Examining Residents' and Tourists

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Examining Residents' and Tourists EXAMINING RESIDENTS’ AND TOURISTS’ EMOTIONAL SOLIDARITY WITH ONE ANOTHER AT THE OSUN-OSOGBO FESTIVAL: A MODIFIED DURKHEIMIAN MODEL A Dissertation by KAYODE D. ALESHINLOYE Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Kyle M. Woosnam Committee Members, Alex McIntosh Lou Hodges David Donkor Head of Department, Gary Ellis August 2015 Major Subject: Recreation, Park, and Tourism Sciences Copyright 2015 Kayode D. Aleshinloye ABSTRACT Festivals provide an avenue for communities to showcase their cultural identity for outsiders while at the same time allowing tourists to interact with residents in developing potential relationships. Cultural festivals provide a platform for residents and tourists to interact in an unscripted manner within a confined place and time, ensuring a cultural exchange, social interaction and display of social identity. Researchers have generally focused more on economic impacts and marketing of cultural festivals, placing less emphasis on its social impacts on the festival community, prompting call for more research on socio-cultural impacts of festivals and events. The theoretical framework of Durkheims’ emotional solidarity offers a lens through which to examine not only the social impacts of festivals and events but also the relationship that results from resident and tourist interaction. The present study modified and employed the theoretical framework of Durkheims’ emotional solidarity in examining the relationship between residents living adjacent to and tourists attending the Osun Osogbo Festival. In the tourism setting, some degree of emotional solidarity will occur as residents and tourists interact with each other behaviorally and through shared beliefs. In expanding the emotional solidarity model, place attachment, motivation and perceived safety was added to the antecedent constructs of shared beliefs, shared behavior, and interaction to predict emotional solidarity residents and tourists have for one another. ii Data for this study were collected in the ancient city of Osogbo, State of Osun, Nigeria in August, 2014 during the annual celebration of the Osun Osogbo Festival. Samples were drawn from the residents of Osogbo and tourists to the annual Osun Osogbo Festival (OOF) during the 12-day event. The study provides empirical evidence in support of placement attachment through its two factors, place identity and place dependence, predicting the three factors of the ESS, welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding, within the residents’ model. The findings of the study have theoretical and practical implications. Despite mixed findings and modest variance explained in emotional solidarity, the six predictor constructs do provide valuable theoretical insight surrounding solidarity, especially its applicability within a global context involving diverse cultures. For practice, the study offers support and some guidance for festival organizers and destination marketing managers in promoting peaceful co-existence between the residents and tourists in forging emotional bonds. It also gives direction in making the festival more internationally known and accepted. iii DEDICATION First and foremost, I dedicate this work to the Supreme Being, God Almighty, the giver of life and wisdom, without whom, this study will be impossible. Also to my late father, Ezekiel Obafemi Aleshinloye (1926 – 1998), who brought me into this world and provided a strong foundation for me to build on. May your soul rest in perfect peace. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Kyle M. Woosnam, and my committee members, Professor Alex McIntosh, Dr. Lou Hodges and Dr. David Donkor, for their guidance and support towards my successful completion of this study. Most especially, Dr. Kyle Woosnam for his inspiration, encouragement, and assistance given to me over the years. Also the love extended to me by his entire family will never go unnoticed. My special thanks goes to my family, especially my mother for her love, prayers, and support in getting me where I get today. Also my appreciation further goes to Abimbola, Daniella, Chelsea, Tory, Bankole, and Bimbo Fashakin for your love, support, encouragement, and prayers through all these years. I wish also to thank my sisters, Dr. Joyce Ekong and Mandy Aleshinloye for support and love. I will be ever grateful to Mrs Bolanle Abegunde for her motherly role and prayers in my life. Prof. Kayode Makinde, Prince Segun Oyewole, Odunayo Olawuyi, Kunle Buraimoh, Yemi Alao, Adewuyi Fajinmi, Akinyode Salako, Dapo Oriola, Fisayo and Tunde Ajewole, Odunayo Babatunde, Femi Afolabi, Segun Terebo, Tayo Awojobi and Lanre Oliyide are people that have special interest in my career. I will be forever indebted to you all for your kindness and affection towards me and my family. I wish to also thank the head of the department and the entire staffs of Recreation, Parks, and Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M University for their welcoming nature and support given to me throughout the duration of my studies here. God will v bless you all. Finally, this project would not have been possible without the time and effort of the Osogbo residents and the stakeholders such as the Oba Jimoh Oyetunji Olanipekun Larooye II (Ataoja of Osogbo), Chief Jimoh Buraimoh, Chief Kayode Faniyi, and Kunle Makinde (Site Manager & Curator, Osun Sacred Grove). You all made a lot of difference in the completion of this work. