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Versão Final Jessica E Lara.Pdf 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA FACULDADE DE COMUNICAÇÃO JÉSSICA MONTEIRO PASSOS LARA THOMAZINI DE MAGALHÃES TRANSMEDIA STORYTELLING E NARRATIVAS SERIADAS TELEVISIVAS: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE HEROES E GREY’S ANATOMY Salvador 2010 2 JÉSSICA MONTEIRO PASSOS LARA THOMAZINI DE MAGALHÃES TRANSMEDIA STORYTELLING E NARRATIVAS SERIADAS TELEVISIVAS: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE HEROES E GREY’S ANATOMY Monografia apresentada em cumprimento às exigências do curso de Comunicação Social da Faculdade de Comunicação da Universidade Federal da Bahia para obtenção do grau de Bacharel em Comunicação Social. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Maria Carmem Jacob de Souza Salvador 2010 3 Find something you like to do. Then it doesn’t feel like work. Hiro Nakamura 4 AGRADECIMENTOS No momento em que optamos por fazer este trabalho juntas, não imaginávamos o cansaço, as descobertas, o aprendizado e a satisfação que teríamos. Foi um longo ano, de leituras densas, discussões acaloradas e momentos de descanso assistindo a todos os seriados em que podíamos colocar as mãos. Por isto, antes de mais nada, temos que agradecer uma a outra, pois sabemos que o trabalho não teria sido tão divertido se não fôssemos uma dupla. Sabemos também que nosso trabalho não foi feito por duas pessoas, e sim por três: sem o apoio, o carinho, a atenção e o conhecimento de nossa professora e orientadora, Carmem, ainda estaríamos perdidas imaginando o que fazer com nossas ideias, pressupostos e hipóteses. Agradecemos aos nossos namorados, Júlio e Bruno, que, mesmo do outro lado do Atlântico (os dois!), tiveram paciência com as oscilações de humor, o olhar vidrado na tela do computador e as conversas monotemáticas, e ainda acharam tempo para ajudar em milhares processos de revisão. Revisores não nos faltaram: colegas e amigos que acharam tempo e disposição para fazer uma leitura atenta e altruísta do nosso texto. Carol, Ana Camila, Rodrigo, Paula e Pedro, esta monografia é um pouquinho de vocês. Estes quatro anos não teriam sido os mesmos sem a inspiração de nossas professoras, Graciela e Malu, que nos mostraram que aprender não precisa ser algo chato. Igualmente, aos nossos amigos, que tornaram a faculdade algo mais leve. Ao Grupo A-Tevê, pelas discussões dispensadas ao nosso tema. Aos colegas de trabalho, pela compreensão e paciência. E, desde já, aos nossos examinadores, Mohamed Bamba e Regina Gomes, que com certeza trarão contribuições importantes para esta monografia. Enfim, temos que agradecer principalmente às nossas famílias. Às nossas mães, Jucinaide e Jane, pelo amor incondicional; aos nossos pais, João Gilberto e José Carlos; e às nossas irmãs, por estarem ao nosso lado, sempre. 5 RESUMO Esta monografia tem o intuito de identificar, através da análise comparativa entre dois casos, como os seriados Heroes e Grey’s Anatomy utilizam as potencialidades apresentadas pelo modo de narrar transmidiático, caracterizado pela ampliação da narrativa em diferentes plataformas midiáticas, construindo uma complexa rede de produtos. Para tanto, tomamos o conceito de transmedia storytelling de Henry Jenkins, a classificação de tipos de produtos transmidiáticos de Carlos A. Scolari e as contribuições acerca do formato seriado no contexto norte-americano de Jason Mittel, por entender que as pesquisas desses autores constroem premissas básicas para a compreensão do objeto aqui em estudo. Descrevemos o modo de construção da narrativa transmidiática de cada seriado, diferenciando-as quanto à relação que se estabelece entre a narrativa central, representada pelo seriado televisivo, e seus desdobramentos narrativos em outras plataformas midiáticas. Ao longo da pesquisa, chegamos a compreensão de que características como a sofisticação do mundo ficcional, associação de gêneros e diversidade de níveis de leitura podem facilitar a fragmentação de uma narrativa em diferentes plataformas midiáticas. Palavras-chave: transmedia storytelling, ficção seriada televisiva, Heroes, Grey’s Anatomy 6 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................................... 7 1. TRANSMEDIA STORYTELLING: CULTURA DIGITAL E CONVERGÊNCIA MIDIÁTICA....................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 O PAPEL DO FÃ ...................................................................................................... 18 1.2 TRANSMEDIA STORYTELLING............................................................................... 21 2. FICÇÃO SERIADA TELEVISIVA.............................................................................. 32 2.1 O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO FORMATO SERIADO ............................................ 