Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichens of Katmai and Lake Clark National Parks and Preserves, Alaska
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Mycosphere 9(4): 859–930 (2018) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/9/4/10 Copyright © Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Biodiversity and ecology of lichens of Katmai and Lake Clark National Parks and Preserves, Alaska McCune B1, Arup U2, Breuss O3, Di Meglio E1, Di Meglio J1, Esslinger TL4, Magain N5, Miadlikowska J5, Miller AE6, Muggia L7, Nelson PR8, Rosentreter R9, Schultz M10, Sheard JW11, Tønsberg T12 and Walton J6 1 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley 2082, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA 2 Botanical Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden 3 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Botanische Abteilung, Burgring 7, A-1010 Austria 4 North Dakota State University, Dept. of Biological Sciences #2715, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108 USA 5 Duke University, Dept. of Biology, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708 USA 6 National Park Service, 240 W 5th Ave., Anchorage, Alaska 99501 USA 7 Univ. of Trieste, Dept. Life Sciences, via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy 8 Arts and Sciences Division, University of Maine at Fort Kent, Fort Kent, Maine 04743, USA 9 Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725 USA 10 Herbarium Hamburgense, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D- 22609 Hamburg, Germany 11 Dept. of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 Canada 12 Department of Natural History, University Museum, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway McCune B, Arup U, Breuss O, Di Meglio E, Di Meglio J, Esslinger TL, Magain N, Miadlikowska J, Miller AE, Muggia L, Nelson PR, Rosentreter R, Schultz M, Sheard JW, Tønsberg T, Walton J 2018 – Biodiversity and ecology of lichens of Katmai and Lake Clark National Parks and Preserves, Alaska. Mycosphere 9(4), 859–930, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/9/4/10 Abstract We inventoried lichens in Lake Clark (LACL) and Katmai (KATM) National Parks and Preserves. We assembled the known information on lichens in these parks by combining field, herbarium, and literature studies. Our results provide baseline data on lichen occurrence that may be used in resource condition assessments, vulnerability assessments, long-term ecological monitoring, and resource management. We report a total of 896 taxa of lichenized fungi from the Parks, adding 889 taxa to the total of seven taxa reported for the Parks by the National Park Service database and including ten new species first published elsewhere. An additional 15 lichenicolous fungi are reported here. Seven non-lichenized fungi associated with young living twigs of particular host species are also included. Sixteen species are new to Alaska, and six species new to North America (Caloplaca fuscorufa, Lecanora leucococca s.l., Ochrolechia brodoi, Protoparmelia memnonia, and Rhizocarpon leptolepis). Four new combinations are made, Cetraria minuscula, Enchylium millegranum var. bachmanianum, Lathagrium undulatum var. granulosum, and Protomicarea alpestris. Additional new species based on collections from the Parks have been described in separate publications. Key words – Alaska Peninsula – Alaska Range – inventory – lichenized fungi – North America Submitted 24 April 2018, Accepted 26 July 2018, Published 21 August 2018 Corresponding Author: McCune Bruce – e-mail – [email protected] 859 Introduction Lichens are a major component of high latitude ecosystems and are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, including airborne contaminants, substrate chemistry, and climate. Such attributes make them useful indicators of species richness (Bergamini et al. 2005) and air quality, including the estimation of critical loads (Geiser & Neitlich 2007, Geiser et al. 2010). Although ecologically important, lichens are a poorly known component within the two largest parks of the Southwest Alaska Network (SWAN), one of 32 Inventory and Monitoring Networks of the National Park Service. Ecosystems in southwest Alaska have an uncertain future, facing climate change and potential new resource development, which may be accompanied by increased pollutant loads. The SWAN parks included in this inventory (Katmai National Park and Preserve; Lake Clark National Park and Preserve) occur on the Alaska Peninsula and fall on a convergence zone of arctic, coastal, and amphiberingean floras. Wilderness areas in the United States are often protected as Class I air quality designations under the Clean Air Act. None of these, however, exists for the Southwest Alaska Network parks. Tuxedni Wilderness, just off the coast of Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, is a Class I area. Routine weekly