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Design and Development of Textile Electrodes for EEG Measurement Using Copper Plated Polyester Fabrics N

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Design and Development of Textile Electrodes for EEG Measurement Using Copper Plated Polyester Fabrics N Volume 8, Issue 4, Spring2014 Design and Development of Textile Electrodes for EEG Measurement using Copper Plated Polyester Fabrics N. Muthu Kumar and G. Thilagavathi Department of Textile Technology PSG College of Technology India ABSTRACT Electrically conductive polyester fabrics are investigated in this work in order to develop textile electrodes for Eelectroencephalogram (EEG) measurement. Electrically conductive polyester fabrics have been prepared by electroless copper plating method. These fabrics are then characterized by SEM and XRD. The electrical conductivity of the fabric samples is also studied. The structural studies show that the crystalline region of fabric structure is not affected by the plating. The SEM studies reveal a very uniform deposition of copper on the fabrics. The conductivity studies show that the treated fabrics have good electrical conductivity. The developed copper plated fabric was used to develop the textile electrodes for Eelectroencephalogram (EEG) measurement. The acquired signals were compared with commercially available electrodes and the signals were found to be similar. The good measurement performance exhibited by the textile electrodes indicates that they are feasible candidates for EEG recording, opening the door for long-term EEG monitoring applications. Keywords: Electroless copper plating, electrodes, Electroencephalogram, polyester fabric, surface resistance I. INTRODUCTION health monitoring of patients in hospitals and real life situations. The wearable The developments of smart textiles sensing systems aid the daily acquisition and guide a new direction for conventional processing of multi-parametric health data, textiles. Besides the traditional functions, providing an early detection of pathological people would like to enable new capabilities signs and improving the curative rate of in textiles. Among these new developments disease without intervening in the patient’s of smart textiles, fabric-based sensors play daily life [2]. an important role. Considering that textiles EEG is a kind of method to measure have a direct connection with the human electrical activities of the brain by using body, the most important function of the electrodes along the scalp skin. It is also a smart textiles is focused on protecting powerful noninvasive tool and can provide human health, is called e-medicine or high temporal resolutions to reflect the telemedicine [1]. Over the past few years, a dynamics of brain activities directly. It has number of wearable physiological been widely used for both medical diagnosis monitoring systems have been developed for Article Designation: Refereed 1 JTATM Volume 8, Issue 4, Spring 2014 and neurobiological researches. Today absorb moisture only a little and dry fast. disposable Ag-AgCl electrodes are most The textile electrodes are good for a long commonly used in EEG-measurements. As time measurement, because they do not the outer layer of the skin has a dry irritate skin. In addition, they are dielectric layer, which is called stratum lightweight, ductile and washable. corneum and will cause reduction of the Beckmann et al. (2010) have transfer mechanism from ions to electrons. investigated the characterization of fabric The Ag/AgCl electrode cannot be used electrodes with different fabric directly, and hence is used as a wet electrode specifications for ECG measurement in with the help of a conduction gel that detail [3]. Chin-Teng Lin et al developed moisturizes the skin outer layer and makes it and experimentally validated a novel dry highly ion conductive. Because the few- foam –based textile electrode for long-term polarizable Ag/AgCl electrode is usually EEG measurement. They fabricated a novel used as the conventional wet electrode, dry foam textile electrode, using electrically conduction gel has to be applied to conductive polymer foam covered by a moisturize the skin outer layer and change it conductive fabric. They reported that dry to a highly ion-conductive layer. However, foam electrode exhibits both polarization this procedure is very cumbersome and also and conductivity due to the use of presents difficulty for the patient. Also, there conductive fabric, which provides partly is possibility that the gel may leave a residue polarizable electric characteristic, and can be on the skin. Further, there is a possibility of used to measure biopotentials without skin short circuit of the electrodes when they are preparation and conduction gel. In addition, in close proximity and when excess gel is the foam substrate of dry electrode allows a applied. Another weak point is the short high geometric conformity