38 2.2 GÊNEROS FICCIONAIS.......................................................................................... 43 2.3 CONSTRUÇÃO DE MUNDOS FICCIONAIS.......................................................... 45 2.4 NÍVEIS DE LEITURA.............................................................................................. 47 3. ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA: HEROES E GREY’S ANATOMY ................................ 50 3.1. HEROES................................................................................................................... 51 3.1.1. Multicamadas e multicaminhos........................................................................... 57 3.1.2. Gêneros e mundo ficcionais................................................................................. 59 3.2. GREY’S ANATOMY.................................................................................................. 63 4. CONCLUSÃO ............................................................................................................... 68 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ......................................................................... 71 7 INTRODUÇÃO Em Seis passeios pelos bosques da ficção, Umberto Eco diz que “um universo ficcional não termina com a história, mas se estende indefinidamente” (1994, p.91). Desde que histórias são narradas e mundos ficcionais são criados em torno delas, foram encontradas formas de desenvolver esses mundos. Histórias são recriadas em múltiplos sistemas semióticos. Cada vez mais fãs se engajam na continuidade de seu objeto de fascínio, conteúdos são transformados e expandidos através de múltiplas plataformas, trocados e compartilhados entre consumidores, narrativas são recontadas através de diferentes pontos de vista. São inúmeros os produtos culturais que podem girar em torno de uma narrativa. Com o sucesso de um livro, por exemplo, é comum ser lançada uma adaptação para o cinema com a mesma história, um game com o mesmo tema ou outros produtos licenciados. Neste contexto, pode-se identificar uma tendência no modo como esses produtos se relacionam com a história original. Antes, eles eram desenvolvidos principalmente a partir da apropriação de ideias ou personagens originados de uma história, resultando na reprodução do conteúdo original em outro sistema semiótico ou no desenrolar de outra história, sem, contudo, manter o vínculo com o mundo ficcional original. É cada vez mais comum que produtos sejam criados com o objetivo de contar mais sobre uma mesma história, ao mesmo tempo em que ela se desenrola, capturando consumidores em diferentes nichos, saciando suas curiosidades e aumentando sua fidelidade, em uma complexa estratégia de marketing No contexto da cultura digital, o uso de diferentes mídias para continuar a tarefa de contar mais sobre um determinado mundo ficcional é cada vez mais frequente. Entre as denominações dadas a este fenômeno, o conceito de transmedia storytelling cunhado por Henry Jenkins, em 2003, é o que melhor o caracteriza. Segundo este conceito, diversas plataformas midiáticas servem de suporte para a ampliação de um mundo ficcional, cada uma delas sendo aproveitada de acordo com o seu potencial, sem repetição do conteúdo original, mas contribuindo para o desenvolvendo de outras tramas associadas direta ou indiretamente a ele, introduzindo novos personagens ou valorizando os já existentes. De qualquer modo, observa-se uma ampliação do conhecimento do espectador ou uma estratégia para inseri-lo em novos mundos ficcionais. Cada plataforma midiática distinta, ao mesmo tempo em que faria parte de uma narrativa transmidiática, poderia ser independente das demais, não sendo 8 necessário consumir um produto específico para entender a história que o originou e, cada novo meio, pode servir de porta de entrada para aquele universo. Entre os produtos da comunicação de massa que praticaram o modo de narrar transmidiático, assim como definido por Jenkins, estão os seriados televisivos, além de filmes, livros e quadrinhos, estes atuando como a “nave mãe” de uma complexa rede formada por micro- histórias, histórias paralelas ou periféricas. Este trabalho se desenvolve a partir do interesse em ampliar o conhecimento sobre o modo de construção de narrativas transmidiáticas na teleficção seriada. Partimos do princípio de que a estrutura da narrativa de teleficção seriada, bem como seu consumo, influenciam no modo como os produtos transmidiáticos desenvolvidos a partir dela são elaborados. Este trabalho surge a partir dos nossos interesses tanto pessoais quanto acadêmicos, apesar de nem sempre termos tido os mesmos – uma desde o primeiro semestre às voltas com os problemas relacionados com narrativa e modos de criação de universos ficcionais, mais especificamente, com o modo de construção de mundo ficcionais fantásticos; enquanto a outra, ainda
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