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First Report on Zooplankton Abundance and Composition in Hadhramout Coast, Gulf of Aden

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First Report on Zooplankton Abundance and Composition in Hadhramout Coast, Gulf of Aden Asian Journal of Biology 4(4): 1-16, 2017; Article no.AJOB.37671 ISSN: 2456-7124 First Report on Zooplankton Abundance and Composition in Hadhramout Coast, Gulf of Aden Ali Attaala Mukhaysin1*, Salem Rubaea Bazar1 and Moteah Sheikh Aideed2 1Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Marine Biology, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen. 2Freelance Marine Biology, Mukalla, Yemen. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author AAM designed the study, wrote the protocol, and wrote the draft of the manuscript. Author SRB managed the analyses of the study, managed the literature searches. Author MSA performed the statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJOB/2017/37671 Editor(s): (1) Behrouz behrouzi-Rad, Associate Professor, Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Reviewers: (1) Fábio Henrique Portella Corrêa de Oliveira, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil. (2) Hanife Özbay, University of Nevsehir, Turkey. (3) Jorge Castro Mejia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Mexico. Complete Peer review History: http://prh.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/22463 Received 24th October 2017 Accepted 22nd December 2017 Original Research Article th Published 27 December 2017 ABSTRACT Five stations were investigated to represent the Hadhramout coast in the Gulf of Aden. This area, totally or partially, is under the influence of the western Indian Ocean seasonal monsoons. Zooplankton was collected monthly during daytime in 2009 – 2010 with vertical towing of 200 µm mesh plankton nets. The zooplankton community was characterized by its high variability and diversity. 226 taxa of zooplankton were identified in the coast through the different seasons. Zooplankton community was dominated by Copepods during the four seasons, followed by Euphausiids and Chaetognatha. The peak of zooplankton abundance was in northeast monsoon. The present results showed that the composition and distribution of zooplankton differed between the monsoon seasons, but little between the stations. Keywords: Zooplankton; Gulf of Aden; copepods; hadhramout coast; coastal upwelling. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Mukhaysin et al.; AJOB, 4(4): 1-16, 2017; Article no.AJOB.37671 1. INTRODUCTION corridors of Socotra Archipelago which are rich in phytoplankton [9]. This coastal upwelling brings Zooplankton plays a significant role as a key link nutrients to the surface, where the light, creating in any local food chain, nutritional levels, and a fuel to photosynthesis and phytoplankton transporting energy from bacteria and growth feed to zooplankton and consequently to phytoplankton to macroinvertebrates and fish. fishes. The structure of plankton communities in any body of coastal waters is also important to It is not new talking about the environmental commercial fisheries. importance of zooplankton in the marine water bodies, particularly the most abundant Hadhramout coast is well known by a multi component, the Copepods, in pelagic food webs species fishery. Its fishing and oceanic properties of Global Ocean. These organisms are often represents a system of the Upwelling considered distinctive component of the phenomenon in the Gulf of Aden, which occur zooplankton community in a lot of marine along most of its regions including a Hadhramout conditions and play a key role in converting coast during the months of summer monsoon nutrients and energy through the trophic levels from May to September. The productivity that [10,11]. Quantitative studies of the dynamics of a follows this phenomenon sustains the catches of nearshore zooplankton community along the considerable number of fishes, crustaceans and coast of Gulf of Aden are still fragmentary mollusks of commercial interest. Hadhramout [12,13,14]. In contrast, the taxonomy and coast characterized by riches of primary seasonal standing stock of the phytoplankton productivity of 685 mg C / m2 / day, secondary community in the coastal waters of the Gulf of productivity ranging between 14 - 68 mg C / m2 / Aden and Hadhramout area has been day [1,2], and contributes by an enormous share investigated but occasionally [15,16,17]. of the quantities of fish landing in the whole Yemen - 29% (for 2012). This coast is There is a big scarcity of knowledge about the characterized by abundance of Indian oil spatial and temporal dynamics of zooplankton in sardines Sardinella longiceps, Indian mackerel the northern coast of the Gulf of Aden, in Rastrelliger kanagurta and yellowfin tuna particular the coast of Hadhramout. In addition Thunnus albacares. Latter supports coastal there is no information on the zooplankton surface and pelagic catches of the Gulf of Aden productivity and diversity on the coast of for more than 30000 tons of fish [3,4]. Hadhramout. Thus, the main objective of our study is to evaluate