottish population and extent. Table 3.5.3 Birds Data Deficient List species Latin Name Common Name Notes Loxia pytyopsittacus Parrot crossbill Insufficient data on population and extent

Extinct List No bird species were included on the list of extinct species.

Other information Species considered by the Scottish Rare Birds Committee and species designated as scarce migrants by the JNCC were excluded from consideration for the Scottish Biodiversity List.

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Dr. Mark Eaton provided specific comments on the production of the list in connection with the returned spreadsheet and these are summarised below: Bird Species list for assessment: • The list of 247 species assessed by Birds of Conservation Concern 2 (Gregory et al. 2002) was used for assessment. • This list was further filtered to remove species inappropriate for consideration in Scotland - those considered by the Scottish Rare Birds Committee, and species designated as scarce migrants by the JNCC • Despite this filtering, the list of qualifying species does still include some which have at best a marginal place in the Scottish avifauna e.g. Little Egret, Mediterranean Gull Subspecies: • The four endemic subspecies of Wren were considered as they are" widely recognised and accepted by the scientific community". Other races that could have been assessed include the Hebridean Song Thrush T. p. hebridensis (but the parent species qualifies anyway) and the Shetland Starling S. v. zetlandicus, which would not qualify under S1-5 and so would not be priority-listed. Populations: • A number of species (e.g. many waders and wildfowl species) were considered using data for both breeding and wintering populations separately Explanatory notes on the use of criteria: S1. The existing UK BAP list has been used, rather than the new list currently under development. S2. Annex 1 of the Birds Directive has been used as the basis of “international obligation”. S3 & S4. Range data for assessing rarity (in effect restricted distribution) derived from bird atlases (Gibbons et al (1993) and Lack 1984) but in a few cases more recent data derived from Rare Breeding Bird Panel (RBBP) reports or from specific studies has been used. S5. A number of different trend sources have been used for quantitative population trends, included Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), the Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS), RBBP, the three all-UK seabird censuses and data from single-species surveys. In the absence of data on trends in population size for some species, change in range recorded by the two breeding bird atlases (Sharrock 1976, Gibbons et al. 1993) has been used as a proxy for population trends. For a few species the decline over 25 years is considered to be greater than 25% without doubt, but there is no single trend to show this (e.g. Black Grouse). In such cases ‘expert opinion’ has been used to state a species qualifies under S5. The datasheet contains data on range and trends for a great number of species. However, in some cases where it was known that a species was not close to qualifying under a given criteria, time was not wasted on sourcing an exact figure for this database.

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3.6 Invertebrates Contributors Colin Plant, Consultant Entomologist co-ordinated the terrestrial invertebrate group and provided specialist input with regard to moths, butterflies, lacewings, snakeflies, alderflies, long-horn beetles, hoverflies and larger Brachycera. Dr. Peter Maitland, a leading freshwater biologist, provided specialist input with regard to freshwater leeches and provided advice to Scott Wilson with regard to relevant specialists to contact with regard to other aquatic invertebrate groups. Scott Wilson co-ordinated the remaining terrestrial and aquatic groups and co-ordinated the specialist input in relation to dragonflies/damselflies, mayflies, caddis and aculeate hymenoptera, bees, and wasps. For invertebrate groups where specialist input was not available, Scott Wilson compiled information from available data sources, listed in Table 3.6.2, including distribution atlases, NBN, UKBAP etc. This information was generally available for species criteria S1-S4, and based on counts of 10km squares on distribution maps in source atlases, counting only the most recent data points, usually post 1970. Where possible, consultees were invited to comment on this provisional list, and provide information with regard to possible under-recording, reliability of data or any other reason why as species should be removed or added to the provisional list. For invertebrate groups where a specialist was not involved, Scott Wilson refined the provisional list based on information provided on the NBN, UKBAP and Sivell & Phillips (1999). Specialist and consultee details are presented in Table 3.6.1 below. Table 3.6.1 Invertebrate contributors and consultees Consultee name Affiliation Adrian Sumner Mollusc specialist. Alan Stewart Homoptera: Auchenorhyncha Recording Scheme Organiser Bernard Nau Heteroptera (Land Bugs) Recording Scheme Organiser. Caroline Daguet Conservation Officer, British Dragonfly Society (BDS). David Pryce Stonefly Recording Scheme Organiser David Sheppard Invertebrate Ecologist, English Nature. Garth Foster Aquatic Beetles specialist Curator of Entomology, National Museums of Liverpool Guy Knight Symphyta (Hymenoptera) Recording Scheme Organiser. Ian Hodkinson School of Biological & Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University. Mark Young University of Aberdeen. Murdo McDonald Highland Biological Recording Group. Pam Taylor British Dragonfly Society (BDS), Convenor of the Dragonfly Conservation Group. (DCG) Pat Batty Dragonfly Recorder for Scotland, as part of the Dragonfly Recording Network (DRN). Peter Collen Fisheries Research Services, Pitlochry. Peter Hiley Principal Water Scientist, Scott Wilson, Leeds. Sheila Brook Heteroptera (Aquatic Bugs) Recording Scheme Organiser. Steve Hopkin Collembola Recording Scheme Organiser. Terence Gledhill Freshwater Biological Association. Thomas Huxley Aquatic Bugs specialist.

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Data used In order to evaluate the species, data were compiled from the sources given in Table 3.6.2 below. Data relating to invertebrate groups are available in a number of publications. This list of data sources relates to information used by specialists, consultees and Scott Wilson. Table 3.6.2 Invertebrate data sources Data source General Sivell, D. & Phillips, D.S. 1999. Local Biodiversity Action Plans - Technical Information on Species: III. Invertebrate Animals. Scottish Natural Heritage Review No. 5. National Biodiversity Network Gateway UKBAP website.

Bees, Ants and Wasps BWARS (Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society) Members' Handbook. CEH, 2005. BWARS (Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society) Newsletters Spring 2004, Autumn 2004, Spring 2005. BWARS Provisional Atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland Parts 1-5. CEH, 1997-2005 Edwards, R. & Broad, G. (2005). The Provisional Atlas of the Aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland Part 5. Edwards, R. & Telfer, M.G. (editors) 2001. Provisional atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland, Part 3. Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. Edwards, R. & Telfer, M.G. (editors) 2002. Provisional atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland, Part 4. Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. Edwards, R. (editor) 1997. Provisional atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland, Part 1. Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. Edwards, R. (editor) 1997. Provisional atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland, Part 1. Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. Edwards, R. (editor) 1998. Provisional atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland, Part 2. Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. MAM/HBRG dataset covers all data held by Murdo McDonald for the Highland Biological Recording Group,

Beetles Foster, G.N. Atlas of water beetles in Scotland. Foster, G.N. 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1995. Atlas of British water beetles, preliminary edition: Parts 1- 7. The Balfour-Browne Club Newsletter, 22, 27, 31, 35, 40, 48. Latissimus, 5 (Supplement). Twinn, P.F.G & Harding, P.T. 1998. Provisional atlas of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of Britain. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre.

Butterflies and Moths Asher, J., Warren, M., Fox, R., Harding, P., Jeffcoate, G. & Jeffcoate, S. 2001. The millennium atlas of butterflies in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ball, S.G. & Morris, R.K.A. 2000. Provisional atlas of British hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae). Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. Emmet, A.M. & Heath, J. 1989a. The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland: Vol. 7 (part 1), Hesperidae to Danaidae (butterflies). Colchester: Emmet, A.M. & Heath, J. 1989a. The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland: Vol. 7 (part 2), Lasiocampidae to Thyatiridae. Emmet, M. A. (1996). The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 3: Yponomeutidae to Elachistidae. Emmet, M. A. and Langmaid J. R. Eds. (2002) The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Volume 4(2): Gelechiidae. Emmet, M. A. and Langmaid J. R. Eds. (2002). The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Volume 4(2): Gelechiidae. Harley Books. Oecophoridae to Scythrididae (excluding Gelechiidae) Heath & Emmet (1976). The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 1.

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Data source Micropterigidae – Heliozelidae.

Crustacea Morrell, B. (2005) Centre News. Wildfowl and Wetlands, 151: 30.

Diptera Ball & Morris. 2000. Provisional Atlas of the Hoverflies of Great Britain. CEH, Huntingdon Drake, C.M. 1991. Provisional atlas of the Larger Brachycera (Diptera) of Britain and Ireland. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. Stubbs, A.E. 1992. Provisional atlas of the long-palped craneflies (Diptera: Tipulinae) of Britain and Ireland (edited for the Biological Records Centre by P.T. Harding & M.G. Telfer). Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre.

Dragonflies and Damselflies Merritt, R., Moore, N.W., Eversham, B.C. (1996). Atlas of the dragonflies of Britain and Ireland. ITE Research Publication, No. 9. HMSO, London. Brooks, S. & Lewington, R. (2004). Field Guide to the Dragonflies and Damselflies of Great Britain and Ireland. 4th edition, British Wildlife Publishing, Hook , Hampshire, England Shirt, D.B. ed. (1987). British red Data Books: 2. Insects. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough. Dragonfly Recording Network database.

Grasshoppers and allied insects Haes, E.C.M. & Harding, P.T. 1997. Atlas of grasshoppers and allied insects in Britain and Ireland. London: HMSO.

Lacewings Plant, C.W. 1994. Provisional atlas of the lacewings and allied insects (Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera and Mecoptera) of Britain and Ireland (edited for the Biological Records Centre by P.T. Harding, B.C. Eversham & H.R. Arnold). Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre.

Leeches Elliott, J M & Mann, K H (1979) A key to the British freshwater leeches. Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association, 40, 1-72. Elliott, J M & Tullett, P A (1982) Provisional atlas of the freshwater leeches of the British Isles. Occasional Publication of the Freshwater Bioloogical Association, 14, 1-31. Maitland P S, Phillips D S & Gaywood M J (2000) Notes on distinguishing the cocoons and the juveniles of Hirudo medicinalis and Haemopsis sanguisuga (Hirudinea). Journal of Natural History, 34, 685-692. Mann K H (1964) A key to the British freshwater leeches with notes on their ecology. Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association, 14, 1-50.

Molluscs Kerney, M. P. 1999. Atlas of the land and freshwater molluscs of Britain and Ireland. Colchester: Harley Books.

Spiders Harvey, P.R., Nellist, D.R. & Telfer, M.G. (editors) 2002. Provisional atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) 2 vols. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre.

Stoneflies Hynes , H.B.N (1977). A Key to the Adults and Nymphs of the British Stoneflies (Plecoptera), with Notes on their Ecology and Distribution. Third edition. Freshwater Biological Association.

True Bugs Huxley, T. 2003. Provisional atlas of the British aquatic bugs (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre.

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Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 289 invertebrate species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.6.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.1 of this technical report. Table 3.6.3 Invertebrate Scottish Biodiversity List species

Criteria met Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Bee/Ant/Wasp Ammophila sabulosa Red Banded Sand Wasp y Ancistrocerus parietum Wall Mason Wasp y Andrena cineraria Grey Mining Bee y Andrena helvola y Andrena marginata y Andrena nitida y Andrena ruficrus y Anoplius concinnus y Anthidium manicatum Wool-Carder Bee y Anthophora furcata Fork Tailed Flower Bee y Astata pinguis y Bombus distinguendus Great Yellow Bumble Bee y y Bombus monticola Mountain Bumble Bee y Bombus muscorum y Bombus ruderarius Red-Tailed Carder Bee y Ceropales maculata y Chrysura hirsuta Cuckoo Wasp y y y y Colletes daviesanus y Colletes floralis Northern Colletes y y Colletes fodiens y Crabro peltarius y Crossocerus megacephalus y Crossocerus quadrimaculatus 4-Spotted Digger Wasp y Diodontus tristis Melancholy Black Wasp y Dipogon subintermedius y Dipogon variegatus y Ectemnius cephalotes y Ectemnius continuus y Embolemus ruddii y Epeolus variegatus y Evagetes crassicornis y Formica aquilonia Scottish Wood Ant y Formica exsecta Narrow-Headed Ant y y Formica fusca Negro Ant y Formica lugubris Northern Wood Ant y Formicoxenus nitidulus Shining Guest Ant y y Gorytes tumidus y Hedychridium ardens y Short Horned Yellow-Face Hylaeus brevicornis y Bee

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Criteria met Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Lasioglossum fulvicorne y Lasioglossum smeathmanellum y Lasioglossum villosulum y Lindenius albilabris y Mutilla europaea Large Velvet Ant y Nomada fabriciana Fabricius' Nomad Bee y Nomada leucophthalma y Nomada obtusifrons y Nomada robertjeotiana y y Omalus auratus y Osmia aurulenta Gold-Fringed Mason Bee y Osmia coerulescens Blue Mason Bee y Osmia inermis Mason bee y y y y Osmia parietina Wall Mason Bee y y y Osmia rufa Red Mason Bee y Osmia uncinata Mason bee y y y Common Spiny Digger Oxybelus uniglumis y Wasp Pompilus cinereus Leaden Spider Wasp y Priocnemis schioedtei y Psen dahlbomi y Sphecodes gibbus y Stelis punctulatissima y Symmorphus mutinensis y Tachysphex pompiliformis y Beetle Agabus uliginosus y Anacaena limbata y Bagous collignensis y Bagous lutulentus y Berosus luridus y Bidessus minutissimus Diving Beetle y y Cercyon alpinus y Cercyon atricapillus y Cercyon convexiusculus y Cercyon depressus y Cercyon melanocephalus y Cercyon quisquilius y Cercyon terminatus y Chrysanthia nigricornis y y Copelatus haemorrhoidalis y Cryptocephalus sexpunctatus 6 spotted pot beetle y y y Cryptopleurum minutum y Cyphon kongsbergensis y y Cyphon ochraceus y y Cyphon pubescens y Cyphon punctipennis y Donacia aquatica Reed beetle y y y Donacia cinerea y y Donacia crassipes Water-Lily Reed Beetle y

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Criteria met Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Donacia impressa y Donacia marginata y Donacia obscura y y Donacia sparganii y y Donacia thalassina y Donacia vulgaris y Dryops nitidulus y y Dryops similaris y y Elodes minuta y Elodes pseudominuta y y Enochrus quadripunctatus y y Enochrus testaceus y y Eubrychius velutus y Gyrinus distinctus y y Gyrinus paykulli y Gyrinus suffriani y y Haliplus apicalis y Helochares punctatus y Helophorus alternans y Helophorus griseus y Helophorus porculus y y Helophorus tuberculatus y y Heterocerus flexuosus y y Heterocerus fossor y y Heterocerus maritimus y y Hydraena pulchella y Hydraena pygmaea y y Hydrochus angustatus y Hydrochus brevis y Hydrochus elongatus y Hydroporus elongatulus y y Hydroporus glabriusculus y y Hydroporus longulus y Hydroporus rufifrons Diving Beetle y y Hygrotus versicolor y Ilybius wasastjernae y Laccobius atratus y y Macroplea appendiculata y y Megasternum obscurum y Notaris bimaculatus y Noterus crassicornis Smaller Noterus y Ochthebius auriculatus y Ochthebius lenensis y y Ochthebius punctatus y Ochthebius viridis y Oreodytes alpinus y Pelenomus canaliculatus y Plateumaris rustica y Poophagus sisymbrii y Prionocyphon serricornis y

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Criteria met Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Procas granulicollis Weevil y y y Rhantus frontalis y Rhantus suturalis y Scirtes hemisphaericus y Sphaeridium bipustulatum y Sphaeridium lunatum y Sphaeridium scarabaeoides y Thryogenes nereis y Butterfly Aricia artaxerxes Northern Brown Argus y y Boloria euphrosyne Pearl-bordered Fritillary y y Carterocephalus palaemon Chequered Skipper y y y Cupido minimus Small Blue y Erynnis tages tages Dingy Skipper y y Euphydryas aurinia aurinia Marsh Fritillary y y y Cricket/Grasshopper Leptophyes punctatissima Speckled Bush Cricket y Metrioptera brachyptera Bog Bush Cricket y Crustacea Austropotamobius pallipes Freshwater Crayfish y y y Triops cancriformis Tadpole Shrimp y y Damselfly Coenagrion hastulatum Northern Damselfly y Earwig Labia minor Lesser Earwig y Flea Ceratophyllus (Emmareus) y y y fionnus Fly Anasimyia transfuga y Beris morrisii y Blera fallax y y Bolitophila bimaculata y y Brachyopa insensilis y Chamaesyrphus caledonicus y y Cheilosia chrysocoma y Cheilosia latifrons Cheilosia sahlbergi y Diadocidia valida y y Dicranomyia omissinervis y y (=Limonia) Dictenidia bimaculata y Dysmachus trigonus y Hammerschmidtia ferruginea y Heringia pubescens y Hilaria medeteriformis y y Laphria flava y y Leptarthrus brevirostris y y Lipsothrix ecucullata y y y Lipsothrix errans y y y Medetera excellens y y

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Criteria met Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Melangyna barbifrons y Melangyna ericarum y Mycomya rosalba y y Nephrotoma aculeata y y Nephrotoma aculeata y y Nephrotoma analis y Nephrotoma cornicina y Nephrotoma guestfalica y Nephrotoma lunulicornis y y Nephrotoma scurra y Nigrotipula nigra y Oxycera pygmaea y Pamponerus germanicus y y Parasyrphus nigritarsis y Phronia persimilis y y Phronia sylvatica y y Platycheirus amplus y Prionocera pubescens y y Prionocera pubescens y y Rhabomastix laeta y y y Rhadiurgus variabilis y Rymosia speyae (=sp. nov. in y y Falk) Sphaerophoria loewi y Sphegina sibirica y Spiriverpa lunulata y y Stratiomys chamaeleon y y Strongylophthalmyia ustulata y y Tanyptera atrata y Tanyptera nigricornis y y Themira gracilis y y Thereva handlirschi y Thereva valida y y Tipula bistilata y y Tipula bistilata y y Tipula cava y Tipula hortorum y y Tipula invenusta y y Tipula laetabilis y Tipula limbata y Tipula luridorostris y y Tipula marginella y Tipula melanoceros y Tipula pabulina y Wiedemannia simplex y y (=impudica) Lacewing Hemerobius perelegans y Megalomus hirtus y y Leech Hirudo medicinalis