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………. ii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………….… v TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………….… vii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………. x LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………... xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………..………………………… 1 1.1 Emergence and Importance of Cultural Festivals……………....….... 1 1.2 Problem Statement……………………… ………………………..…. 5 1.3 Purpose Statement and Research Questions………...…………….…. 12 1.3.1 Research Questions…………………..……………........... 14 II LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………… 16 2.1 Emergence and Definition of Emotional Solidarity………..………… 16 2.1.1 Application of Emotional Solidarity……………………….. 21 2.1.2 Tourism and Emotional Solidarity………………….... ……. 24 2.2 Place Attachment……………………………..………………………. 27 2.2.1 Festivals and Place Attachment…………………………….. 33 2.3 Motivations……………………………………..…………………….. 35 2.3.1 Festival Studies and Motivations…………………….……... 38 2.4 Cultural Festivals and Perceived Safety…………................................. 40 2.5 Relationship between Residents and Tourists………………………... 44 2.6 Research Questions and Hypothesized Models…………...................... 46 III RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS………………………..……….. 50 3.1 Study Sites………………………………………………..…………..... 50 3.2 Sampling and Data Collection Procedures……..……………………… 56 vii 3.3 Response Rates……………………………………………….............. 60 3.4 Survey Instrumentation and Measurement…………………………… 60 3.4.1 Shared Beliefs (SBL)……………………………………….. 61 3.4.2 Shared Behavior (SBH)…………………………….............. 62 3.4.3 Interaction (INTER)………………………………………… 62 3.4.4 Place Attachment (PA)……………………………................. 63 3.4.5 Motivation (MOTIV)……………………………………….. 64 3.4.6 Perceived Safety (SAFETY)……………………………….... 64 3.4.7 Emotional Solidarity (ES)………………………………........ 65 3.5 Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Data Analysis…………………. 66 IV RESULTS……………………………………….…………………………. 70 4.1 Data Preparation and Screening………………………….………........ 71 4.2 Participant Profiles……………………………………….…………... 72 4.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Model Constructs……................ 75 4.3.1 Residents……………………………………………………. 75 4.3.1.1 Residents’ Shared Beliefs with Tourists…….......... 75 4.3.1.2 Residents’ Shared Behavior with Tourists………... 80 4.3.1.3 Residents’ Interaction with Tourists……………… 82 4.3.1.4 Residents’ Place Attachment with the Osun Osogbo Festival…………………………………… 83 4.3.1.5 Residents’ Motivation to Attend the Osun Osogbo Festival…………………………………… 85 4.3.1.6 Residents’ Perceived Safety at the Osun Osogbo Festival………………………………........ 87 4.3.1.7 Residents’ Emotional Solidarity with Tourists….… 88 4.3.2 Tourists……………………………………………………… 90 4.3.2.1 Tourists’ Shared Beliefs with Residents………….. 91 4.3.2.2 Tourists’ Shared Behavior with Residents……....... 92 4.3.2.3 Tourists’ Interaction with Residents…………….… 94 4.3.2.4 Tourists’ Place Attachment with the Osun Osogbo Festival…………………………………… 95 4.3.2.5 Tourists’ Motivation to Attend the Osun Osogbo Festival…………………………………… 97 4.3.2.6 Tourists’ Perceived Safety at the Osun Osogbo Festival…………………………………… 99 4.3.2.7 Tourists’ Emotional Solidarity with Residents……. 100 4.4 Multiple Linear Regression Findings………………………..………… 102 4.4.1 Residents……………………………………………………. 103 4.4.1.1 Residents: Model 1 (Welcoming Nature)………..... 105 4.4.1.2 Residents: Model 2 (Emotional Closeness)……….. 105 4.4.1.3 Residents: Model 3 (Sympathetic Understanding)... 106 4.4.2 Tourists…………………………………………………...…. 108 viii 4.4.2.1 Tourists: Model 1 (Welcoming Nature)………….... 110 4.4.2.2 Tourists: Model 2 (Emotional Closeness)…………. 110 4.4.2.3 Tourists: Model 3 (Sympathetic Understanding)….. 111 4.5 MAVOVA Findings……………………………….…………............... 112 V CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY……………………………………….. 114 5.1 Review of the Study…………………………………………………….114 5.2 Summary and Interpretation of Results……………..…………………. 116 5.2.1 Respondent Demographics and Travel Behavior…….…….... 116 5.2.2 CFA and Psychometrics of Each Construct Across
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