between the operating time of the electrode and one time electrode and irregular scalp surface to use .Moreover, these aforementioned maintain low skin–electrode interface preparation procedures are time consuming, impedance, even under motion [4 & 5]. uncomfortable, and even painful for Conductive textiles, which are patients, since the skin preparation usually coated with aluminum, copper, silver and involves the abrasion of the outer skin layer. nickel, are important types of material. Repeated skin preparations and gel Currently, developed metal coating applications may also cause allergic techniques are metal foil and laminates, reactions or infections. In addition the EEG conductive paints and lacquers, sputter signal quality may degrade over an extended coating, vacuum deposition, flame and arc time period as the skin regenerates and /or spraying, and electroless plating. Among the conduction gel dries. them, electroless plating is probably a Textile electrodes are electrodes preferred way to produce metal-coated type, which are made from fabric. Normally, textiles. The electroless deposition method textile materials are insulators, but in the uses a catalytic redox reaction between textile electrodes conductive yarn is attached metal ions and dissolved reduction agent. to the fabric during their manufacturing With its remarkable advantages, such as low process. These electrodes do not need gel to cost, easy formation of a continuous and achieve connection to the skin. The textile uniform coating on the surface of substrate electrodes can be made by weaving, knitting with complex shapes, it can be performed at or embroidering conductive yarn to the any step of the textile production, such as structure. The conductive yarn can be made yarn, stock, fabric or clothing [6]. With for example by silver coating yarn or metal regards to the high conductivity of copper, filaments can be braided into yarn. The electroless copper plating is currently used textile electrode materials are typically to manufacture conductive fabrics. synthetic, for example polyester or The objective of this study is to polyamide. They endure abrasion very well, apply the electroless copper plating to the Article Designation: Refereed 2 JTATM Volume 8, Issue 4, Spring 2014 preparation of conductive PET fabrics and for 20 min. Afterwards, the specimens were investigate properties of deposits such as the rinsed in a large volume of deionized water crystal structure, surface morphology and for more than 5 min to prevent electrical resistance. Then to develop the contamination of the plating bath. The textile electrode for EEG measurement specimens were consequently immersed in using the copper plated fabric. Our goal with the electroless copper plating bath at 30 °C this paper is to show that the weak EEG for 20 min. The bath was composed of 15 signal can be captured using soft textile g/L CuSO4 5H2O, 20 mL/L HCHO (37% electrodes, with sufficient quality for aqueous solution), 40 g/L NaC4H4O6 quantitative analysis. We made simple tests, 4H2O, 10 g/L NaOH. In the post-treatment investigating if conductive textile electrodes stage, the samples were rinsed with of the same size as the standard electrodes, deionized water at 40 °C for 20 min and applied without any skin preparation can be dried in an oven at 60 °C. All the copper- used to confidently record EEG signals. plated fabrics were conditioned in accordance to the ASTM D1776-04 before II. EXPERIMENTAL measurement [6, 7 & 8]. A. MATERIALS II. CHARACTERIZATION Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) The XRD patterns were recorded by fabric (GSM 117) was used as substrate. The Shimadzu XRD- 6000 X-ray diffractometer surface area of each specimen is 100 cm2. unit. The SEM images were recorded by The chemicals used for the electroless JEOL SEM (model JSM- 6360) to study the copper plating included Stannous Chloride surface morphology of the control and (anhydrous min. 99.9%), Hydrochloric Acid copper plated samples in the longitudinal (37%), Silver Nitrate (99.9%), Sodium view. Hydroxide (99.3%), Ammonium Solution Electrical resistance measurements (28%), Copper Sulfate, Formaldehyde and were performed on all samples after Potassium Sodium Tartrate . All reagents conditioning the samples in a standard were of analytical grade. atmosphere. The resistance was measured B. METHODS ten times on each side of the sample and the average values were taken. The American I. ELECTROLESS COPPER PLATING Association of Textile Chemists and Electroless copper plating was Colorists (AATCC) test method 76-1995 carried out through multistep processes, was used to measure the resistance of the including pre-treatment, sensitization, samples and the surface resistivity of the activation, electroless copper plating, post- fabric was calculated as follows: treatment for stopping copper reduction, rinsing and drying. R = Rs (l / w) All fabric
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