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Criteria met Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Mollusc Anodonta cygnea Swan mussel y Arion hortensis y Azeca goodalli Three-toothed moss snail y Candidula gigaxii y Cecilioides acicula Blind (or agate) snail y Cochlodina laminata Plaited door snail y Hydrobia ventrosa Spire Snail y Lymnaea glabra Mud pond snail y Margaritifera margaritifera Freshwater pearl mussel y y Monacha cantiana Kentish snail y Oxychilus helveticus Glossy glass snail y Pisidium conventus y y Pisidium henslowanum y Succinea oblonga Small amber snail y Theodoxus fluviatilis River nerite y Truncatellina cylindrica y y Vertigo alpestris Mountain whorl snail y Narrow-mouthed whorl Vertigo angustior y y y y snail Vertigo genesii y y y y Vertigo geyeri Whorl snail y y Vertigo modesta y y Moth Adscita statices Forester y Aethes rutilana y y Small Dark Yellow Anarta cordigera y y Underwing Apotomis infida y y Archinemapogon yildizae y Callisto coffeella y y Cossus cossus Goat Moth y Endromis versicolora Kentish Glory y Epione vespertaria Dark Bordered Beauty y y y Hadena caesia y Narrow-bordered Bee Hemaris tityus y y Hawk-moth Levipalpus hepatariella y y Macaria carbonaria Netted Mountain Moth y y Noctua orbona Lunar Yellow Underwing y y Periclepsis cinctana y y Protolampra sobrina Cousin German y y Rheumaptera hastata Argent & Sable y y Swammerdamia passerella y Synanthedon scoliaeformis Welsh Clearwing y y Thumatha senex Round-winged Muslin y Trichopteryx polycommata Barred Tooth-stripe y y Xestia alpicola Northern Dart y y Xestia rhomboidea Square-spotted Clay y Xylena exsoleta Sword-grass y Zygaena exulans subochracea Scotch Burnet y y y

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Criteria met Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Zygaena lonicerae jocelynae Talisker Burnet Moth y y y Zygaena loti scotica Slender Scotch Burnet y y Zygaena purpuralis Transparent Burnet y y caledonensis Zygaena viciae argyllensis New Forest Burnet y y y Spider Centromerus levitarsis y y Clubiona subsultans y y y Dictyna major y y Dipoena torva y Haplodrassus soerenseni y y Lepthyphantes antroniensis y y Mecynargus paetulus y Robertus scoticus y Stonefly Brachyptera putata y y True bug Aquarius najas River Skater y Gerris gibbifer y Hebrus ruficeps Sphagnum Bug y Plea minutissima y

Data Deficient List Many invertebrate species and invertebrate groups did not make the Scottish List and are presented within Table 3.6.4. For many invertebrate groups, there is general consensus, and in many cases confirmation from relevant specialists that due to restrictions on the availability of data in Scotland, such as under-recording in UK/Scotland, inaccessibility of data, unreliability of data, lack of up-to date information, they could not be reliable assessed as part of this process. Table 3.6.4 Invertebrate Data Deficient List

Latin Name Common Name Comments Beetle Chrysolina crassicornis Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus 10 spotted pot beetle Dyschirius angustatus Ground beetle Euheptaulacus sus Eutheia linearis Melanapion minimum Weevil Negastrius pulchellus Negastrius sabulicola Oedemera virescens Protapion ryei Weevil Thanatophilus dispar Bagus alsimatis Cercyon analis Cercyon lateralis Cercyon obsoletus Cercyon pygmaeus Cercyon unipunctatus

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Latin Name Common Name Comments Cymbiodyta marginellus Enicocerus exsculptus Haliplus ruficollis agg. Helophorus flavipes Hydraena flavipes Hydraena testacea Hygrobia hermanni Screech/Squeak Beetle Ilybius chalconatus Ilybius quadriguttatus Laccobius minutus Ochthebius lejolisii Pelenomus commari Rhanatus aberratus Stenelmis canaliculata Bristle tail/silverfish Group under-recorded Bryozoa Group under-recorded Group under-recorded in Caddisflies Scotland, Ian Wallace pers.comm. Cricket/Grasshopper Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Mole Cricket Crustacea Dragonfly/Damselfly Sympetrum nigrescens Highland Darter False scorpion Flatworms Fleas Fly Anatella pseudogibba Antichaeta brevipennis Arctoconopa melampodia Boletina digitata Boletina silvatica Borboropsis puberula Brevicornu fennicum Chamaesyrphus caledonicus Cheilosia sp.B (sensu Stubbs) Conisternum tinctinerve Cordyla insons Ctenophora pectinicornis Dicranomyia aperta (=Limonia) Dicranomyia magnicauda (=Limonia) Dicranomyia stylifera (=Limonia) Didea alneti Dolichopus latipennis Ectrepesthoneura pubescens Eroneura argus Eudicrana nigriceps Gonomyia connexa Heleodromia irwini Hercostomus sahlbergi Hilaria submaura Homalocephala albitarsis

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Latin Name Common Name Comments Lipsothrix nervosa Lispocephala rubricornis Macrocera zetterstedti Oldenbergielia brumalis Parhelophilus consimilis Phaonia amabilis (=rufiseta) Platyparea discoidea Pseudoseps signata (=Piophila) Rhabdomastix inclinata Rhamphomyia vesiculosa Rhipidia ctenophora Rocetelion humerale (=Cerotelion) Scatella callosicosta Sphaerophoria loewi Thricops separ Tipula coerulescens Tipula gimmerthali Tipula grisescens Tipula nubeculosa Tipula serrulifera Cranefly Tipula truncorum Urytalpa macrocera Gastrotrich Harvestman Jellyfish/Coral Lice/Tick Group under recorded in Scotland,

Mayfly Craig Macadam pers.comm. Millipede/Centipede Moth Anarta melanopa Broad-bordered White Underwing Priapulid/ Kinorhynch/Loriciferan Protozoa Protura Ribbon worm Groups under-recorded, David Sawfly/Parasitica Sheppard and Alan Stewart pers.comm. Segmented worms Spider Achaearanea tepidariorum Aelurillus v-insignitus Agalenatea redii Agraecina striata Agroeca brunnea Araneus marmoreus Arctosa alpigena Arctosa cinerea Arctosa leopardus Argenna patula Atypus affinis Purse Web Spider Baryphyma pratense

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Latin Name Common Name Comments Bianor aurocinctus Caviphantes saxetorum Cercidia prominens Cheiracanthium virescens Cicurina cicur Clubiona brevipes Clubiona norvegica Clubiona subsultans Clubiona subtilis Dictyna latens Dictyna pusilla Dismodicus elevatus Dolomedes fimbriatus Raft Spider Drassodes pubescens Dysdera erythrina Woodlouse Spider Entelecara acuminata Entelecara flavipes Erigone capra Erigone psychrophila Erigone welchi Gibbaranea gibbosa Gongylidiellum murcidum Hahnia pusilla Halorates distinctus Halorates holmgreni Heliophanus dampfi Hilaira nubigena Hylyphantes graminicola Hypsosinga albovittata Larinioides patagiatus Larinioides sclopetarius Lathys humilis Lepthyphantes complicatus Lepthyphantes insignis Lepthyphantes pinicola Maro lepidus Maro sublestus Mecopisthes peusi Megalepthyphantes nebulosus Meioneta mossica Micaria alpina Microlinyphia impigra Micrommata virescens Green spider Neon robustus Neriene radiata Notioscopus sarcinatus Oonops domesticus Pardosa agrestis Pardosa hortensis Pardosa prativaga Pardosa proxima Pardosa trailli

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Latin Name Common Name Comments Pelecopsis elongata Pelecopsis nemoralioides Philodromus emarginatus Philodromus histrio Philodromus margaritatus Philodromus praedatus Phrurolithus festivus Pirata latitans Pirata piscatorius Pirata tenuitarsis Porrhomma convexum Porrhomma microphthalmum Pseudeuophrys lanigera Psilochorus simoni Rugathodes bellicosus Scotina celans Semljicola caliginosus Silometopus incurvatus Simitidion simile Sitticus floricola Sitticus pubescens Talavera aequipes Talavera petrensis Tapinocyba insecta Tapinocyboides pygmaeus Taranucnus setosus Tegenaria agrestis Tegenaria atrica Tetragnatha striata Theridion familiare Theridion melanurum Theridion pictum Theridion tinctum Thyreosthenius biovatus Wabasso quaestio replicatus Walckenaeria dysderoides Walckenaeria incisa Xerolycosa miniata Xysticus audax Xysticus bifasciatus Xysticus sabulosus Xysticus ulmi Zora nemoralis Sponge Group under-recorded, Steve Springtail Hopkins pers.comm. Stonefly Thrips Tongue Worms Land Heteroptera under-recorded, True Bug Bernard Nau, pers.comm.. Arctocorisa carinata

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Latin Name Common Name Comments Sigara limitata Two-tailed bristle tail Water bear

Extinct List 29 species were considered extinct in Scotland shown in Table 3.6.5 below. Table 3.6.5 Invertebrate Extinct List

Latin Name Common name Bee/Ant/Wasp Ancistrocerus nigricornis Beetle Small Tiphia Tiphia minuta Ampedus tristis Bembidion testaceum Ground beetle Ceutorhynchus insularis Weevil Cryptocephalus coryli Hazed pot beetle Cryptocephalus primarius Leaf beetle Dromius quadrisignatus Ground beetle Meotica anglica Beetle Perileptus areolatus Ground beetle Rhynchaenus testaceus Jumping weevil Thinobius newberyi Rove beetle Fly Arctoconopa melampodia Atylotus fulvus Bolitophila fumida Brevicornu fennicum Dicranomyia stylifera Doros profuges Dorycera gramium Parasyrphus nigritarsis Parhelophilus consimillis Rhabdomastix inclinata Sphaerophoria loewi Tipula laetabilis Xylophagus junki Mollusc Helicigona lapicida Lapidary Snail Testacella haliotidea Common Shelled Slug Testacella scutulum Shield slug True Bug Sigara stagnalis

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Other information Additional information was provided by various specialists, and is summarised below. Murdo McDonald, who considered the Aculeata, within the Hymenoptera, commented that there are 164 species in Scotland, and a further 130 whose occurrence could not be certainly established in the time available. This means that the list of species occurring in Scotland is at least 164, and possibly 294, compared with a UK list + Channel Islands list of around 650. It should be considered likely that some species have not been included on the Scottish Biodiversity List because of lack of information. There are also additional species that have not been established certainly to occur in Scotland because of lack of time for this exercise, which may also qualify for inclusion on the list. Data were considered sufficient to assess the species against the criteria at the present state of knowledge, but this does not preclude the possibility that there are not the full data on some of these species and that future recording may give a different picture. Data for declines are deficient for most species, and declining species are caught in other criteria (e.g. UKBAP).

Mayflies – Craig Macadam There is a gap in the knowledge with regard to mayfly distribution in Scotland; additional information from SEPA may make the status of certain species more clear in future reviews of this process.

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3.7 Fish Contributors Dr. Peter Maitland, a leading freshwater biologist, acted as the co-ordinator for the freshwater fish. No consultees were involved in the preparation of this part of the Scottish List. Data used In order to evaluate the species, data were compiled from the sources given in Table 3.7.1 below.

Table 3.7.1. Freshwater fish data sources Data source Davies C, Shelley J, Harding P, McLean I, Gardiner R & Peirson G (2004) Freshwater fishes in Britain: the species and their distribution. Harley, Colchester. Elliott, J M & Mann, K H (1979) A key to the British freshwater leeches. Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association, 40, 1-72. Elliott, J M & Tullett, P A (1982) Provisional atlas of the freshwater leeches of the British Isles. Occasional Publication of the Freshwater Biological Association, 14, 1-31. Maitland P S, Phillips D S & Gaywood M J (2000) Notes on distinguishing the cocoons and the juveniles of Hirudo medicinalis and Haemopsis sanguisuga (Hirudinea). Journal of Natural History, 34, 685-692. Maitland, P.S. (1972) A key to the freshwater fishes of the British Isles, with notes on their distribution and ecology. Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association, 27, 1-137. Maitland, P.S. (2004) Keys to the freshwater fish of Britain and Ireland, with notes on their distribution and ecology. Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association, 62, 1-248. Mann K H (1964) A key to the British freshwater leeches with notes on their ecology. Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association, 14, 1-50. Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 10 freshwater fish species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.7.2 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.4. Table 3.7.2 Freshwater fish Scottish Biodiversity List species Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Acipenser sturio Common sturgeon y y y Alosa alosa Allis shad y y y y Alosa fallax Twaite shad y y y y Coregonus albula Vendace y y y y Coregonus lavaretus Whitefish y y Osmerus eperlanus Smelt y y Salmo salar Atlantic salmon y y Lampetra fluviatilis River lamprey y Lampetra planeri Brook lamprey y Petromyzon marinus Sea lamprey y

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Data Deficient List 3 freshwater fish species were considered to be data deficient, given in Table 3.7.3 below. Table 3.7.3 Freshwater Fish Data Deficient List species

Latin name Common name Salmo x Salvelinus Salmo trutta x Salvelinus fontanilis Trout x brook charr Salmo trutta x Salmo salar Trout x salmon

Extinct List No freshwater fish species were considered extinct in Scotland. Other information Peter Maitland commented that the distribution of freshwater fish species in the UK is quite well known, but detailed information on the number of populations or of population dynamics is poor in most cases, except rare species. Thus the number of Hydrometric Areas with each species is a useful finite number to use.

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3.8 Vascular Plants Contributors Nick Stewart, independent vascular plant and stonewort (charophyte) specialist, acted as the co- ordinator for the vascular plants. The persons listed in Table 3.4.1 below received data compiled by Nick Stewart, and their comments were incorporated to create the final vascular plant list. Table 3.8.1. Vascular plant consultees Consultee name Affiliation Douglas McKean Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Heather McHaffee Royal Botanic Garden Jim McIntosh BSBI Lynne Farrell SNH Ro Scott SNH Chris Sydes SNH Deborah Long Plant Life Scottish Officer Chris Cheffings JNCC Data used In order to evaluate the species, data were compiled from the sources given in Table 1.4.2 below. Table 3.8.2. Vascular plant data sources Data source Notes and comments Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (2002) New For: native status, presence in Scotland, numbers atlas of the British flora. Oxford University Press, Oxford. of hectad records www.ukbap.org.uk For UKBAP status Cheffings, C.M. & Farrell, L. (eds.) (2005) Species Status No.7: The vascular plant Red Data List for Great Britain. For Red list and rarity status J.N.C.C., Peterborough C.M.Cheffings in litt For population declines Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 236 vascular plant species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.4.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.4. Table 3.8.3 Vascular plant Scottish Biodiversity List species SO Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b 1 Alchemilla glaucescens Lady's mantle y Allium oleraceum Field Garlic y y Alopecurus myosuroides Black-grass y Anacamptis morio (formerly Orchis morio) Green-winged Orchid y y Anagallis arvensis y Apium graveolens Wild Celery y Arabis alpina Alpine Rock-cress y y

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SO Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b 1 Arenaria norvegica Sandwort y Artemisia norvegica Norwegian Mugwort y y y Asplenium obovatum Lanceolate Spleenwort y y Astragalus alpinus Alpine Milk-vetch y y Athyrium distentifolium var. flexile (formerly A. flexile) Alpine Lady-fern y y y y Bartsia alpina Alpine Bartsia y Brassica oleracea Wild Cabbage y Bromus secalinus Rye Brome y y Calamagrostis purpurea Scandinavian Small-reed y y Calamagrostis scotica Scottish Small-reed y y y y Calamagrostis stricta Narrow Small-reed y Blunt-fruited Water- Callitriche obtusangula starwort y Narrow-fruited Water- Callitriche palustris starwort y y Campanula glomerata Clustered Bellflower y Campanula rapunculus Rampion Bellflower y y y Narrow-leaved Bitter- Cardamine impatiens cress y Carex appropinquata Fibrous Tussock-sedge y Carex atrofusca Scorched Alpine-sedge y y Carex buxbaumii Club Sedge y y Carex chordorrhiza String Sedge y y Carex divulsa Grey Sedge y Carex elata Tufted-sedge y Carex elongata Elongated Sedge y Carex lachenalii Hare's-foot Sedge y y Carex maritima Curved Sedge y Carex microglochin Bristle Sedge y y Close-headed Alpine- Carex norvegica sedge y Carex punctata Dotted Sedge y Carex rariflora Mountain Bog-sedge y Carex recta Estuarine Sedge y y Carum carvi Caraway y Centaurea cyanus Cornflower y y Centaurea scabiosa Greater Knapweed y Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury y Cerastium fontanum scoticum A mouse-ear y y y y Cerastium nigrescens Arctic Mouse-ear y y y y Chelidonium majus Greater Celandine y y Chenopodium bonus-henricus Good-King-Henry y Cicerbita alpina Alpine Blue-sow-thistle y y Cichorium intybus Chicory y

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SO Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b 1 Clinopodium acinos Basil Thyme y y Coronopus squamatus Swine-cress y Crassula aquatica Pigmyweed y y Crepis mollis Northern Hawk's-beard y y Crithmum maritimum Rock Samphire y Cystopteris dickieana Dickie's Bladder-fern y y y Cystopteris montana Mountain Bladder-fern y y Dactylorhiza ebudensis (formerly part of Dactylorhiza majalis) A marsh-orchid y y y Diapensia lapponica Diapensia y y Diphasiastrum complanatum Issler's Clubmoss y y Draba incana Hoary Whitlowgrass y Eleocharis austriaca Northern Spike-rush y y Eleocharis parvula Dwarf Spike-rush y y Epipactis leptochila (formerly E. Narrow-lipped muelleri) Helleborine y y Epipactis palustris Marsh Helleborine y y Erigeron borealis Alpine Fleabane y Eriocaulon aquaticum Pipewort y Erodium lebelii Sticky Stork's-bill y Erodium maritimum Sea Stork's-bill y Erodium moschatum Musk Stork's-bill y Eryngium maritimum Sea-holly y Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge y Euphrasia anglica Eyebright y Euphrasia campbelliae Eyebright y y y y y Euphrasia heslop-harrisonii Eyebright y y y Euphrasia marshallii Eyebright y y y Euphrasia rotundifolia Eyebright y y y y Fallopia convolvulus Black-bindweed y Filago vulgaris Common Cudweed y Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort y Fumaria capreolata White Ramping-fumitory y Fumaria purpurea Purple Ramping-fumitory y y Large-flowered Hemp- Galeopsis speciosa nettle y Gentiana nivalis Alpine Gentian y y Gentianella uliginosa Dune Gentian y y y Geranium columbinum Long-stalked Crane's-bill y Gnaphalium sylvaticum Heath Cudweed y Gymnocarpium robertianum Limestone Fern y y Hieracium attenuatifolium y y Hieracium backhousei y y Hieracium calvum y y Hieracium graniticola y y