data collection from a National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) station in King Salmon, Alaska, west of Katmai National Park and Preserve, has occurred since 2013. Samples of the moss, Hylocomium splendens, have been collected at multiple locations in the parks (2009–2012) for nutrient and heavy metal analysis. Given the effectiveness of lichens as indicators of air quality, developing our understanding of lichen diversity, distribution, and abundance within the parks is an important initial strategy for evaluating future air quality issues. The first known lichen collections on the Alaska Peninsula were by the Harriman Expedition in 1899 (Cummings 1904). This expedition made a brief stop at Kukak Bay and resulted in only five specimens; apparently the primary lichen collector on the trip, William Trelease, did not visit Kukak Bay. More specimens were collected on nearby Kodiak Island. Neither of the two most comprehensive treatment of Alaska lichens, Krog (1968), Thomson (1984, 1997) contain much information on the base of the Alaska Peninsula. Krog sampled intensively in southeast Alaska and reported many interesting finds from the Aleutian Islands and the Bering Strait region, but has essentially no information on the intervening region. Thomson (1984, 1997) compiled extensive records of Alaskan lichens, but voluminous collecting trips by him and his colleague, George Scotter, did not include the study area. Thus, Katmai and Lake Clark are hardly represented by his distribution maps and poorly represented in regional treatments of lichens. The most comprehensive community-level study of lichen diversity to date on the Alaska Peninsula was conducted in the Aniakchak caldera, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve (ANIA; Hasselbach 1995), but this was restricted to macrolichens. Lichen collections in the remaining parks on the Alaska Peninsula have been limited to those from short field trips in Katmai National Park and Preserve (henceforth “Katmai” or KATM), including small collections from Hallo Bay, Lake Brooks, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Hammersly Lake, Kukaklek Lake, and Lake Camp area (Schindler 1990, Berg 2006) and from opportunistic collections and plot-based sampling associated with vegetation monitoring in interior Lake Clark National Park and Preserve (henceforth “Lake Clark” or LACL) and Katmai (Miller et al. 2006, 2010, 2011). A detailed inventory of lichens was also conducted on Chisik and Duck Islands, in the Tuxedni Wilderness, off of the coast of LACL (Talbot et al. 1992), apparently the first major collection effort in the western Cook Inlet region. East and south of the study area Spribille et al. (2010) thoroughly documented lichens of Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park, which includes sea-level coastal forests and outcrops up to oceanic alpine tundra. North and east of the study area Stehn et al. (2015) listed lichens of the Denali National Park region. Several species of conservation concern have been found in spruce woodland and open forest at Katmai in recent years (e.g., Erioderma pedicellatum, Hypogymnia pulverata; Nelson et al. 2011) and in woodlands, coastal spruce, and fellfield ridges at Lake Clark (e.g., Hypogymnia pulverata, Cetrelia alaskana). To date, however, most habitats in the parks have not been sampled, 860 and comprehensive nonvascular species lists for SWAN parks do not exist. Alpine areas, calcareous outcrops, old-growth forest, and coastal forest were habitats expected to support high species richness, but were underrepresented in the existing collections. We inventoried lichens at Katmai and Lake Clark with the goals of (1) expanding the list of species known to occur in the parks; (2) compiling a reference collection of voucher specimens and associated habitat data; (3) compiling the associated geospatial data into a geodatabase; and (4) providing supplementary ecological data (e.g., functional groups) to extend the results of the inventories. The last of those was reported separately (Spickerman 2015). Some of the results of this study have already been reported elsewhere (Sheard et al. 2014, Arup et al. 2015, Fryday & Tønsberg 2015, Magain et al. 2016, McCune et al. 2016, Sheard 2018, Tønsberg 2018) and more are forthcoming. The purpose of the current publication is to present a comprehensive treatment of the lichens of these parks, bringing together results from all participants. Study Area Katmai and Lake Clark National Park and Preserves (NPPs) lie at the base of the Alaska Peninsula, south and west of Anchorage (Fig. 1). Most visitor use is concentrated in a few areas, specifically bear viewing areas at Brooks Camp and on the coasts of Lake Clark and Katmai NPPs, and at the historic Dick Proenneke’s cabin in Lake Clark NPP, leaving much of the remainder of the parks in nearly pristine condition. Combined, the parks and preserves