the possibility of securing Crustacean zooplankton is the main organisms in biological productivity to support the aquatic ecosystems, as they represent an sustainability and development of the coastal important link in marine food webs. They fisheries. transport materials and energy from primary phytoplankton production to a higher level of 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS many species of fish and other marine animals. A detailed description of the study area and East of the Gulf of Aden includes the stations sampling for some physical indicators Hadhramout coast considered one of the most (temperature and salinity) and chemical global ocean parts by productivity; its average (dissolved oxygen, nutrients: phosphorus, productivity for more than a hundred kilometers nitrates, silicate, and chlorophyll a) are presented from the beach is more than the productivity of in Ali and Bazar [17]. Analysis of biomarkers other Upwelling areas, like Peru Coast and West samples were taken from all water columns Africa [5,6], higher productivity have been according to the total depth, which ranges observed in this region (more than 1000 mg / m3) between 100 - 90 meters and surface of water. around August, at the end of the south-western monsoon; while less productivity (about 400 mg / Zooplankton samples were carried out in the five m3) in January through the northeastern stations representing the coast of Hadhramout monsoon [7,8]. monthly during the 2010 (Fig. 1). We used for this purpose zooplankton open nets with mouth The Gulf of Aden and its Hadhramout coast are diameter of 50 and 80 cm (0.25 and 0.4 m2) with located directly under the influence of the sub 200 microns mesh. Sample were taken by Somali sea current approaches, in summer vertically open nets from near the bottom - 5 (upwelling phenomenon), mainly through meters above the bottom and up to the surface, 2 Mukhaysin et al.; AJOB, 4(4): 1-16, 2017; Article no.AJOB.37671 with filtered water volume calculated through the hours until reaching to the lab. In the laboratory it net, which represents the multiplication the net has been separated into several homogeneous opening area by distance, which was to contain parts according to the test program for (the depth of station). In our study, we chose a measuring the mass, a part re-saved in 10% depth of 90 meters per station because fading of phosphate buffered formalin in sea water for the thermocline in the coastal area in most months of microscopic study for identifying a taxonomic the year typically can be found at depths greater belonging. To determining the dry weight, the than 100 meters [18,19]. secondary sample of specified volume was filtered through filter paper (Whatman GF/C Dry weight analyses were performed on filters, diameter 5.5 cm) to a specified weight preserved zooplankton samples to examine before burning, and wash with the sample with temporal variability in biomass. The procedure, distilled water and then dried under 60 Celsius involved dividing the samples into halves using a for 36-48 hours (till constancy weight) then be modified sand splitter [20]. Large scyphozoan calculated weight, and therefore the dry mass of medusae and juvenile fishes were not the Zooplankton was weighted. considered in dry weight measurements. The Mass (mg Dry wt / m3) is calculated as Each sample was divided into two parts and after follows: rinsing the splitting apparatus, one half was Biomass (mg/ l) = [zoopl. dry weight (gm) / returned to the original sample jar, preserved in 3 100% formalin, and stored in the Faculty volume of filtered water (m )] × 1000, concerned laboratory. The remaining half-sample Where the filtered volume of water entering the was flushed in running tap water for five minutes, plankton net, it was calculated as follow: drained, and poured into a tared, aluminum foil tray. Samples were dried to constant weight at V= ð r2 d 56°C for 18 to 24 hours [21]. Newly removed samples were cooled in desiccators for 10 In the formula, V is the volume of water filtered minutes and then weighed to the nearest by net, r is the radius of the hoop of the net and d milligram on the Mettler 3 F16GN balance. is the length of the water column transverse by the net [22]. Monthly samples of zooplankton were collected early in the morning at 6 – 8 hours; it has been The samples were examined to study the preserved by adding formalin 4%, the samples abundance and belonging zooplankton by taking have been saved in an icebox for about 2 to 3 several secondary samples by 5 ml of the Fig. 1. Study area and sample sites in coast of Hadhramout, geographical locations are as follows: Balhaf (BirAli) (N13° 55′, E48 °26′), Broom (N 14°22′, E49°00′), Mukalla (N14°48′, E50°00′), Sheher (N14 °43′, E49 °40′), Sharma (N14 °48′, E50 °00′) 3 Mukhaysin et al.; AJOB, 4(4): 1-16, 2017; Article no.AJOB.37671 sample which well mixed by using a stempel characterized by abundance of species of genus pipette (piston pipette) and Bogarov chamber Oncaea. Table 1 shows a picture of the [23] to examine the samples to count and numerical abundance in Hadhramout coast.
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