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SO Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b 1 Hieracium grovesii y Hieracium insigne y y Hieracium kennethii y y Hieracium larigense y y Hieracium leptodon y y Hieracium macrocarpum y Hieracium milesii y Hieracium northroense Northroe Hawkweed y y Hieracium notabile y y Hieracium optimum y y Hieracium perscitum y Hieracium probum y Hieracium pseudocurvatum y y Hieracium pseudopetiolatum y Hieracium sect. Alpestria y Hieracium subgracilentipes y Hieracium zetlandicum Shetland Hawkweed y y Hierochloe odorata Holy-grass y Homogyne alpina Purple Colt's-foot y y Hordelymus europaeus Wood Barley y Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla y y Hyoscyamus niger Henbane y Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's-ear y y Inula conyzae Ploughman's-spikenard y Inula crithmoides Golden-samphire y Juncus compressus Round-fruited Rush y Juniperus communis Juniper y Kobresia simpliciuscula False Sedge y Koenigia islandica Iceland-purslane y Lathyrus japonicus Sea Pea y Lathyrus palustris Marsh Pea y Narrow-leaved Lathyrus sylvestris Everlasting-pea y Legousia hybrida Venus's-looking-glass y Lepidium campestre Field Pepperwort y Limonium recurvum y y y Linnaea borealis Twinflower y Linum perenne Perennial Flax y Lithospermum officinale Common Gromwell y y Narrow-leaved Lotus glaber bird's-foot-trefoil y Luzula arcuata Curved Wood-rush y Lychnis alpina Alpine Catchfly y y Lycopodiella inundata Marsh Clubmoss y

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SO Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b 1 Lythrum hyssopifolia Grass-poly y y y Melampyrum sylvaticum Small Cow-wheat y y Mentha arvensis Corn Mint y Minuartia rubella Mountain Sandwort y y Minuartia sedoides Cyphel y One-flowered Moneses uniflora Wintergreen y Monotropa hypopitys Yellow Bird's-nest y Myosotis alpestris Alpine Forget-me-not y y Najas flexilis Slender Naiad y y Oenanthe fistulosa Tubular Water-dropwort y y Ononis reclinata Small Restharrow y y Ononis spinosa Spiny Restharrow y y Orobanche hederae Ivy Broomrape y Orobanche rapum-genistae Greater Broomrape y Oxytropis campestris Yellow Oxytropis y y Oxytropis halleri Purple Oxytropis y Papaver argemone Prickly Poppy y y Papaver hybridum Rough Poppy y y y Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia y Phyllodoce caerulea Blue Heath y y Picris hieracioides Hawkweed Oxtongue y Shetland Mouse-ear- Pilosella flagellaris hawkweed y y Pilularia globulifera Pillwort y y Plantago media Hoary Plantain y Platanthera bifolia Lesser Butterfly-orchid y y Platanthera chlorantha Greater Butterfly-orchid y y Poa flexuosa Wavy Meadow-grass y Polygonatum verticillatum Whorled Solomon's-seal y Polygonum rurivagum Cornfield Knotgrass y Polystichum lonchitis Holly-fern y y Populus nigra Black-poplar y Potamogeton compressus Grass-wrack Pondweed y y y Potamogeton epihydrus American Pondweed y y Potamogeton rutilus Shetland Pondweed y y Potamogeton trichoides Hairlike Pondweed y Potentilla argentea Hoary Cinquefoil y Potentilla rupestris Rock Cinquefoil y y Primula scotica Scottish Primrose y y Pyrola media Intermediate Wintergreen y Ranunculus reptans Creeping Spearwort y y Ranunculus sardous Hairy Buttercup y y Rosa tomentosa Harsh Downy-rose y y

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SO Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b 1 Rubus caesius Dewberry y Rumex aquaticus Scottish Dock y y Rumex maritimus Golden Dock y Ruppia cirrhosa Spiral Tasselweed y Sagina nivalis Snow Pearlwort y y Sagina saginoides Alpine Pearlwort y Salix lanata Woolly Willow y y Salix lapponum Downy Willow y Salsola kali Saltwort y Salvia verbenaca Wild Clary y y Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder y Sanguisorba minor Salad Burnet y y Saxifraga cernua Drooping Saxifrage y y Saxifraga cespitosa Tufted Saxifrage y Saxifraga hirculus Marsh Saxifrage y y y y Saxifraga hypnoides Mossy Saxifrage y Saxifraga rivularis Highland Saxifrage y Scheuchzeria palustris Rannoch-rush y y Schoenus ferrugineus Brown Bog-rush y y Scleranthus annuus Annual Knawel y Serratula tinctoria Saw-wort y Sesleria caerulea Blue Moor-grass y y Sherardia arvensis Field Madder y Silene noctiflora Night-flowering Catchfly y y Silene nutans Nottingham Catchfly y Silybum marianum Milk Thistle y Sinapis alba White Mustard y Sinapis arvensis Charlock y Sorbus arranensis A whitebeam y y y y Sorbus pseudofennica Arran Service-tree y y y y Spiranthes romanzoffiana Irish Lady's-tresses y y Stachys arvensis Field Woundwort y Stellaria neglecta Greater Chickweed y y Taraxacum clovense y y Taraxacum cymbifolium y Taraxacum geirhildae y y Taraxacum hirsutissimum y Taraxacum serpenticola y Taraxacum xiphoideum y Teesdalia nudicaulis Shepherd's Cress y Thelypteris palustris Marsh Fern y y y Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine Penny-cress y Torilis nodosa Knotted Hedge-parsley y Trichomanes speciosum Killarney Fern y y y y y

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SO Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b 1 Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry Clover y Trifolium micranthum Slender Trefoil y Tuberaria guttata Spotted Rock-rose y y Valerianella carinata Keeled-fruited Cornsalad y Vicia bithynica Bithynian Vetch y Vicia lutea Yellow-vetch y Vicia orobus Wood Bitter-vetch y Viola reichenbachiana Early Dog-violet y Viola tricolor Wild Pansy y Viscum album Mistletoe y Wahlenbergia hederacea Ivy-leaved Bellflower y y Woodsia alpina Alpine Woodsia y Woodsia ilvensis Oblong Woodsia y y y Hyacinthoides non-scripta bluebell y Campanula rotundifolia harebell y Pinus sylvestris Scots pine y Calluna vulgaris heather y Cirsium sp. thistle y Quercus sp. oak y

Data Deficient List 27 vascular plants were considered to be data deficient, given in Table 3.8.4 below. Table 3.8.4 Vascular Plant Data Deficient List species

Latin name Common name Comments Would qualify under criterion 5 but apparent decline probably due Atriplex glabriuscula Babington's Orache to recording difficulties Atriplex longipes Long-stalked Orache Would qualify under criterion 4 but probably under-recorded Carex salina A sedge Newly discovered in UK. Where is it? Cochlearia atlantica A scurveygrass Under taxonomic review Cochlearia micacea Mountain Scurvygrass Under taxonomic review Cochlearia scotica A scurveygrass Under taxonomic review (Formerly part of D. majalis). Would qualify under criteria 3 and Dactylorhiza occidentalis A marsh-orchid 4. Erophila majuscula Hairy Whitlowgrass Probably much under-recorded Euphrasia arctica Apparent large decline is probably due to under-recording Euphrasia confusa Apparent large decline is probably due to under-recording Euphrasia foulaensis Apparent large decline is probably due to under-recording Euphrasia frigida Apparent large decline is probably due to under-recording Euphrasia micrantha Apparent large decline is probably due to under-recording Apparent large decline is probably due to under-recording but Euphrasia rostkoviana national status may mean that it is worth more consideration Euphrasia tetraquetra Apparent large decline is probably due to under-recording Festuca lemanii Confused Fescue Under-recorded Hieracium various spp. Hawkweeds Further work is needed before the status of many of the species in

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Latin name Common name Comments this group can be assessed Apparent decline thought to be due to past confusion with M. Melilotus altissimus Tall Melilot officinalis. Possibly now increasing National status not allocated because of doubts over whether a Rhinanthus angustifolius Greater Yellow-rattle neophyte. Otherwise would qualify under criteria 3 and 4. Further work is needed before the status of many of the species in Rubus fruticosus agg. Bramble this group can be assessed Salicornia europaea Under-recorded due to taxonomic difficulties Salicornia fragilis Yellow Glasswort Under-recorded due to taxonomic difficulties Salicornia nitens Shiny Glasswort Under-recorded due to taxonomic difficulties Salicornia ramosissima Purple Glasswort Under-recorded due to taxonomic difficulties Taraxacum gotlandicum A dandelion Insufficient data Further work is needed before the status of many of the species in Taraxacum officinale agg. Dandelion this group can be assessed Utricularia ochroleuca A bladderwort Insufficient data

Extinct List 53 vascular plant species were considered extinct in Scotland (no longer present or occurring only as neophyte or casual occurrences), shown in Table 3.8.4. Table 3.8.4 Vascular Plant Extinct List species Latin name Common name Agrostemma githago Corncockle Allium schoenoprasum Chives Alopecurus aequalis Orange Foxtail Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile Anthemis cotula Stinking Chamomile Arabis glabra Tower Mustard Arctium lappa Greater Burdock Bupleurum rotundifolium Thorow-wax Carex strigosa Thin-spiked Wood-sedge Centaurea calcitrapa Red Star-thistle Cuscuta epithymum Dodder Cystopteris alpina Alpine Bladder-fern Dryopteris cristata Crested Buckler-fern Euphorbia exigua Dwarf Spurge Euphorbia platyphyllos Broad-leaved Spurge Filago gallica Narrow-leaved Cudweed Filago pyramidata Broad-leaved Cudweed Frangula alnus Alder Buckthorn Galeopsis angustifolia Red Hemp-nettle Galeopsis segetum Downy Hemp-nettle Galium tricornutum Corn Cleavers Groenlandia densa Opposite-leaved Pondweed Hordeum marinum Sea Barley Hornungia petraea Hutchinsia Illecebrum verticillatum Coral-necklace Lepidium ruderale Narrow-leaved Pepperwort

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Latin name Common name Lithospermum arvense Field Gromwell Lolium temulentum Darnel Mercurialis annua Annual Mercury Minuartia hybrida Fine-leaved Sandwort Nepeta cataria Cat-mint Oenanthe aquatica Fine-leaved Water-dropwort Pimpinella major Greater Burnet-saxifrage Pinguicula alpina Alpine Butterwort Primula farinosa Bird's-eye Primrose Rosa agrestis Small-leaved Sweet-briar Rosa micrantha Small-flowered Sweet-briar Rubus arcticus Arctic Bramble Rumex palustris Marsh Dock Sagina procumbens f. boydii (was S. boydii) Boyd's Pearlwort Sarcoconia perennis Perennial Glasswort Senecio cambrensis Welsh Groundsel Senecio erucifolius Hoary Ragwort Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd's-needle Silene conica Sand Catchfly Silene gallica Small-flowered Catchfly Sium latifolium Greater Water-parsnip Thalictrum flavum Common Meadow-rue Torilis arvensis Spreading Hedge-parsley Trichophorum alpinum Cotton Deergrass Valerianella dentata Narrow-fruited Cornsalad Valerianella rimosa Broad-fruited Cornsalad Verbena officinalis Vervain

Other information Nick Stewart also produced a paper to accompany the List, entitled ‘Assessment of the vascular plant species that qualify for the Scottish Biodiversity Long List’. This report gives information and comments for species considered for the list, and also discusses several issues relating to the application of the criteria to vascular plants. The report is given in full in Appendix 2G. One important issue raised by Nick Stewart is the lack of species on the Scottish Biodiversity List considered Nationally Scarce which are thought to be declining or under threat and whose UK population is often largely in Scotland. A full discussion of the development of the criteria was given in the Phase 1 report.1 Consultees from the BSBI expressed concern that the list seems to lack “Scottishness”, owing to a lack of a criterion for species which have a significant proportion (say, more than 50%) of their UK populations in Scotland. The number of additional vascular plant species would be small as many such species have already been selected by other criteria, but several species which are held in high regard by Scottish botanists would be added to the list such as Ajuga pyramidalis, Betula

1 Scott Wilson, 2005.

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Scottish Biodiversity List Part 2 Technical Report nana, Carex magellanica, Corallorhiza trifida, Mertensia maritima, Meum athamanticum and Sedum villosum. Also of note are three species which fail the criteria but whose Scottish population is nevertheless limited to a small number of individuals, and the inclusion of some species of lower conservation value which are at the edge of their range and more common in England and Wales.

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3.9 Bryophytes Contributors Ben Averis, an independent bryologist, botanist and vegetation specialist, compiled the bryophyte species for inclusion on the list. The persons in table 3.9.1 below acted as consultees. Table 3.9.1 Bryophyte consultees Consultee name Affiliation Gordon Rothero Independent expert bryologist Dr David Long Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Data used In order to evaluate the species, the data sources given in Table 3.9.2 below were used. Table 3.9.2 Bryophyte data sources Data source Notes and comments Hill, M.O., Preston, C.D. & Smith, A.J.E. 3-volume atlas with 10 km square distribution maps for all British (eds.) (1991, 1992, 1994). Atlas of the and Irish bryophyte species. Maps show whether 10 km square Bryophytes of Britain and Ireland. 3 vols. records are pre-1950 or post-1950. This is the data source where Harley Books, Colchester, Essex. 'since 1950' is included in columns AC and AF. Church, J.M., Hodgetts, N.G., Preston, British Bryophyte Red Data Book, giving information about habitats C.D. & Stewart, N.F. (2001). British Red etc for RDB species, and number of 10 km square records (post- Data Books: Mosses and Liverworts. 1970 and all records). This is the data source where 'since 1970' is Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation included in columns AC and AF, though in some cases the number Committee. of 10km square records has been updated from information provided by G.P. Rothero (pers. comm.) Long, D.G., Paton, J.A., Squirrell, J., Paper describing the separation of the plant previously known in Woodhead, M. & Hollingsworth, P.M. (in Scotland as Anastrophyllum joergensenii into two species: A. prep.). Morphological, ecological and joergensenii (which is Nationally Rare) and A. alpinum (Nationally genetic evidence for distinguishing Scarce). Anastrophyllum joergensenii Schiffn. and A. alpinum Steph. (Hepaticae; Lophoziaceae). G.P. Rothero, pers. comm. Expert bryologist whose work has contributed greatly to the production and ongoing revision of the bryophyte Red Data Book and UKBAP bryophyte list. Gordon provided me with information about possible future changes to the British bryophyte Red Data Book list and the UKBAP bryophyte list. Dr David Long (RBGE) Expert bryologist whose work has contributed greatly to the production and ongoing revision of the bryophyte Red Data Book and UKBAP bryophyte list. Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 208 bryophyte species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.9.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.4.

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Table 3.9.3 Bryophyte Scottish Biodiversity List species Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Acrobolbus wilsonii Wilson's Pouchwort y Adelanthus lindenbergianus Lindenberg's Featherwort y y y Anastrophyllum alpinum y Anastrophyllum joergensenii Joergensen's Notchwort y Anastrophyllum saxicola Curled Notchwort y y Athalamia hyalina y y Barbilophozia kunzeana Bog Pawwort y Barbilophozia quadriloba Four-fingered Pawwort y Cephalozia ambigua Snow Pincerwort y y Cephaloziella elachista Spurred Threadwort y y Cephaloziella stellulifera Heath Threadwort y Cephaloziella turneri Turner's Threadwort y Dumortiera hirsuta Dumortier's Liverwort y Fossombronia angulosa Greater Frillwort y Fossombronia fimbriata Fragile Frillwort y Geocalyx graveolens Turps Pouchwort y Gymnocolea acutiloba Welsh Notchwort y y Gymnomitrion apiculatum Pointed Frostwort y y Gymnomitrion corallioides Coral Frostwort y Herbertus borealis Northern Prongwort y y y Jamesoniella undulifolia Marsh Flapwort y y y Jungermannia leiantha Long-leaved Flapwort y y Jungermannia polaris Arctic Flapwort y y Leiocolea gillmanii Gillman's Notchwort y Leiocolea rutheana rutheana y y y Lejeunea holtii Holt's Pouncewort y y Lejeunea mandonii Atlantic Pouncewort y y y Lophozia wenzelii Wenzel's Notchwort y y Marsupella arctica Arctic Rustwort y y Marsupella boeckii Boeck's Rustwort y y Marsupella condensata Compact Rustwort y y Marsupella sparsifolia Rounded Rustwort y y Marsupella stableri Stabler's rustwort y Nardia breidleri Book Flapwort y Odontoschisma macounii Macoun's Flapwort y y Pedinophyllum interruptum Craven Featherwort y Petalophyllum ralfsii Petalwort y y y Radula carringtonii Carrington's Scalewort y Riccia canaliculata Channelled Crystalwort y y Riccia crystallina Blue Crystalwort y y Riccia huebeneriana Violet Crystalwort y y y Scapania curta Least Earwort y y Scapania gymnostomophila Narrow-lobed Earwort y Scapania paludosa Floppy Earwort y Scapania parvifolia Obscure Earwort y y Scapania praetervisa Ciliate Earwort y y Aloina brevirostris Short-beaked Aloe-moss y Aloina rigida Rigid Aloe-moss y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Amblystegium confervoides Tiny Feather-moss y Amblystegium humile Constricted Feather-moss y Amblystegium radicale Swamp Feather-moss y y Andreaea alpestris Slender Rock-moss y Andreaea blyttii Blytt's Rock-moss y Andreaea frigida Icy Rock-moss y y y Andreaea nivalis Snow Rock-moss y Andreaea sinuosa Small-spored Rock-moss y y Anomodon attenuatus Slender Tail-moss y y Anomodon longifolius Long-leaved Tail-moss y y Aongstroemia longipes Sprig-moss y y Aphanorhegma patens Spreading Earth-moss y Aplodon wormskjoldii Carrion-moss y y y Blindia caespiticia Dwarf Blindia y y Brachythecium erythrorrhizon Redfoot Feather-moss y y Brachythecium glaciale Snow Feather-moss y Brachythecium reflexum Reflexed Feather-moss y Brachythecium starkei Starke's Feather-moss y y Brachythecium trachypodium Lawers Feather-moss y y Bryoerythrophyllum caledonicum Scottish Beard-moss y y y Bryum archangelicum Archangelic Thread-moss y y Bryum calophyllum Blunt Bryum y y Bryum creberrimum Tight-tufted Thread-moss y y Bryum cyclophyllum Round-leaved Bryum y y y Bryum dixonii Dixon's Thread-moss y Bryum donianum Don's Thread-moss y Bryum elegans Blushing Bryum y Many-seasoned Thread- Bryum intermedium y moss Bryum knowltonii Knowlton's Thread-moss y y Bryum marratii Baltic Bryum y y Bryum muehlenbeckii Muehlenbeck's Thread-moss y y Bryum neodamense Long-leaved Thread-moss y y y Bryum salinum Saltmarsh Thread-moss y y Bryum schleicheri latifolium Schleicher's Thread-moss y y Bryum torquescens Twisting Thread-moss y Bryum warneum Warne's Thread-moss y y y y Buxbaumia viridis Green Shield-Moss y y y y Campylophyllum halleri Haller's Feather-moss y y Campylopus pilifer Stiff Swan-neck Moss y Campylopus setifolius Silky Swan-neck Moss y Campylostelium saxicola Bent-moss y Cirriphyllum cirrosum Tendril Feather-moss y y Coscinodon cribrosus Sieve-tooth Moss y Ctenidium procerrimum Alpine Comb-moss y y Cyclodictyon laetevirens Bright-green Cave-moss y y Cynodontium strumiferum Strumose Dog-tooth y y Cynodontium tenellum Delicate Dog-tooth y Daltonia splachnoides Irish Daltonia y Dichodontium flavescens Yellowish Fork-moss y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Dicranella grevilleana Greville's Forklet-moss y Dicranum flagellare Whip Fork-moss y y Dicranum leioneuron Fuzzy Fork-moss y y Dicranum subporodictyon Rusty Bow-moss y Didymodon acutus Pointed Beard-moss y Didymodon icmadophilus Slender Beard-moss y Didymodon mamillosus Perthshire Beard-moss y y y Didymodon nicholsonii Nicholson's Beard-moss y Discelium nudum Flag-moss y Ditrichum flexicaule Bendy Ditrichum y y Ditrichum plumbicola Lead-moss y y y Entosthodon fascicularis Hasselquist's Hyssop y Epipterygium tozeri Tozer's Thread-moss y Eurhynchium pulchellum Elegant Feather-moss y y Eurhynchium schleicheri Twist-tip Feather-moss y Lesser Striated Feather- Eurhynchium striatulum y moss Fissidens polyphyllus Many-leaved Pocket-moss y Fissidens rivularis River Pocket-moss y Funaria pulchella Pretty Cord-moss y y Grimmia anodon Toothless Grimmia y y Grimmia incurva Black Grimmia y y Grimmia laevigata Hoary Grimmia y y Grimmia ovalis Flat-rock Grimmia y Grimmia tergestina Dapple-mouthed Grimmia y y Grimmia ungeri y y Grimmia unicolor Dingy Grimmia y y Habrodon perpusillus Lesser Squirrel-tail Moss y Hamatocaulis vernicosus Varnished Hook-moss y y y Hedwigia ciliata Fringed Hoar-moss y y Heterocladium dimorphum Dimorphous Tamarisk-moss y y Homomallium incurvatum Incurved Feather-moss y y Hygrohypnum molle Soft Brook-moss y y Hygrohypnum polare Polar Brook-moss y y Hygrohypnum smithii Arctic Brook-moss y Hygrohypnum styriacum Snow Brook-moss y y Hymenostylium insigne Robust Tufa-moss y Hypnum bambergeri Golden Plait-moss y Hypnum revolutum Revolute Plait-moss y y Hypnum vaucheri Vaucher's Plait-moss y y Microbryum curvicolle Swan-necked Earth-moss y Microbryum rectum Upright Pottia y Microbryum starkeanum Starke's Pottia y Mielichhoferia elongata Elongate Copper-moss y y Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana Alpine Copper-moss y y Mnium ambiguum Ambiguous Thyme-moss y y Mnium spinosum Spinose Thyme-moss y Myrinia pulvinata Flood-moss y Myurella tenerrima Dwarf Mouse-tail Moss y y Oncophorus wahlenbergii Wahlenberg's Spur-moss y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Orthodontium gracile Slender Thread-moss y y y Orthotrichum gymnostomum Aspen Bristle-moss y y y Orthotrichum obtusifolium Blunt-leaved Bristle-moss y y y Orthotrichum pallens Pale Bristle-moss y y y Orthotrichum pumilum Dwarf Bristle-moss y y Orthotrichum speciosum Showy Bristle-moss y Orthotrichum sprucei Spruce's Bristle-moss y y Palustriella commutata sulcata y y Palustriella decipiens Lesser Curled Hook-moss y Paraleucobryum longifolium Long-leaved Fork-moss y Philonotis rigida Rigid Apple-moss y Philonotis tomentella Woolly Apple-moss y Physcomitrium sphaericum Dwarf Bladder-moss y y Pictus scoticus Pict-moss y y y y Plagiobryum demissum Alpine Hump-moss y y Plagiomnium medium Alpine Thyme-moss y Platygyrium repens Flat-brocade Moss y Pohlia andalusica Gravel Thread-moss y y Pohlia obtusifolia Blunt-leaved Thread-moss y y Pohlia scotica Scottish Thread-moss y y y Pseudoleskea incurvata Brown Mountain Leskea y Pseudoleskeella nervosa Nerved Leskea y y Pseudoleskeella rupestris Wispy Leskea y Pterygoneurum ovatum Oval-leaved Pottia y Ptychodium plicatum Plaited Leskea y Racomitrium himalayanum Himalayan Fringe-moss y y Racomitrium macounii Macoun's Fringe-moss y Rhynchostegium megapolitanum Megapolitan Feather-moss y Saelania glaucescens Blue Dew-moss y y Sanionia orthothecioides St Kilda Hook-moss y Schistidium agassizii Water Grimmia y y Schistidium atrofuscum Black Mountain Grimmia y y Schistidium confertum Compact Grimmia y Schistostega pennata Luminous Moss y Scleropodium cespitans Tufted Feather-moss y Scleropodium tourettii Glass-wort Feather-moss y Scorpidium turgescens Turgid Scorpion-moss y y Seligeria acutifolia Sharp Rock-bristle y Seligeria diversifolia Long Rock-bristle y y Seligeria trifaria Trifid Rock-bristle y Sphagnum balticum Baltic Bog-moss y y y Sphagnum majus Olive Bog-moss y y Sphagnum riparium Cleft Bog-moss y Sphagnum skyense Skye bog-moss y y Stegonia latifolia Hood-leaved Screw-moss y Syntrichia norvegica Norway Screw-moss y y Syntrichia princeps Brown Screw-moss y Tayloria lingulata Tongue-leaved Gland-moss y y Tayloria tenuis Slender Gland-moss y y Thuidium abietinum abietinum Fir Tamarisk-moss y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Timmia austriaca Sheathed Timmia y y Timmia norvegica Norway Timmia y Tortella fragilis Brittle Crisp-moss y Tortula canescens Dog Screw-moss y Tortula leucostoma Alpine Pottia y y Tortula marginata Bordered Screw-moss y Tortula protobryoides Tall Pottia y Weissia brachycarpa brachycarpa y Weissia controversa crispata y Weissia controversa wimmeriana y y Weissia longifolia longifolia y Weissia rostellata Beaked Beardless-moss y y

Data Deficient List One bryophyte species was considered to be data deficient in Scotland (it is uncertain whether it is native or introduced), given in table 3.9.4 below. In the expert opinion of the specialist, evidence of rarity for other species was deemed sufficient to allow assessment for the Scottish List. Table 3.9.4 Bryophyte data deficient species

Latin name Common name Hennediella stanfordensis Stanford Screw-moss

Extinct List 28 bryophyte species were considered extinct in Scotland, shown in table 3.12.5 below. Table 3.9.5 Bryophyte extinct species Latin name Common name Encalypta brevicollis White-mouthed Extinguisher-moss Grimmia elatior Large Grimmia Trematodon ambiguus Ambiguous Long-necked Moss Tortella limosella Arisaig Crisp-moss Lescuraea saxicola Rock Feather-moss Seligeria carniolica Water Rock-bristle Funaria muhlenbergii Muhlenberg's Cord-moss Grimmia elongata Brown Grimmia Plagiothecium latebricola Alder Silk-moss Thuidium abietinum hystricosum Prickly Tamarisk-moss Weissia condensa Curly Beardless-moss Weissia controversa densifolia Weissia squarrosa Spreading-leaved Beardless-moss Dicranum elongatum Dense Fork-moss Lophozia longiflora Reddish Notchwort Atrichum angustatum Lesser Smoothcap Bartramia stricta Upright Apple-moss Brachythecium salebrosum Smooth-stalk Feather-moss Bryum arcticum Arctic Thread-moss Bryum turbinatum Topshape Thread-moss

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Latin name Common name Bryum uliginosum Cernuous Thread-moss Cynodontium fallax False Dog-tooth Cynodontium polycarpon Many-fruited Dog-tooth Neckera pennata Feathered Neckera Philonotis cernua Swan-necked Apple-moss Plagiothecium piliferum Hair Silk-Moss Pohlia crudoides Lapland Thread-moss Pterygoneurum lamellatum Spiral Chalk-moss

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3.10 Charophytes

Contributors Nick Stewart, independent vascular plant and stonewort specialist, acted as the co-ordinator for the stonewort list. There were no other specific consultees used for this group.

Data used In order to evaluate the species, data were compiled from the sources given in Table 3.10.1 below. Table 3.10.1. Charophyte data sources Data source Bryant, Stewart & Stace 2002 A checklist of the Characeae of the British Isles. Watsonia, 24: 203 -208 Stewart, N.F. (2004) Species dossier: Lesser Bearded Stonewort Chara curta in Scotland. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage Stewart, N.F. (2003). Species dossier: Starry Stonewort Nitellopsis obtusa in Scotland. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage Stewart, N.F. & Scott, S. (2003) Species dossier: Slender Stonewort Nitella gracilis in Scotland. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage Martin, A, Carvalho, L., & Downie, A.J. (2002) Rare charophytes in Scotland's coastal saline lagoons. Botanical Journal of Scotland, 54: Stewart, N.F. (1994) Bearded Stonewort Chara canescens. Species Action Plan. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage Data held by N.F.Stewart.

Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 8 Charophyte species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.10.2 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.4. Table 3.10.2 Charophyte Biodiversity List species

Species criteria Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Chara aculeolata Hedgehog Stonewort y y Chara baltica Baltic Stonewort y y y Chara canescens Bearded Stonewort y y y Chara curta Lesser Bearded Stonewort y Chara rudis Rugged Stonewort y Lamprothamnium papulosum Foxtail Stonewort y y y Nitella gracilis Slender Stonewort y y y Tolypella nidifica Bird's-nest Stonewort y y y y

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Data Deficient List 3 charophyte species were considered to be data deficient, given in Table 3.10.3 below. Table 3.10.3 Charophyte Data Deficient List species

Latin name Common name Chara muscosa Mossy Stonewort Nitella flexilis Smooth Stonewort Nitella confervacea Least Stonewort

Extinct List 2 Charophyte species were considered extinct in Scotland (no longer present or occurring only as neophyte or casual occurrences), shown in Table 3.10.4 below. Table 3.10.4 Charophyte Extinct List species

Latin name Common name Nitella mucronata Pointed Stonewort Nitellopsis obtusa Starry Stonewort

Other information No other specific comments were provided in relation to Charophytes.

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3.11 Fungi

Contributors Liz Holden, a freelance mycologist, compiled the fungi data, with the exclusion of the Myxomycetes (slime moulds), which were compiled by Scott Wilson from SNH Review No. 70. The persons in Table 3.11.1 below were asked to comment on the species included on the Scottish Biodiversity List. Table 3.11.1 Fungi consultees Consultee name Affiliation Professor Roy Watling Dr. Stephan Helfer Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Dr. Alan Bennell Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh P. Wilberforce Dr. Alan Silverside University of Paisley Shelley Evans British Mycological Society Officer Chris Sydes SNH Lower Plants Officer

Data used In order to evaluate the species, the data sources given in Table 3.12.2 below were used. Table 3.11.2 Fungi data sources Data source Notes and comments Evans, S. (2005) draft UK Red List for Fungi Based on data in BMSFRD (see below) British Mycological Society Fungus Records Database Known to be deficient for Scottish species (BMSFRD) Used to add some reliable 10km square Personal records of Liz Holden and Professor Roy Watling information not currently in BMSFRD Ward S (Ed.) (1999) Local Biodiversity Action Plans – Technical Information on Species: I. Cryptogamic Plants and Fungi. Scottish Natural Heritage Review, No. 70

Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 176 fungi species (including 20 slime moulds) have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.11.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion.

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Table 3.11.3 Fungi Scottish Biodiversity List species

Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Abortiporus biennis y Aleurodiscus wakefieldiae y y Amanita nivalis y Antrodia ramentacea y y Armillaria ectypa y y y Bankera fuligineoalba Tooth fungus y Boletopsis leucomelaena Poroid fungus y y y Cainiella johansonii y y Calocybe onychina y y Camarophyllopsis atropuncta y y Camarophyllopsis foetens y Camarophyllopsis micacea y y Camarophyllopsis schulzeri y Cantharellus ferruginascens y Cantharellus friesii y y Cantharellus melanoxeros y y Chrysomphalina chrysophylla y y Chrysomyxa empetri y Clavaria incarnata y Clavaria purpurea y y Collybia putilla y y Collybia racemosa y y Coprinus ammophilae y y Cordyceps sphecocephala y y Cortinarius cyanites y Cortinarius laniger y y Cortinarius limonius y Cortinarius orellanus y y Cortinarius porphyropus y y Cortinarius rubicundulus y Cortinarius saginus y y Crepidotus lundellii y Cudonia circinans y Cudonia confusa y Cyathus stercoreus Dung Bird's Nest y y Cystoderma cinnabarinum y y Cytidia salicina y y Dacrymyces ovisporus y y Dacryobolus sudans y y Encoelia glauca y y Entoloma aethiops y y Entoloma excentricum y y Entoloma griseorubidum y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Entoloma tjallingiorum y y Exobasidium expansum y y Exobasidium juelianum y Exobasidium sydowianum y y Fayodia bisphaerigera y Flammulaster limulatus y y Galerina antheliae y Geastrum fornicatus Arched Earthstar y Geastrum triplex Collared Earthstar y Geoglossum elongatum y y Geoglossum starbaeckii y Gloeophyllum odoratum y y Gloeoporus dichrous y y Guepinia helvelloides y Gyromitra leucoxantha y y Hapalopilus salmonicolor y y Helvella leucomelaena y Hohenbuehelia culmicola y y Hydnellum aurantiacum Tooth fungus y y Hydnellum caeruleum Tooth fungus y y Hydnellum concrescens Tooth fungus y Hydnellum ferrugineum Tooth fungus y y Hydnellum peckii Tooth fungus y Hydnellum scrobiculatum Tooth fungus y Hydnellum spongiosipes y y Hygrocybe calciphila y Hygrocybe calyptriformis Pink meadow cap y Hygrocybe lilacina y Hygrocybe spadicea Date-colured waxcap y Hygrocybe xanthochroa y Hygrophorus camarophyllus y y Hygrophorus nemoreus y y Hypocreopsis rhododendri y y Hypsizygus ulmarius y Inonotus nodulosus y y Kuehneromyces myriadophylla y y Laccaria maritima y y Lactarius musteus y Lactarius resimus y y Lasiobotrys lonicerae y y Leccinum salicola y y Leccinum vulpinum y Lentinellus ursinus y y Leucocortinarius bulbiger y y Loreleia marchantiae y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Lycoperdon caudatum Pedicelled Puffball y y Marasmius hudsonii y Melanoleuca schumacheri y y Microglossum olivaceum Earth-tongue y Milesina whitei y Multiclavula vernalis y y Mycena aurantiomarginata y y Mycena picta y y Mycena septentrionalis y y Mycena urania y y Octavianina asterosperma y y Ombrophila violacea y Omphalina galericolor y y Otidea cantharella y y Otidia phlebophora y y Phellodon confluens Tooth fungus y y Phellodon melaleucus Tooth fungus y Phellodon tomentosus Tooth fungus y Phylloporus pelletieri y Piptoporus quercinus y Plectania melastoma y Pluteus pellitis y Polyporus umbellatus y y Psathyrella caput-medusae y y Pseudoplectania nigrella y y Pterula caricis-pendulae y y Puccinia clintonii y y Puccinia eriophori y y Puccinia moliniae y Pucciniastrum goodyerae y Ramaria botrytis s.l. y Ramaria stricta y Ramariopsis crocea y y Rhodocybe gemina y y Rickenella pseudogrisella y Rimbachia arachnoidea y y Rimbachia bryophila y y Ripartites tricholoma y Russula aurantiaca y y Russula aurea y y Russula badia y Russula intermedia y Russula laccata y Russula lilacea y y Russula minutula y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Russula pelargonia y Russula raoltii y y Russula rutila y y Russula solaris y Sarcodon glaucopus Tooth fungus y y y Sarcodon scabrosus Tooth fungus y y y Sarcodon squamosus y Sarcoscypha coccinea Scarlet Elf Cup y Scytinostroma portentosum y y Sphaerotheca volkartii y Squamanita paradoxa y y Squamanita pearsonii y y Stagnicola perplexa y y Stereopsis vitellina y y Stropharia hornemanii y y Tricholoma aestuans y y Tricholoma apium y y Tricholoma colossus y y Tricholoma robustum y y Tricholoma stans y y Tulostoma niveum White Stalk Puffball y y y Urocystis trientalis y y Uromyces scutellatus y y

Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Myxomycetes (Slime moulds) Craterium aureonucleatum y y Cribraria minutissima y y Dianema nivale y y Diderma asteroides y y Diderma lucidum y Diderma lyallii y y Diderma sauteri y y Diderma trevelyani y y Lamproderma atrosporum y y Lamproderma carestiae y y Lamproderma cribrarioides y y Lamproderma sauteri y y Listerella paradoxa y y Physarum confertum y y Physarum globuliferum y y Physarum mucosum y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Physarum nudum y y Physarum penetrale y y Physarum scoticum y y y Trichia fimicola y y

Data Deficient List 6 fungi species were considered to be data deficient in Scotland, given in table 3.11.4 below. Table 3.11.4 Fungi data deficient species Latin name Common name Gyrodon lividus Hebeloma vaccinum Pholiota populnea Tricholoma aurantiacum Tricholoma nauseosum Triphragmium filipendulae

Extinct List 50 fungi species were considered extinct in Scotland, shown in table 3.12.5 below. Table 3.11.5 Fungi extinct species Latin name Common name Boletus satanus Satan's Bolete Camarophyllus hymenocephalus Chrysomyxa pirolata Clavariadelphus ligula Cortinarius olearioides Cotylidia pannosa Entyloma eryngii Entyloma henningsianum Entyloma ossifragi Flammulaster muricata Geastrum berkeleyi Berkeley's Earthstar Geastrum corollinum Weather Earthstar Geastrum elegans Elegant Earthstar Gloeophyllum trabeum Hyalopsora aspidiotus Hypocreopsis lichenoides Irpicodon pendulus Lactarius mairei Lentinellus vulpinus Leptoporus mollis Melampsora vernalis Melanotaenium endogenum Microstoma protracta Mitrula sclerotipus

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Latin name Common name Neolentinus adhaerens Nyssopsora echinata Perenniporia medulla-panis Pholiota subochracea Phragmidium acuminatum Phyllotopsis nidulans Podoscypha multizonata Poronia punctata Nail fungus Puccinia albulensis Puccinia bulbocastani Puccinia commutata Puccinia eutremae Puccinia hydrocotyles Puccinia longissima Puccinia microsora Puccinia oxyriae Puccinia ribis Puccinia thymi Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Sarcodontia crocea Squamanita contortipes Stephanospora caroticola Tremella moriformis Tremellodendropsis tuberosa Uredinopsis filicina Uromyces chenopodii Other information The specialist, Liz Holden, and consultee Professor Roy Watling, made several comments relating to the compilation of the fungi for the Scottish Biodiversity List, which are summarised below. The BMSFRD is deficient in Scottish records and was not fully consulted for those species that might be common in the rest of the UK but not in Scotland. The BMSFRD requires a huge amount of work to ‘clean’ the existing records to facilitate work of this kind. The list could also have been more comprehensive given sufficient time to refer other data sources, including records held by individuals. The list provided for this process should not be considered complete, but rather a work in progress. Most fungi are data deficient and records are only represented by the presence of fruiting bodies. No mycelial investigation of fungal biodiversity has yet been undertaken. The Scottish listings do not take into account whether herbarium specimens are available. Species associated with exotic hosts (eg Bankera violascens) are not included. Most species recorded for the first time in the UK within the last 10 years are not included.

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3.12 Lichens Contributors Brian Coppins, of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and the British Lichen Society, and Sandy Coppins, also of the British Lichen Society and a consultant lichenologist, acted as co-ordinators for the lichens. Brian and Sandy are amongst the foremost lichenologists in the UK. The persons in table 3.12.1 below were consulted during compilation of the data. Table 3.12.1 Lichen consultees Consultee name Affiliation Prof. M.R.D. Seaward University of Bradford & British Lichen Society Data used In order to evaluate the species, data were compiled from the sources given in Table 3.12.2 below. Table 3.12.2 Lichen data sources Data source Notes and comments Coppins, B.J. (2002) Checklist of Lichens of Great Also updated copy of BLS list on BLS web-site: www. Britain & Ireland. London: British Lichen Society. theBLS.org.uk, held by B.J. Coppins Hawksworth, D.L. (2003) The lichenicolous fungi Also updated copy of BLS list on BLS web-site: www. of Great Britain & Ireland: an overview and theBLS.org.uk, held by B.J. Coppins annotated checlist, Lichenologist 35: 191-232 Woods, R.G & Coppins, B.J. (2003) A Also updated working copy held by B.J. Coppins Conservation Evaluation of British Lichens. London: British Lichen Society. IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories &

Criteria. Version 3.1. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 523 lichen species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.12.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.4. Table 3.12.3 Lichen Scottish Biodiversity List species Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Absconditella annexa y y Absconditella pauxilla y y Absconditella sphagnorum y y Acarospora badiofusca y y Acarospora benedarensis y y Acarospora macrospora macrospora y y Acarospora nitrophila y y Acarospora rhizobola y y Acrocordia cavata y y Adelolecia pilati y y Agonimia octospora y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Acrocordia subglobosa y y Alectoria ochroleuca y y y Anisomeridium viridescens y Aphanopsis coenosa y y Arctomia delicatula y Arthonia almquistii y y Arthonia amylospora y y Arthonia anombrophila y Arthonia apatetica y y Arthonia atlantica y y y Arthonia cohabitans y y y y Arthonia endlicheri y Arthonia excipienda y Arthonia graphidicola y Arthonia ilicina y Arthonia ilicinella y y Arthonia invadens y y y Arthonia patellulata y Arthonia subfuscicola y y Arthonia thelotrematis y y Arthonia zwackhii y y Arthopyrenia atractospora y y Arthopyrenia carneobrunneola y Arthopyrenia nitescens y Arthopyrenia subcerasi y Arthothelium dictyosporum y y y y Arthothelium lirellans y Arthothelium macounii y y y Arthothelium norvegicum y y Arthothelium orbilliferum y Arthrorhaphis vacillans y Aspicilia melanaspis y Aspicilia moenium y y Aspicilia recedens y Bacidia caesiovirens y y Bacidia fuscoviridis y Bacidia igniarii y y Bacidia incompta y Bacidia subcircumspecta y y y Bacidia vermifera y Bactrospora dryina y y Bactrospora homalotropa y Baeomyces carneus y y Bellemerea alpina y y Biatora carneoalbida y y Biatora efflorescens y y Biatora subduplex y y Biatora tetramera y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Biatorella hemisphaerica y y Biatoridium delitescens y Biatoridium monasteriense y y y Brigantiaea fuscolutea y Brodoa intestiniformis y y Bryonora curvescens y y Bryoria furcellata y y y Bryoria smithii y y Bryoria tenuis y y Buellia arborea y Buellia arnoldii y y y Buellia insignis y y Buellia papillata y y Buellia pulverulenta y Buellia sanguinolenta y y Buellia uberior y y Buellia violaceofusca y y Calicium corynellum y y y Calicium diploellum y y y Calicium lenticulare y Calicium parvum y Caloplaca ahtii y y Caloplaca approximata y y Caloplaca britannica y y Caloplaca caesiorufella y y Caloplaca cinnamomea y y Caloplaca concilians y y Caloplaca dichroa y y Caloplaca ferruginea y Caloplaca irrubescens y y Caloplaca lucifuga y y Caloplaca luteoalba y Caloplaca nivalis y y y Caloplaca ochracea y Caloplaca virescens y Calvitimela armeniaca y Candelariella superdistans y y Catapyrenium daedaleum y y Catapyrenium pilosellum y Catapyrenium psoromoides y y y Catapyrenium rufescens y Catapyrenium waltheri y y Catillaria alba y y y Catillaria aphana y Catillaria gilbertii y y y y Catillaria minuta y Catillaria modesta y Catinaria neuschildii y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Catolechia wahlenbergii y y Cavernularia hultenii y Cercidospora decolorella y Cetrariella delisei y Chaenotheca chlorella y Chaenotheca gracilenta y Chaenotheca laevigata y Chaenotheca xyloxena y Chaenothecopsis epithallina y Chaenothecopsis pusiola y Chaenothecopsis savonica y Chaenothecopsis vainioana y Chaenothecopsis viridialba y y Chaenothecopsis viridireagens y Chromatochlamys larbalestieri (Thelenella y y larbalestieri) Chromatochlamys muscorum octospora y (Thelenella muscorum octospora) Chrysothrix chrysophthalma y y Cladonia alpina y Cladonia arbuscula arbuscula y Cladonia botrytes y y Cladonia cenotea y Cladonia cervicornis pulvinata y Cladonia maxima y Cladonia metacorallifera y Cladonia mitis y Cladonia norvegica y Cladonia peziziformis y y Cladonia stereoclada y y Cladonia stygia y y Cladonia symphycarpia y Cladonia trassii y y Cladonia uncialis uncialis y Cliostomum flavidulum y Cliostomum leprosum y y Collema bachmanianum y y Collema callopismum rhyparodes y Collema ceraniscum y Collema dichotomum y Collema fasciculare y Collema fragile y Collema fragrans y Collema limosum y Collema parvum y Collema subnigrescens y Collolechia caesia y Cresponea premnea y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Cyphelium marcianum y Cyphelium tigillare y Cyphelium trachylioides y y y Dacampia hookeri y y Dacampia rufescentis y y Degelia ligulata y y Dermatocarpon leptophyllodes y Dictyonema interruptum y Diplotomma pharcidium y Elixia flexella y Eopyrenula avellanae y Eopyrenula grandicula y Eopyrenula leucoplaca y y Eopyrenula septemseptata y y Ephebe hispidula y Euopsis granatina y Euopsis pulvinata y Flavoparmelia soredians y Fulgensia bracteata y y Fuscidea cyathoides sorediata y Fuscidea mollis y Fuscopannaria atlantica y y Fuscopannaria ignobilis y y Fuscopannaria praetermissa y Fuscopannaria sampaiana y Gomphillus calycioides y Graphina ruiziana y Graphis alboscripta y y y Gyalecta biformis y y Gyalecta foveolaris y Gyalidea diaphana y y Gyalidea fritzei y Gyalidea hyalinescens y Gyalidea lecideopsis y y Gyalidea rivularis y y Gyalidea roseola y y Gyalideopsis muscicola y Gyalideopsis scotica y y y Halecania alpivaga y y Halecania bryophila y y y y Halecania micacea y y y y Halecania rhypodiza y y y y y Halecania spodomela y Hymenelia heteromorpha y Hymenelia melanocarpa y Hymenelia obtect (Ionaspis obtecta) y y Hymenelia rhodopis y Hypocenomyce anthracophila y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Hypocenomyce leucococca (Pycnora y y leucococca) Hypogymnia farinacea y Hypogymnia vittata y y Hypotrachyna endochlora y Hypotrachyna sinuosa y Hypotrachyna taylorensis y Japewia tornoensis y y Lecanactis latebrarum y Lecanactis subabietina y Lecania chlorotiza y Lecania dubitans y y Lecania sambucina y y Lecanographa amylacea y Lecanographa lyncea y Lecanora achariana y y y Lecanora albella y Lecanora atromarginata y Lecanora atrosulphurea y Lecanora chlorophaeodes y y Lecanora cinereofusca y y Lecanora epibryon y Lecanora formosa y Lecanora frustulosa y Lecanora gisleriana y y Lecanora horiza y Lecanora hypoptella y y Lecanora marginata y Lecanora mughicola y Lecanora populicola y Lecanora quercicola y y Lecanora straminea y Lecidea antiloga y Lecidea botryosa (Hertelidea botryosa) y Lecidea alpestris y Lecidea commaculans y Lecidea erythrophaea y Lecidea haerjedalica y y Lecidea leprarioides y Lecidea mucosa y y y Lecidea porphyrospoda y Lecidella flavosorediata y Lecidella subviridis y Lecidella viridans y Lecidella wulfenii y Lemmopsis arnoldiana y y Lempholemma cladodes y Lempholemma intricatum y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Lempholemma radiatum y Lepraria nylanderiana y Leptogium biatorinum y Leptogium brebissonii y Leptogium britannicum y Leptogium burgessii y Leptogium byssinum y y Leptogium cochleatum y Leptogium coralloideum y y Leptogium cyanescens y Leptogium diffractum y y Leptogium hibernicum y y Leptogium imbricatum y Leptogium intermedium y Leucocarpia biatorella y y Lichinodium sirosiphoideum y y Lithothelium phaeosporum y y Lobaria amplissima y Lobaria pulmonaria y Lobaria scrobiculata y Lobaria virens y Lopadium coralloideum y Lopadium pezizoideum y Megalospora tuberculosa y Melanelia subargentifera y y Melaspilea atroides y Melaspilea bagliettoana y y Melaspilea interjecta y y y Melaspilea lentiginosula y y y y Menegazzia terebrata y Micarea alabastrites y Micarea assimilata y y Micarea contexta y y Micarea crassipes y y Micarea elachista y y Micarea eximia y y Micarea hedlundii y Micarea inquinans y y Micarea olivacea y y y y Micarea paratropa y y Micarea pycnidiophora y y Micarea stipitata y Micarea subconfusa y y Micarea submilliaria y y Micarea synotheoides y Micarea viridiatra y y Micarea xanthonica y y Miriquidica intrudens y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Miriquidica garovaglii y y Miriquidica nigroleprosa liljenstroemii y Multiclavula vernalis y y Mycoblastus alpinus y Mycocalicium subtile y Mycomicrothelia atlantica y Mycoporum lacteum y Nephroma arcticum y y y Nephroma laevigatum y Nephroma tangeriense y y y Ochrolechia arborea y y Ochrolechia szatalaensis y Opegrapha areniseda y Opegrapha brevis y y Opegrapha fumosa y Opegrapha glaucomaria y y Opegrapha paraxanthodes y y Opegrapha pertusariicola y Opegrapha pulvinata y y Opegrapha rotunda y y Opegrapha saxigena y Opegrapha sphaerophoricola y y Opegrapha thelotrematis y Opegrapha zwackhii y y Pachyphiale fagicola y Pannaria conoplea y Pannaria rubiginosa y Parmelia submontana y y Parmeliella parvula y Parmeliella testacea y Parmeliella triptophylla y Peltigera britannica y Peltigera collina y Peltigera elisabethae y Peltigera lepidophora y y y Peltigera malacea y Peltigera ponojensis y Peltigera scabrosa y y Peltigera scabrosella y y Pertusaria amarescens y Pertusaria borealis y Pertusaria bryontha y y y Pertusaria flavocorallina y y y Pertusaria geminipara y y Pertusaria glomerata y y Pertusaria melanochlora y y Pertusaria ophthalmiza y Pertusaria velata y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Phaeocalicium populneum y Phaeocalicium praecedens y Phaeographis dendritica y Phaeophyscia endococcina y Phylliscum demangeonii y y Phyllopsora rosei y Physcia clementei y Placidiopsis pseudocinerea y y Placynthium asperellum y Placynthium lismorense y Placynthium pluriseptatum y y Platismatia norvegica y Pleopsidium chlorophanum y y Poeltinula cerebrina y y Polyblastia agraria y y Polyblastia efflorescens y Polyblastia gothica y Polyblastia helvetica y Polyblastia quartzina y y Polyblastia sendtneri y y Polyblastia terrestris y Polyblastia verrucosa y y Polychidium dendriscum y y Polysporina ferruginea y y Porina byssophila y y Porina coralloidea y Porina grandis y y Porina hibernica y y y Porina mammillosa y Porina sudetica y y Porocyphus kenmorensis y y Porocyphus leptogiella y Porpidia nadvornikiana y y Protoblastenia cyclospora y y Protoparmelia atriseda y y Protoparmelia memnonia y y Protoparmelia nephaea y y Pseudocyphellaria crocata y Pseudocyphellaria intricata y Pseudocyphellaria lacerata y y y Pseudocyphellaria norvegica y y Psora globifera y y Psora rubiformis y y y Pterygiopsis lacustris y y Ptychographa xylographoides y Punctelia borreri y Pycnora xanthococca y y Pyrenocollema caesium y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Pyrenopsis furfurea y y Pyrenopsis grumulifera y Pyrenopsis impolita y y Pyrenula coryli y y Pyrenula dermatodes y y y Pyrenula hibernica y y y y Pyrenula laevigata y Pyrenula microtheca y y Pyrenula occidentalis y Pyrrhospora rubiginans y Ramalina capitata y Ramalina fraxinea y Ramalina portuensis y Ramboldia insidiosa y y Ramonia azorica y y Ramonia chrysophaea y y Ramonia dictyospora y y Reichlingia leopoldii y y Rhexophiale rhexoblephara y Rhizocarpon advenulum y Rhizocarpon amphibium y y Rhizocarpon anaperum y y Rhizocarpon caeruleoalbum y Rhizocarpon caesium y Rhizocarpon chioneum y Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum y Rhizocarpon cinereovirens y y Rhizocarpon copelandii y Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides y Rhizocarpon inarense y y Rhizocarpon intermediellum y y Rhizocarpon jemtlandicum y Rhizocarpon ochrolechiae y y Rhizocarpon ridescens y y Rhizocarpon simillimum y Rhizocarpon sublavatum y Rhizocarpon submodestum y y Rhizocarpon subpostumum y Rhizocarpon superficiale y Rimularia fuscosora y y Rimularia globulosa y y y Rimularia sphacelata y y Rinodina aspersa y y Rinodina degeliana y y Rinodina flavosoralifera y y Rinodina interpolata y Rinodina isidioides y y Rinodina laevigata y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Rinodina milvina y y Rinodina mniaraea cinnamomea y y Rinodina mniaraea mniaraeiza y y Rinodina occulta y y Rinodina parasitica y y Rinodina roboris roboris y Ropalospora hibernica y y Sagiolechia protuberans y Schadonia fecunda y y Schaereria corticola y y Schaereria fuscocinerea sorediata y Schismatomma cretaceum y Schismatomma graphidioides y y y Schismatomma niveum y Schismatomma quercicola y Schismatomma umbrinum y Siphula ceratites y y Solorina bispora s. lat. y Spilonema paradoxum y Sporastatia polyspora y y Sporastatia testudinea y y Staurothele arctica y y Staurothele areolata y y Staurothele bacilligera y Staurothele geoica y y Staurothele rugulosa y y Stenocybe septata y Stereocaulon alpinum y Stereocaulon delisei y Stereocaulon glareosum y y Stereocaulon plicatile y y Stereocaulon spathuliferum y y Stereocaulon symphycheilum y y Stereocaulon tornense y Sticta canariensis y y Sticta canariensis/dufourii y Sticta dufourii y Sticta fuliginosa y Sticta limbata y Sticta sylvatica y Strangospora deplanata y y Strangospora microhaema y y Strigula confusa y Strigula muscicola y y Strigula taylorii y Strigula thelopsidoides y y Synalissa symphorea y Thelenella modesta y y y

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Criteria met Latin name Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Thelidium fontigenum y y Thelidium papulare sorediatum y y Thelocarpon magnussonii y y y Thelocarpon opertum y y y Thelopsis melathelia y Thelotrema macrosporum y Thelotrema petractoides y Thermutis velutina y y Tomasellia diffusa y y Toninia coelestina y y Toninia diffracta y y Toninia fusispora y Toninia plumbina y y Toninia rosulata y y Toninia squalescens y Toninia squalida y Toninia subfuscae y y Trapeliopsis viridescens y y Trimmatothele perquisita y y Umbilicaria hirsuta y y Umbilicaria nylanderiana y y Umbilicaria spodochroa y y Usnea ceratina y Usnea esperantiana y y y Usnea florida y Usnea glabrata y y y Usnea madeirensis (Usnea silesiaca) y y Usnea wirthii (Usnea flavocardia) y y Verrucaria degelii y y Vestergrenopsis elaeina y y Vezdaea stipitata y y Vulpicida pinastri y Wadeana dendrographa y Wadeana minuta y Xerotrema megalospora y y y

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Data Deficient List 21 lichen species were considered to be data deficient, given in table 3.12.4 below. Table 3.12.4 Lichens Data Deficient List species Latin name Alectoria sarmentosa sarmentosa Bacidia circumspecta Bacidia subincompta Caloplaca flavorubescens Catillaria globulosa Cladonia coccifera Cladonia phyllophora Collema nigrescens Collema occultatum Flavocetraria nivalis Gyalecta flotowii Heterodermia japonica Leptogium corniculatum Leptogium saturninum Pannaria hookeri Parmotrema arnoldii Peltigera venosa Phlyctis agelaea Placynthium pannariellum Rhizocarpon badioatrum Sclerophora pallida

Extinct List 16 lichen species were considered extinct in Scotland, shown in table 3.12.5 below. Table 3.12.5 Lichen Extinct List species Latin name Biatora cuprea Bryoria implexa Bryoria nitidula Calicium quercinum Calicium trabinellum Caloplaca pollinii Catillaria picila Collema conglomeratum Lecanora fuscescens Leptogium hildenbrandii Nephroma helveticum Nephroma resupinatum Pyrenula nitidella Stereocaulon cumulatum Stereocaulon tomentosum Vulpicida juniperinus

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Other information During the compilation of the Scottish List, the list was reduced by ‘weeding out’ species that qualified for the list under criterion 5 (less than 6km squares in Scotland) but were, in the expert opinion of the specialists, considered to more frequent. The specialists also expressed the opinion that a more valuable output would be the list as requested, combined with considered habitat groupings. ‘Considered habitat groupings’ does not mean the broad habitat categories applied to all taxa during compilation of the list to assist with presentation of the Scottish List, which are too broad to satisfactorily define lichen habitats for conservation purposes. The specialists wrote that: “The future conservation of most lichens is much dependent on conservation actions for habitats (HAPS, etc.) and sites (SACs, SSSIs, NNRs, LNRs), as well as for agricultural, forestry and planning policies that may affect other lichen habitats in the broader environment. For most lichens 'gardening' operations are not appropriate, logistically feasible or cost effective.”

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3.13 Freshwater Algae Contributors Dr. David John, University College Galway, co-ordinated the freshwater algae (other than blue- green algae/diatom) with particular focus on desmids, a green algal group. He consulted with the persons listed in Table 3.13.1 below. Scott Wilson consulted the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, for information relating to diatom. Table 3.13.1 Freshwater algae contributors Consultee name Affiliation Private Individual, expert on desmids. His unpublished records were used in David Williamson assessing the conservation status of Scottish desmids Professor Alan Brook University of Buckingham (now retired), desmid specialist Professor David Mann Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, diatom specialist

Data used In order to evaluate the species, data were compiled from the sources given in Table 3.13.2 below. Table 3.13.2 Freshwater algae data sources Data source John, D.M., Whitton, B.A.. & Brook, A.J. (eds), 2002. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. Joyce A (1998) The distribution of five species of Desmidium in Sutherland and Skye. Botanical Journal of Scotland 50: 93-97. Williamson DB (1996a) A survey of the desmid flora of Assynt, West Sutherland. Botanical Journal of Scotland 48: 235-279. Williamson DB (1996b) Closterium anguineum spec. nov. (Zygnemaphyceae), a new desmid from Sutherland. Botanical Journal of Scotland 48: 281-285. Williamson DB (1997a) Rare desmids from Scotland. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Suppl. 118 [Algological Studies 84]: 53-81. Williamson DB (1997b) A further contribution to our knowledge of rare desmids from Scotland. Botanical Journal of Scotland 50: 99-114.

Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 240 desmid species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 3.13.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.4 of this technical report.

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Table 3.13.3 Desmid Scottish Biodiversity List species Scientific Criteria Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Actinotaenium adelochondrum y y Actinotaenium clevei y y Actinotaenium colpopelta y y Actinotaenium cucurbitinum y Actinotaenium curtum y Actinotaenium gelidum y y Actinotaenium perminutum y y Actinotaenium rufescens y y Actinotaenium silvae-nigrae y Actinotaenium turgidum y y Batrachospermum gelatinosum y y Closterium anguineum y y y Closterium archerianum y Closterium calosporum y y Closterium didymotocum y Closterium limneticum y y Closterium lineatum y Closterium navicula y Closterium nematodes y y Closterium pritchardianum y y Closterium pygmaeum y y Closterium subscoticum y y Closterium toxon y y Coelastropsis costata y y Cosmarium alpestre y y Cosmarium binum y y Cosmarium bioculatum y y Cosmarium carinthiacum y Cosmarium conspersum y y Cosmarium crenulatum y Cosmarium cucumis y y Cosmarium cyclicum y y Cosmarium dentiferum y y Cosmarium dybowskii y y Cosmarium eductum y y Cosmarium eichlerianum y y Cosmarium elegantissimum y y Cosmarium excavatum y Cosmarium fictopraemorsum y y Cosmarium fontigenum y Cosmarium furcatospermum y y Cosmarium isthmium y y Cosmarium isthmochondrum y y Cosmarium luxuriosum y y Cosmarium novae-semliae y y Cosmarium nymannianum y Cosmarium obliquum y y Cosmarium ochthodes y y Cosmarium ordinatum y y

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Scientific Criteria Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Cosmarium orthostichum y Cosmarium pachydermum y y Cosmarium paragranatoides y y Cosmarium phaseolus y y Cosmarium plicatum y y Cosmarium pokornyanum y y Cosmarium praegrande y y Cosmarium pseudamoenum y y Cosmarium pseudobroomei y y Cosmarium pseudocommissurale y y Cosmarium pseudoexiguum y y Cosmarium pseudonitidulum y y Cosmarium pseudoornatum y y Cosmarium pseudoprotuberans y y Cosmarium pygmaeum y y Cosmarium quadrifarium y y Cosmarium quadrum y Cosmarium quinarium y Cosmarium rectangulare y y Cosmarium regnellii y y Cosmarium regnesii y Cosmarium repandum y y Cosmarium speciosum y y Cosmarium sphaeroideum y Cosmarium sphagnicolum y y Cosmarium sphalerostichum y y Cosmarium sportella y y Cosmarium subarctoum y y Cosmarium subcostatum y Cosmarium subcucumis y y Cosmarium subimpressulum y y Cosmarium subspeciosum y y Cosmarium tatricum y y Cosmarium tenue y y Cosmarium tetrachondrum y y Cosmarium trachypleurum y y Cosmarium truncatellum y y Cosmarium turpinii y y Cosmarium tyrolicum y y Cosmarium undulatum y y Cosmarium variolatum y Cosmarium venustum y y Cosmarium vexatum y y Cosmarium vogesiacum y y Cosmocladium saxonicum y Cylindrocystis crassa y y Desmidium aptogonum y y Desmidium grevillei y y Desmidium pseudostreptonema y y Docidium baculum y Docidium undulatum y

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Scientific Criteria Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Euastrum binale y y Euastrum boldtii y y Euastrum cornubiense y y Euastrum divaricatum y y Euastrum dubium y y Euastrum gayanum y y Euastrum gemmatum y Euastrum groenbladii y y Euastrum humerosum y y Euastrum inerme y Euastrum jenneri y y Euastrum pulchellum y y Euastrum sinuosum y y Euastrum turneri y y Euastrum ventricosum y y Gonatozygon aculeatum y Gonatozygon kinahanii y y Groenbladia undulata y y Micrasterias americana y Micrasterias brachyptera y y Micrasterias conferta y y Micrasterias crux-melitensis y Micrasterias fimbriata y y Micrasterias furcata y y Micrasterias mahabuleshwarensis y y Micrasterias radiosa y Micrasterias verrucosa y y Pleurotaenium coronatum y Pleurotaenium nodosum y Pleurotaenium rectum y Pleurotaenium tridentulum capitatum y Pleurotaenium truncatum y y Pseudoquadrigula britannica y y y Roya anglica y Sirodotia suecica y y Spondylosium papillosum y y Spondylosium planum y y Spondylosium pulchellum y Staurastrum arachne y Staurastrum arctiscon y Staurastrum arcuatum y y Staurastrum asperum y y Staurastrum boreale y y Staurastrum borgeanum y y Staurastrum brachycerum y y Staurastrum brasiliense y y Staurastrum brebissonii y y Staurastrum capitulum y y Staurastrum cerastes y y Staurastrum chavesii y y Staurastrum clepsydra y y

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Scientific Criteria Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Staurastrum coarctatum y y Staurastrum cosmarioides y y Staurastrum cyathipes y y Staurastrum cyrtocerum y Staurastrum denticulatum y y Staurastrum dispar y y Staurastrum disputatum y y Staurastrum duacense y y Staurastrum echinatum y y Staurastrum elongatum y y Staurastrum erasum y y Staurastrum forficulatum y y Staurastrum furcatum y y Staurastrum gracile y y Staurastrum hexacerum y y Staurastrum hirsutum y y Staurastrum inflexum y Staurastrum iotanum y y Staurastrum johnsonii y Staurastrum kouwetsii y y Staurastrum lapponicum y Staurastrum longispinum y Staurastrum maamense y Staurastrum manfeldtii y y Staurastrum meriani y y Staurastrum micron y y Staurastrum monticulosum y y Staurastrum natator y y Staurastrum neglectum y y Staurastrum oligacanthum y y Staurastrum ophiura y Staurastrum oxyacanthum y y Staurastrum paradoxum y y Staurastrum pileolatum y y Staurastrum pilosum y y Staurastrum polymorphum y y Staurastrum polytrichum y y Staurastrum proboscideum y y Staurastrum pyramidatum y y Staurastrum scabrum y y Staurastrum sebaldi y y Staurastrum senarium y y Staurastrum setigerum y y Staurastrum sexangulare y y Staurastrum sexcostatum y y Staurastrum sirnonyi y y Staurastrum spongiosum y y Staurastrum striolatum y y Staurastrum subarcuatum y y Staurastrum subavicula y y Staurastrum subcruciatum y y

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Scientific Criteria Latin Name Common Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6a S6b SO1 Staurastrum sublaevispinum y y Staurastrum subnudibrachiatum y y Staurastrum subpygmaeum y y Staurastrum subscabrum y y Staurastrum tohopekaligense y y Staurastrum uhtuense y y Staurastrum verticillatum y y Staurodesmus aristiferus y y Staurodesmus aversus y y Staurodesmus brevispina y y Staurodesmus bulnheimii y y Staurodesmus connatus y y Staurodesmus controversus y y Staurodesmus convergens y Staurodesmus corniculatus y y Staurodesmus dickiei y y Staurodesmus glaber y y Staurodesmus grandis y y Staurodesmus megacanthus y y Staurodesmus mucronatus y y Staurodesmus omearae y y Staurodesmus phimus y y Staurodesmus spencerianus y y Staurodesmus subtriangularis y y Staurodesmus triangularis y y Staurodesmus tumidus y Staurodesmus validus y y Teilingia excavata y y Xanthidium aculeatum y Xanthidium bifidum y y Xanthidium brebissonii y y Xanthidium concinnum y y Xanthidium controversum y y Xanthidium cristatum y y Xanthidium impar y y Xanthidium robinsonianum y Xanthidium smithii y Xanthidium variabile y y

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Data Deficient List No data deficient species were listed as part of this process, however, the consultees generally agreed that the majority of groups of algae other than desmids are data deficient in Scotland.

Extinct List No extinct species were identified as part of the process. Other information Dr. David John provided several comments in relation to the development of the list, which are summarised below. The group of green algae Chlorophyta (Order Zygnematales, in part) is the only one for which there is information that can be used to judge how common or rare they are in Scotland. The information is contained in an unpublished card index of site-specific desmids compiled by David Williams (leading authority on group) over the past 30 years and some of these are mentioned in his publication list (see under sources of information). Professor Alan Brook as provided some information on a group of 'saccoderm' desmids for which he has specialist knowledge. A paper by Alan Joyce is listed under sources of information and was used to assess the desmid genus Desmidium. Otherwise mentioned are those few other taxa that are known from the British Isles from only one site in Scotland. 435 desmid taxa are listed as recorded by David Williamson. The rarest taxa (possibly the most threatened) are those recorded on the fewest occasions. Some taxa recorded on a number of occasions are very rare elsewhere in the UK or have still to be recorded in the UK. Four additional taxa are added that are known to be rare: Coelastropsis costata, Pseudoquadrigula britannica (also a Scottish endemic) - both Breeg Algae; Sirodotia suecica, Batrachospermum gelatinosum forma spermatoinvolucrum. The desmids were mostly collected in areas where they are known to be diverse and abundant. All algal groups probably occur in Scotland but almost all the comprehensive lists were published more 30 years ago. David Williamson has rechecked his data for all desmids recorded in Scotland, even those known to occur in non-alkaline and more nutrient- rich alkaline habitats. All other algal groups must be regarded as 'data deficient' since there are few modern data - most date back 30 years. There were some very extensive surveys carried out in the comparatively remoter areas of Scotland in the early years of the 20th century and even earlier. There is no reason to believe the desmid flora will have dramatically changed in these areas since human impact has been less compared to elsewhere in Scotland. The only other major group of freshwater microalgae that might be assessed for Scotland could be the diatom (Bacillariophyta). There are a number of site-specific lists but most date back more than 30 years. Professor David Mann from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh was consulted about the applicability of the criteria to diatom but he felt that at present this group should also be considered as data deficient in Scotland. All the UK desmids of conservation concern in Scotland are found in the nutrient poor lakes and small ponds as well as with the extensive blanket bog and raised bog areas in the north and west of the UK. These habitats are most extensive in Scotland and most have been less influenced by human activity compared to many in other parts of Europe. It is very probable that north-west

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Scotland (Assynt and Rhiconich area) along with the western coast of Ireland will prove to be the ‘hotspots’ of desmid diversity in the British Isles.

One of the principal criteria for selection of species for red data books or Biodiversity Action Plan lists is decline measured over time. Often such a change in aquatic organisms is due to habitat loss or changes in water chemistry resulting in an increase in some species/species-groups and a decline in others. In largely microscopic groups any increase or decrease in abundance is difficult if not impossible to quantify and therefore has to be inferred from habitat changes. Some of the freshwater species/ species groups in European Red Data Lists are those mostly restricted to an endangered or threatened habitat. The most threatened aquatic habitats are often those having water characteristically poor in nutrients (‘oligotrophic’) and a low pH (‘acid’ pH) (see table. Such habitats are much more extensive in Scotland compared to the rest of the UK although have declined and remain threatened in this region. Not only are they threatened by nutrient enrichment (‘eutrophication’), but also many have become lost or depleted as a result of such factors as drainage, afforestation and peat removal. Small-scale peat digging or ‘turf cutting’ is not in itself disadvantageous since often results in new areas of open water that often become Sphagnum-filled pools. Almost two-thirds of the almost 750 desmid species known from the UK are confined to the habitats described in The European Union Nature Information System (EUNIS) habitat types. Habitats Level 2

C1 Surface standing water C1.1 – Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools C1.4 - Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

D1 Raised and blanket bogs D1.1 – Raised bogs D1.2 – Blanket bogs

EU Habitat Directive Annex 1 Threatened and Priority Threatened Habitats of Significance to Desmids in the UK

3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals 3160 Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds 71. Sphagnum Acid Bogs 71.10 Active raised bogs 71.20 Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration 71.30 Blanket Bogs

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4 Application of Criteria for Terrestrial and Freshwater Habitats

4.1 Summary of Criteria for terrestrial and freshwater habitats Table 4.1.1 provides summary information on the criteria used for terrestrial and freshwater species. Table 4.1.1. Criteria used for terrestrial and freshwater habitats Criterion Description and reason for inclusion H1 All UK priority habitats that are present in Scotland. - ensures that Scotland can help the UK to meet its international commitments in relation to habitats H2 Natural and semi-natural habitats that are rare in Scotland (represented at less than ten sites or five ten km squares). -recognises habitats that are important in a Scottish context. H3 Natural and semi-natural habitats that are known to be particularly important for supporting assemblages of plant or animal groups that are data deficient, such as fungi, bryophytes, lichens, algae, invertebrates. -allows for the consideration of groups where data about the distribution of individual species are poor, and habitats, which although not rare, support assemblages of species (e.g. lower plants). H4 Natural and semi-natural habitats that are unique to Scotland within the UK. -included to add the uniquely Scottish element to the list. SO1 Non-domestic species, and habitats, identified as important by the Scottish public.

In the tables for each of the groups, “y” is used to identify under which criteria the habitat was added to the Scottish Biodiversity List.

4.2 Terrestrial and Freshwater Habitats

Contributors Ben Averis coordinated the terrestrial habitats list. Scott Wilson staff compiled the aquatic and coastal habitats lists based on the data sources listed in Table 4.2.1. Scott Wilson also co-ordinated consultations with group specialists for additional habitats that were considered to be important for supporting groups of poorly known species. Data used In order to evaluate the habitats, the bulk of the data were compiled from the sources given in Table 4.2.1 below. Table 4.2.1 Terrestrial and Freshwater Habitats data sources Data source Notes and comments Rodwell, J. S. (Ed.) (1998) British Plant Communities: The main text and information source for the Volume 1. Cambridge University Press National Vegetation Classification (NVC), Rodwell, J. S. (Ed.) (1998) British Plant Communities: containing descriptions of vegetation types, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press floristic tables and 10 km square dot maps Rodwell, J. S. (Ed.) (1998) British Plant Communities: showing the distribution of the sample quadrats Volume 3. Cambridge University Press which produced the NVC

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Rodwell, J. S. (Ed.) (1998) British Plant Communities: Volume 4. Cambridge University Press Rodwell, J. S. (Ed.) (2000) British Plant Communities: Volume 5. Cambridge University Press Book about upland (northern and western) Averis, A., Averis, B., Birks, J., Horsfield, D., Thompson, vegetation types, with descriptions and maps D., & Yeo, M. (2004) An Illustrated Guide to British which are more up-to-date and comprehensive in Upland Vegetation. JNCC. coverage than those in Rodwell (1991-2000) Findings from vegetation surveys conducted by Ben and Alison Averis, pers.obs. Ben and Alison Averis in recent years Hall, J.E., Kirby, K.J. & Whitbread, A.M. (2001). National Booklet containing maps of NVC woodland Vegetation Classification: Field guide to woodland. JNCC, communities W1-W18 which are more up-to-date Peterborough than those in Rodwell (1998). Cosgrove, P. & Amphlett, A. (Eds.) (2002). The A collection of papers (the Proceedings of a Biodiversity and Management of Aspen Woodlands. conference held in 2001) about the ecology and Published by The Cairngorms Local Biodiversity Action management of aspen-dominated woodland in Plan 2002. Scotland

Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 177 habitats have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, under scientific criteria, as shown in Table 3.4.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. An additional two habitats were included solely under the social criterion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 1.4. For ease of interpretation, the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) code is also provided within the table, where appropriate. Table 4.3.2 Terrestrial and Freshwater Habitats Biodiversity List NVC Habitat Name H1 H2 H3 H4 SO1 Code Salix cinerea-Galium palustre woodland W1 y y y Salix cinerea-Betula pubescens-Phragmites australis woodland W2 y y y y Salix pentandra-Carex rostrata woodland W3 y y y Betula pubescens-Molinia caerulea woodland W4 y y y Alnus glutinosa-Carex paniculata woodland W5 y y y Alnus glutinosa-Urtica dioica woodland W6 y y y Alnus glutinosa-Fraxinus excelsior-Lysimachia nemorum woodland W7 y y y Fraxinus excelsior-Acer campestre-Mercurialis perennis woodland W8 y y Fraxinus excelsior-Sorbus aucuparia-Mercurialis perennis woodland W9 y y y Quercus robur-Pteridium aquilinum-Rubus fruticosus woodland W10 y y Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens-Oxalis acetosella woodland W11 y y y Quercus spp-Betula spp-Deschampsia flexuosa woodland W16 y y Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens-Dicranum majus woodland W17 y y y Pinus sylvestris-Hylocomium splendens woodland W18 y y y y Juniperus communis-Oxalis acetosella woodland W19 y y Salix lapponum-Luzula sylvatica scrub W20 y y y Crataegus monogyna-Hedera helix scrub W21 y y Prunus spinosa-Pteridium aquilinum scrub W22 y y Calluna vulgaris-Scilla verna heath H7 y y Calluna vulgaris-Ulex gallii heath H8 y y y Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa heath H9 y y

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NVC Habitat Name H1 H2 H3 H4 SO1 Code Calluna vulgaris-Erica cinerea heath H10 y y Calluna vulgaris-Carex arenaria dune heath H11 y y Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus heath H12 y y Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia arbuscula heath H13 y y Calluna vulgaris-Racomitrium lanuginosum heath H14 y y Calluna vulgaris-Juniperus communis heath H15 y y Calluna vulgaris-Arctostaphylos uva-ursi heath H16 y y y Calluna vulgaris-Arctostaphylos alpinus heath H17 y y y Vaccinium myrtillus-Deschampsia flexuosa heath H18 y y Vaccinium myrtillus-Cladonia arbuscula heath H19 y y Vaccinium myrtillus-Racomitrium lanuginosum heath H20 y y Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus-Sphagnum capillifolium heath H21 y y y Vaccinium myrtillus-Rubus chamaemorus heath H22 y y Sphagnum denticulatum bog pool community M1 y y y Sphagnum cuspidatum-S. fallax bog pool community M2 y y y Eriophorum angustifolium bog pool community M3 y y Carex rostrata-Sphagnum fallax mire M4 y y Carex rostrata-Sphagnum squarrosum mire M5 y y y Carex echinata-Sphagnum fallax/denticulatum mire M6 y y Carex curta-Sphagnum russowii mire M7 y y Carex rostrata-Sphagnum warnstorfii mire M8 y y Carex rostrata-Calliergonella cuspidata mire M9 y y y Carex dioica-Pinguicula vulgaris mire M10 y y Carex viridula ssp. oedocarpa-Saxifraga aizoides mire M11 y y Carex saxatilis mire M12 y y y Schoenus nigricans-Juncus subnodulosus mire M13 y y y Trichophorum cespitosum-Erica tetralix wet heath M15 y y y Erica tetralix-Sphagnum compactum wet heath M16 y y y Trichophorum cespitosum-Eriophorum vaginatum blanket mire M17 y y y Erica tetralix-Sphagnum papillosum raised & blanket mire M18 y y y Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum blanket mire M19 y y y Eriophorum vaginatum blanket & raised mire M20 y y y Narthecium ossifragum-Sphagnum papillosum valley mire M21 y y y Juncus effusus/acutiflorus-Galium palustre rush-pasture M23 y y Molinia caerulea-Crepis paludosa fen M26 y y Filipendula ulmaria-Angelica sylvestris tall-herb fen M27 y y Anthelia julacea-Sphagnum denticulatum spring M31 y y Philonotis fontana-Saxifraga stellaris spring M32 y y Pohlia wahlenbergii var glacialis spring M33 y y y Carex viridula ssp. oedocarpa-Koenigia islandica flush M34 y y y y Palustriella commutata-Festuca rubra spring M37 y y Palustriella commutata-Carex nigra spring M38 y y Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Rumex acetosella grassland U1 y y y Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile grassland U5 y y Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina grassland U6 y y Nardus stricta-Carex bigelowii grass heath U7 y y Carex bigelowii-Polytrichum alpinum heath U8 y y Juncus trifidus-Racomitrium lanuginosum rush-heath U9 y y y Carex bigelowii-Racomitrium lanuginosum moss heath U10 y y Polytrichum sexangulare-Kiaeria starkei snow-bed U11 y y y Salix herbacea-Racomitrium heterostichum snow-bed U12 y y y

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NVC Habitat Name H1 H2 H3 H4 SO1 Code Deschampsia cespitosa-Galium saxatile grassland U13 y y Alchemilla alpina-Sibbaldia procumbens dwarf-herb community U14 y y y Saxifraga aizoides-Alchemilla glabra banks U15 y y Luzula sylvatica-Vaccinium myrtillus tall-herb community U16 y y Luzula sylvatica-Geum rivale tall-herb community U17 y y Cryptogramma crispa-Athyrium distentifolium snow-bed U18 y y y Festuca ovina-Helictotrichon pratense grassland CG2 y y y Festuca ovina-Hieracium pilosella-Thymus polytrichus grassland CG7 y y y Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Thymus polytrichus grassland CG10 y y y Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Alchemilla alpina grassland CG11 y y y Festuca ovina-Alchemilla alpina-Silene acaulis community CG12 y y y Dryas octopetala-Carex flacca heath CG13 y y y y Dryas octopetala-Silene acaulis community CG14 y y y Filipendula ulmaria-Arrhenatherum elatius grassland MG2 y y Anthoxanthum odoratum-Geranium sylvaticum meadow MG3 y y Cynosurus cristatus-Centaurea nigra meadow and pasture MG5 y y Cynosurus cristatus-Caltha palustris flood-pasture MG8 y y Festuca rubra-Agrostis stolonifera-Potentilla anserina inundation MG11 y grassland y Festuca arundinacea coarse grassland MG12 y y Agrostis stolonifera-Alopecurus geniculatus grassland MG13 y y Cladium mariscus swamp S2 y y Phragmites australis reedbed S4 y y Phragmites australis-Eupatorium cannabinum fen S25 y y Phragmites australis-Urtica dioica fen S26 y y Potentilla palustris-Carex rostrata fen S27 y y Phalaris arundinacea fen S28 y y Asplenium viride-Cystopteris fragilis community OV40 y y y Aspen woodland (A scarce form of W11 or W17) W11/17 y y y Hazel woodland (Forms of W9 and W11 ) W9/11 y y y Lemna minor community A2 y y Ceratophyllum demersum community A5 y y Nymphaea alba community A7 y y y Nuphar lutea community A8 y y Potamogeton natans community A9 y y Polygonum amphibium community A10 y y Potamogeton pectinatus-Myriophyllum spicatum community A11 y y Potamogeton pectinatus community A12 y y Potamogeton perfoliatus-Myriophyllum alterniflorum community A13 y y Myriophyllum alterniflorumcommunity A14 y y Callitriche stagnalis community A16 y y Ranunculus penicillatus spp. pseudofluitans community A17 y y Ranunculus fluitans community A18 y y Ranunculus aquatilis community A19 y y Ranunculus peltatus community A20 y y Ranunculus baudotii community A21 y y Littorella uniflora-Lobelia dortmanna community A22 y y Isoetes lacustris/setacea community A23 y y Juncus bulbosus community A24 y y Crithmum maritimum-Spergularia rupicola maritime rock-crevice y community MC1 y

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NVC Habitat Name H1 H2 H3 H4 SO1 Code Armeria maritima-Ligusticum scoticum maritime crevice community MC2 y y y Rhodiola rosea-Armeria maritima maritime cliff ledge community MC3 y y y Brassica oleracea maritime cliff-ledge community MC4 y y Armeria maritima-Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum maritime y therophyte community MC5 y Atriplex hastata-Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima sea-bird cliff community MC6 y y Stellaria media seabird cliff community MC7 y y Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima maritime grassland MC8 y y Festuca rubra-Holcus lanatus maritime grassland MC9 y y Festuca rubra-Plantago ssp. maritime grassland MC10 y y Festuca rubra-Hyacinthoides non-scripta maritime cliff community MC12 y y Rumex crispus-Glaucium flavum shingle community SD1 y y Honkenya peploides-Cakile maritima standline SD2 y y Matricaria maritima-Galium aparine standline SD3 y y Elymus farctus boreali-atlanticus foredune community SD4 y y Leymus arenarius mobile dune community SD5 y y Ammophila arenaria mobile dune community SD6 y y Ammophila arenaria-Festuca rubra semi-fixed dune community SD7 y y Festuca rubra-Galium verum dune grassland SD8 y y Ammophila arenaria-Arrhenatherum elatius dune grassland SD9 y y Carex arenaria dune community SD10 y y Carex arenaria-Cornicularia aculeata dune community SD11 y y Carex arenaria-Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris dune grassland SD12 y y Sagina nodosa-Bryum pseudotriquetrum dune-slack SD13 y y Salix repens-Campylium stellatum dune slack SD14 y y Salix repens-Calliergon cuspidatum dune slack SD15 y y Salix repens-Holcus lanatus dune-slack SD16 y y Potentilla anserina-Carex nigra dune slack SD17 y y Hippophae rhamnoides scrub SD18 y y Phleum arenarium-Tortula ruralis ruraliformis dune annual y community SD19 y Zostera communities SM1 y y Ruppia maritima salt-marsh community SM2 y y Spartina anglica salt-marsh community SM6 y y Annual Salicornia salt-marsh community SM8 y y Suaeda maritima salt-marsh community SM9 y y Transitional low-marsh vegetation with Puccinellia maritima,annual y Salicornia species and Suaeda maritima SM10 y Rayed Aster tripolium stands SM12 y y Puccinellia maritima salt-marsh community SM13 y y Halimione portulacoides salt-marsh community SM14 y y Juncus maritimus-Triglochin palustris salt-marsh community SM15 y y Festuca rubra salt-marsh community SM16 y y Artemisia maritima salt-marsh community SM17 y y Juncus maritimus salt-marsh community SM18 y y Blysmus rufus salt-marsh community SM19 y y Eleocharis uniglumis salt-marsh community SM20 y y Spergularia marina-Puccinellia distans salt-marsh community SM23 y y Inula crithmoides stands SM26 y y Elymus repens salt-marsh community SM28 y y

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Habitat Name H1 H2 H3 H4 SO1 Vegetation of metalliferous soils and rocks y y Fell-field y y Lichen heath y y y y Calcicolous, herb-rich Arctostaphylos uva-ursi heath y y y y Calluna vulgaris heath with tall mesotrophic herbs y y y Unvegetated freshwater substrates (e.g. silt, sand, gravel and larger y mineral particles) y Tree roots in freshwater aquatic habitats y y Parks and playing fields y Gardens y

Data Deficient List

20 habitats were considered to be data deficient, given in Table 4.13 below.

Table 4.3.3 Data Deficient List habitats

Habitat Name Nymphaea alba community Myriophyllum alterniflorum community Ranunculus pencillatus ssp. pseudofluitans community Ranunculus fluitans community Juncus bulbosus community Festuca rubra-Daucus carota ssp. gummifer maritime grassland Aster tripolium var. discoideus salt-marsh community Elymus pycnanthus salt-marsh Ephemeral salt-marsh vegetation with Sagina maritima Related vegetation of seasonally-inundated habitats Lowland springs and streambanks of shaded situations Festuca arundinacea coarse grassland Carex riparia swamp Carex acutiformis swamp Typha angustifolia reedbed Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani swamp Other water-margin vegetation

Other information Eighty eight habitats were included on the list as important for data poor species or assemblages, and the importance of considering the habitats was highlighted by a number of specialists, including those for freshwater algae, lichens, fungi, and several terrestrial invertebrate groups.

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5 Application of Criteria for Marine Species and Habitats

5.1 Explanation of Criteria Table 5.1.1 provides summary information on the criteria used for terrestrial and freshwater species. Table 5.1.1. Criteria used for terrestrial and freshwater habitats Criterion Description and reason for inclusion M1 All marine habitats and species included on the priority list for the UK, and which are present in Scotland. - included to ensure consistency in approach between terrestrial/freshwater habitats/species and marine features and ensures that Scotland can help the UK to meet its international obligations for marine features. M2a Species that are rare in Scottish waters, where rarity is assessed as species that occur in less than 6 (c. 1%) of the total number of 10 x 10 km squares or less than 3 (c.5%) of the ICES rectangles. A mobile species qualifies as nationally rare if the total population size is known, inferred or suspected to be fewer than 250 mature individuals. Vagrant species should not be included under this criterion. -to include species that are rare in a Scottish context. M2b Habitats that occur in 6 or fewer locations in Scottish waters. -to include habitats that are rare in a Scottish context. M3 Habitats that are known to be particularly important for supporting marine plant and animal assemblages that are data deficient. -included to be consistent with the approach being taken for terrestrial/freshwater habitats and species. M4 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected significant decline (exceeding expected or known natural fluctuations) in numbers, extent or quality of a marine habitat or species in Scotland (for species, quality relates to life history parameters). Significant decline should be assessed as 25% reduction of area or numbers, or other appropriate threshold (which must be stated and justified). -included to be consistent with the UK criteria. SO1 Non-domestic species, and habitats, identified as important by the Scottish public.

5.2 Marine Species Contributors Chrsitine Howson, Iain Dixon and Scott Wilson acted as co-ordinators for the marine habitats and species. The persons listed in Table 5.2.1 below were consulted during the development of the list. Table 5.2.1. Marine consultees Consultee Affiliation Calum Duncan Marine Conservation Society Bernard Picton Ulster Museum Andy Mackie National Museum of Wales Graham Oliver National Museum of Wales Susan Chambers National Museum of Scotland Myle O'Reilly SEPA, East Kilbride Ray Gibson John Moores University, Liverpool Peter Hayward University of Swansea Steve Haye Fisheries Research Service Aberdeen Dave Reid Fisheries Research Service Aberdeen Simon Northridge Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews

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Data used In order to evaluate the species, data on species were compiled mainly from the MarLin (Marine Life Information Network) and the Marine Nature Conservation Review data, both of which are available on the NBN Gateway. It was acknowledged at the earliest stages of the project that the data available for marine species are incomplete, and that the two data sources above would provide the most most easily accessible information. The main data sources used are shown in Table 5.2.2 below. Table 5.2.2 Data sources for marine information Data source Notes and comments MarLin website Little raw data available, and incomplete at present Marine Nature Conservation Review data held Data for inshore species by Scottish Natural Heritage The National Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 www.jncc.gov.uk/MarineHabitatClassification Hiscock,K., Sewell, J. & Oakley, J. (2005) WWF Marine Health Check 2005 Volume V - Tranche 2 Action Plans. Maritime Species and UK Biodiversity Group 1999 habitats International Council for Exploration of the Seas http://www.ices.dk/indexfla.asp/ for information on marine fish website

Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 109 marine species have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 5.2.3 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 5.1. Table 5.2.3 Marine Scottish Biodiversity List Species Marine criteria Latin Name Common Name M1 M2a M2b M3 M4 SO1 Fish Brosme brosme Torsk y Molva molva Ling y Cetorhinus maximus Basking Shark y Raja batis Skate y y Sebastes viviparus Norway haddock y Gadus morhua Cod y Clupea harengus Herring y Pleuronectes platessa Plaice y Pollachius virens Saithe y Bathysolea profundicola Deepwater Sole y Merlangius merlangus Whiting y Merluccius merluccius Hake y Ammodytes marinus Sand-eel y Ammodytes tobianus Sand-eel y Anguilla anguilla Eel y Trisopterus esmarkii Norway pout y Raja clavata Roker y

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Marine criteria Latin Name Common Name M1 M2a M2b M3 M4 SO1 Reptile Chelonia mydas Green Turtle y y Lepidochelys kempii Kemp's Ridley y y Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle y y Dermochelys coriacea Leathery Turtle y y Marine mammal Hyperoodon ampullatus Northern Bottlenose Whale y y Mesoplodon bidens Sowerby's Beaked Whale y y Mesoplodon mirus True's Beaked Whale y y Eubalaena glacialis Northern Right Whale y y y Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale y y Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale y y Pseudorca crassidens False Killer Whale y y Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke Whale y y Delphinus delphis Common Dolphin y y Orcinus orca Killer Whale y y Lagenorhynchus albirostris White-beaked Dolphin y y Phocoena phocoena Common Porpoise y y Physeter catodon Sperm Whale y y Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier's Beaked Whale y y Lagenorhynchus acutus Atlantic White-sided Dolphin y y y Tursiops truncatus Bottle-nosed Dolphin y y y Grampus griseus Risso's Dolphin y y y Globicephala melas Long-finned Pilot Whale y y Echinoderm Ophiopsila annulosa Brittlestar y Mollusc Aeolidiella sanguinea Sea slug y Aldisa zetlandica y Amauropsis islandicus y Atrina fragilis Fan Mussel y Buccinum humphreysianum y Ceratia proxima y Devonia perrieri y Eubranchus doriae y Facelina annulicornis y Hancockia uncinata y Hydrobia neglecta y Manzonia crassa y Okenia leachii y Ostrea edulis Flat oyster y Otina ovata y Simnia patula y Thyasira gouldi Northern Hatchet-Shell y Trapania pallida Sea slug y Ribbon worm Amphiporus hastatus y Carinoma armandi y Cerebratulus fuscus y Emplectonema neesii y Ramphogordius sanguineus y

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Marine criteria Latin Name Common Name M1 M2a M2b M3 M4 SO1 Nemertopsis flavida y Procephalothrix filiformis y Psammamphiporus elongatus y Tetrastemma robertianae y Tetrastemma vermiculus y Tubulanus linearis y Sponge Axinella damicornis Sponge y Eurypon clavatum y Macandrewia azorica y Myxilla perspinosa y Quasillina brevis y Spinularia spinularia y Spongionella pulchella y Stryphnus ponderosus y Bryozoan Ammatophora nodulosa y Arachnidium clavatum y Arachnidium fibrosum y Arachnidium hippothooides y Arachnidium simplex y Bowerbankia gracillima y Buskea quincuncialis y Coronopora truncata y Gephyrotes nitidopunctata y Haplota clavata y Hypophorella expansa y Smittina crystallina y Cylindroporella tubulosa Bryozoan y Cnidarian Actinauge richardi y Amphianthus dohrnii Sea-fan anemone y y Anthopleura thallia Glaucus pimplet y Arachnanthus sarsi y Caryophyllia inornata Cup coral y Diphasia alata y Edwardsia timida y Halcampoides elongatus Burrowing anemone y Hartlaubella gelatinosa Hydroid y Octocorallia y Paraphellia expansa y Parazoanthus axinellae y Polyplumaria flabellata y Tamarisca tamarisca Hydroid y Ventromma halecioides y Algae Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii y Codium adhaerens y Codium bursa y Cruoria cruoriaeformis y

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Data Deficient List The marine species and groups that have been described as data deficient are listed in Table 5.2.4 below. Table 5.2.4 Marine Data Deficient Species

Latin Name Common Name Fish Hoplostethus atlanticus Raja hyperborea Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Sebastes marinus Raja radiata Hippoglossoides platessoides Dab Microstomus kitt Sole Platichthys flesus Flounder Microstomus kitt Lemon Sole Coryphaenoides rupestris Molva dypterygia Raja montagui Mustelus asterias Starry smooth hound Mustelus mustelus Smooth hound Raja montagui Spotted ray Raja naevus Cuckoo ray Raja radiata Starry ray Squatina squatina Angel Shark Marine Mammal Erignathus barbatus Bearded Seal Phoca groenlandica Harp Seal Phoca hispida Ringed Seal Odobenus rosmarus Walrus Delphinapterus leucas White Whale Reptiles Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle Algae Acrochaetium battersianum Antithamnionella floccosa Buffhamia speciosa Dermocorynus montagnei Dichosporangium chordariae Halothrix lumbricalis Brown seaweed Haplospora globosa Hincksia fenestrata Hincksia ovata Hydrolithon cruciatum Kuetzingiella battersii Leblondiella densa Leptophytum laeve

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Latin Name Common Name Meiodiscus spetsbergensis Microcoryne ocellata Myriactula stellulata Myriocladia lovenii Scagelothamnion pusillum Sorapion kjellmanii Spermothamnion strictum Sphacelaria caespitula Sphacelaria mirabilis Sphacelaria racemosa Sphacelaria tribuloides Sphaerotrichia divaricata Stilopsis lejolisii Symphyocarpus strangulans Tsengia bairdii

Marine Groups Sponge (Porifera) Hydroid, jellyfish, sea anemone & coral (Cnidaria) Sea gooseberry and comb jelly (Ctenophora) Flatworm - Platyhelminthes Ribbon worm (Nemertea) Spoon worm (Echiura) Segmented worm (Annelida) Arthropoda e.g. insects Spider, pseudoscorpion, mite and sea spider (Chelicerata) Barncale, shrimp, crabs and lobsters (Crustcaea). Snails, slugs, mussels, cockles and clams (Mollusca) Lamp shells (Brachiopoda) Sea mat, horn wrack and lace coral (Bryozoa) Horseshoe worm (Phoronida) Starfish, brittle star, sea urchin, sea cucumber (Echinodermata) Chordata - Chiondrichtes, sharks and rays Chordata - Ascidiacea, sea squirts Chordata - Osteichthyes, cod and mackerel Reptiles (Chordata - Reptilia) Mammals (Chordata - Mammalia) Red seaweed (Rhodophycota) Kelps & wracks (Chromophycota) Sea lettuce and gut weed (Chlorophycota) Stonewort (Charophyta) Flowering plant (Anthophyta) Ascomycota - Sac fungi e.g. lichens

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Extinct List No marine species were classed as extinct in Scotland.

Other information It was widely acknowledged that compiling the list for marine species would be extremely difficult, partly due to difficulties with obtaining data, partly because of the timing and duration of this project and partly because of a lack of detailed knowledge about the species in the marine environment, particularly beyond the 3 nautical mile limit. All of the species specialists who contributed or commented on species for inclusion on the list agreed that marine species are data deficient, and this is accepted as a limitation of this process at present. The timescales for production of the list (and development of the initial criteria) were considered by all specialists to be far too short, and problems with provision of the correct species on the proforma spreadsheets did not make the process any easier to complete within the timescales. Not everybody was content with the criteria that were agreed for marine species. In particular, there was some suggestion that there should have been a criterion for international obligation, as there was for the other groups. It was also felt that the criteria relating to population size was difficult to apply to many groups. Several specialists commented that different criteria are required for different species groups, and that the current criteria do not fit all groups very well.

5.3 Marine Habitats Contributors Christine Howson and Iain Dixon provided the input for the marine habitats. Consultees for the marine species and habitats are listed in table Table 5.2.1 above. Data used The habitats were compiled using the JNCC’s Marine Biotypes Classification system. Lists

Scottish Biodiversity List 88 marine habitats have been included in the Scottish Biodiversity List, as shown in Table 5.3.1 below, with the criteria under which they qualified for inclusion. Explanations of the criteria can be found in Section 5.1. The marine biotope classification has several levels at which it can be applied. For the purposes of this exercise where all the sub-groups of a habitat group qualified for inclusion on the list, only the main group was included. For groups where only some of the sub- groups qualified, each of these sub-groups was listed independently.

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Table 5.3.1 Marine Scottish Biodiversity List Habitats

Marine Criteria Marine Habitat Habitat Code M1 M2a M2b M3 M4 SO1 Fucoids in tide-swept conditions LR.HLR.FT y y Fucoids in variable salinity LR.LLR.FVS y y Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave LR.FLR.CvOv.GCv y walls and ceilings y Audouinella purpurea and Cladophora LR.FLR.CvOv.AudCla y rupestris on upper to mid-shore cave walls y Verrucaria mucosa and/or Hildenbrandia LR.FLR.CvOv.VmucHil y rubra on upper to mid shore cave walls y Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on LR.FLR.CvOv.SpR overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in y cave entrances y Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and LR.FLR.CvOv.SpR.Den Dendrodoa grossularia on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and y caves y Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply LR.FLR.CvOv.SpByAs y overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves y Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave LR.FLR.CvOv.FaCr y walls y Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on LR.FLR.CvOv.ScrFa y sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves y Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave LR.FLR.CvOv.BarCv y walls and floors y Mytilus edulis and Fabricia sabella in littoral LS.LSa.St.MytFab y mixed sediment y Polychaete / bivalve dominated muddy sand LS.LSa.MuSa y shores y Littoral mud LS.LMu y y Zostera noltii beds in littoral muddy sand LS.LMp.LSgr.Znol y y y Sabellaria alveolata reefs on sand-abraded LS.LBR.Sab.Salv y y eulittoral rock y Mytilus edulis beds on littoral mud LS.LBR.LMus.Myt.Mu y y Laminaria hyperborea forest with a faunal IR.HIR.KFaR.LhypFa cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed upper y infralittoral rock y Halidrys siliquosa and mixed kelps on tide- IR.HIR.KSed.XKHal y swept infralittoral rock with coarse sediment y Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept, IR.MIR.KR.LhypT y infralittoral rock y Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept, IR.MIR.KR.LhypTX y infralittoral mixed substrata. y

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Marine Criteria Marine Habitat Habitat Code M1 M2a M2b M3 M4 SO1 Sabellaria spinulosa with kelp and red IR.MIR.KR.Lhyp.Sab seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock y y Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept IR.MIR.KT y sheltered conditions y Kelp in variable or reduced salinity IR.LIR.KVS y y Mytilus edulis beds on reduced salinity tide- IR.LIR.IFaVS.MytRS y swept infralittoral rock y Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds IR.LIR.Lag y (low salinity infralittoral rock) y Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in surge IR.FIR.SG.FoSwCC y gully entrances y Anemones, including Corynactis viridis, IR.FIR.SG.CrSpAsAn crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on y very exposed or wave surged vertical infralittoral rock y Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with IR.FIR.SG.CrSpAsDenB Dendrodoa grossularia or barnacles on wave- y surged infralittoral rock y Dendrodoa grossularia and Clathrina IR.FIR.SG.DenCcor coriacea on wave-surged vertical infralittoral y rock y Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged IR.FIR.SG.CrSp y infralittoral cave or gully walls y Very tide-swept faunal communities CR.HCR.FaT y y Phakellia ventilabrum and Axinellid sponges CR.HCR.DpSp.PhaAxi on deep, wave-exposed circalittoral rock y y Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept CR.HCR.XFa.ByErSp y circalittoral rock y Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges CR.HCR.XFa.ByErSp.Sag with Sagartia elegans on tide-swept y ciraclittoral rock y Corynactis viridis and a mixed turf of crisiids, CR.HCR.XFa.CvirCri Bugula, Scrupocellaria, and Cellaria on moderately tide-swept exposed circalittoral y rock y Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs with Swiftia pallida and Caryophyllia smithii on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock y y Flustra foliacea and colonial ascidians on tide- CR.HCR.XFa.FluCoAs swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral y rock y

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Marine Criteria Marine Habitat Habitat Code M1 M2a M2b M3 M4 SO1 Flustra foliacea, small solitary and colonial CR.HCR.XFa.FluCoAs.SmAs ascidians on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock or y boulders y Flustra foliacea and colonial ascidians on tide- CR.HCR.XFa.FluCoAs.X swept exposed circalittoral mixed substrata y y Caryophyllia smithii and Swiftia pallida on CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSwi y circalittoral rock y Caryophyllia smithii, Swiftia pallida and large CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSwi.LgAs solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately y exposed circalittoral rock y Alcyonium digitatum with Securiflustra CR.MCR.EcCr.FaAlCr.Sec securifrons on tide-swept moderately wave- y exposed circalittoral rock y Mytilus edulis beds with hydroids and CR.MCR.CMus.CMyt ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately y wave-exposed circalittoral rock y Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide- CR.MCR.CFaVS.CuSpH y swept sheltered circalittoral rock y Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on CR.MCR.CFaVS.CuSpH.As y turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock y Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide- CR.MCR.CFaVS.CuSpH.VS swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral y rock y Halichondria bowerbanki, Eudendrium CR.MCR.CFaVS.HbowEud arbusculum and Eucratea loricata on reduced salinity tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata y y y Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro.FS very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock y y Neocrania anomala, Dendrodoa grossularia CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro.VS and Sarcodictyon roseum on variable salinity y y circalittoral rock y Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded CR.FCR.Cv.SpCup y or overhanging circalittoral rock y Sublittoral coarse sediment (unstable cobbles SS.SCS and pebbles, gravels and coarse sands) y y Sublittoral sands and muddy sands SS.SSa y y Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity SS.SMu.SMuLS y (lagoons) y Beggiatoa spp. on anoxic sublittoral mud SS.SMu.IFiMu.Beg y y Circalittoral sandy mud SS.SMu.CSaMu y y Circalittoral fine mud SS.SMu.CFiMu y y y Offshore circalittoral mud SS.SMu.OMu y y

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Marine Criteria Marine Habitat Habitat Code M1 M2a M2b M3 M4 SO1 Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced SS.SMx.SMxLS y salinity (lagoons) y Aphelochaeta spp. and Polydora spp. in SS.SMx.SMxVS.AphPol y variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment y Infralittoral mixed sediment SS.SMx.IMx y y Sabella pavonina with sponges and anemones SS.SMx.IMx.SpavSpAn y on infralittoral mixed sediment y Venerupis senegalensis, Amphipholis SS.SMx.IMx.VsenAsquAps squamata and Apseudes latreilli in infralittoral y mixed sediment y Limaria hians beds in tide-swept sublittoral SS.SMx.IMx.Lim y y muddy mixed sediment y Ostrea edulis beds on shallow sublittoral SS.SMx.IMx.Ost y y y y muddy mixed sediment y Cerianthus lloydii and other burrowing SS.SMx.CMx.ClloMx anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed y sediment y Cerianthus lloydii with Nemertesia spp. and SS.SMx.CMx.ClloMx.Nem other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed y sediment y Sparse Modiolus modiolus, dense Cerianthus SS.SMx.CMx.ClloModHo lloydii and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed y sediment y Mysella bidentata and Thyasira spp. in SS.SMx.CMx.MysThyMx y circalittoral muddy mixed sediment y Flustra foliacea and Hydrallmania falcata on SS.SMx.CMx.FluHyd y tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment y Ophiothrix fragilis and/or Ophiocomina nigra SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx brittlestar beds on sublittoral mixed sediment y y Offshore circalittoral mixed sediment SS.SMx.OMx y y Polychaete-rich deep Venus community in SS.SMx.OMx.PoVen y offshore gravelly muddy sand y Maerl beds SS.SMp.Mrl y y y Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds in SS.SMp.Mrl.Pcal y infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand y Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds with red SS.SMp.Mrl.Pcal.R seaweeds in shallow infralittoral clean gravel y or coarse sand y Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds with SS.SMp.Mrl.Pcal.Nmix Neopentadactyla mixta and other echinoderms in deeper infralittoral clean gravel or coarse y sand y Lithophyllum fasciculatum maerl beds on SS.SMp.Mrl.Lfas y infralittoral mud y

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Marine Criteria Marine Habitat Habitat Code M1 M2a M2b M3 M4 SO1 Lithothamnion glaciale maerl beds in tide- SS.SMp.Mrl.Lgla y swept variable salinity infralittoral gravel y Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral SS.SMp.KSwSS y sediment y Zostera marina/angustifolia beds on lower SS.SMp.SSgr.Zmar y y shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand y Ruppia maritima in reduced salinity SS.SMp.SSgr.Rup y infralittoral muddy sand y Serpula vermicularis reefs on very sheltered SS.SBR.PoR.Ser y y circalittoral muddy sand y Modiolus modiolus beds with hydroids and red SS.SBR.SMus.ModT seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed y substrata y Modiolus modiolus beds on open coast SS.SBR.SMus.ModMx y circalittoral mixed sediment y Modiolus modiolus beds with fine hydroids SS.SBR.SMus.ModHAs and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered y circalittoral mixed substrata y Modiolus modiolus beds with Chlamys varia, SS.SBR.SMus.ModCvar sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed y substrata y Coral reefs SS.SBR.Crl y y y

Data Deficient List The marine habitats that have been described as data deficient are listed in Table 5.3.2 below. Table 5.3.2 Marine Data Deficient Species Habitat Polyclinum aurantium and Flustra foliacea on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock Sabellaria spinulosa with a bryozoan turf and barnacles on silty turbid circalittoral rock Sabellaria spinulosa on stable circalittoral mixed sediment

Other information The marine habitats were considered to be particularly important as a tool for ensuring that data- poor species are caught within the biodiversity process. A total of 23 habitats were included that qualified as being important for supporting species groups, and twenty were included for this reason alone.

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6 Appendices

6.1 Appendix 2A – Questionnaire used in social survey

6.2 Appendix 2B – Scottish Biodiversity List of terrestrial and freshwater species

6.3 Appendix 2C – Scottish Biodiversity List of terrestrial and freshwater habitats

6.4 Appendix 2D – Scottish Biodiversity List of marine species and habitats

6.5 Appendix 2E – Scottish Biodiversity List of data deficient species and habitats

6.6 Appendix 2F - Scottish Biodiversity List of extinct species and habitats

6.7 Appendix 2G – Report on the Selection of Vascular Plants for the Scottish Biodiversity List

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