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Tesis Doctoral Dinámica Del Microfitobentos Y Su UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS INSTITUTO DE ZOOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA TROPICAL POSTGRADO EN ECOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL DINÁMICA DEL MICROFITOBENTOS Y SU RELACIÓN ECOLÓGICA CON EL PLANCTON DE LA ZONA COSTERA CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA Presentada ante la ilustre Universidad Central de Venezuela por el M.Sc. Carlos Julio Pereira Ibarra, para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias, mención Ecología TUTORA: Dra. Evelyn Zoppi De Roa CARACAS, ABRIL DE 2019 ii iii RESUMEN El microfitobentos es una comunidad que agrupa a los organismos fotosintéticos que colonizan el sustrato bentónico. Estas microalgas y cianobacterias tienen gran relevancia para los ecosistemas marinos y costeros, debido a su alta productividad y a que son una fuente de alimento importante para los organismos que habitan los fondos. En Venezuela, este grupo ha sido escasamente estudiado y se desconoce su interacción con otros organismos, por lo cual se planteó analizar la relación ecológica, composición, abundancia y variaciones espaciales y temporales del microfitobentos, el microfitoplancton, el meiobentos y el zooplancton con las condiciones ambientales de la zona costera ubicada entre Chirimena y Puerto Francés, estado Miranda. Los muestreos fueron realizados mensualmente desde junio de 2014 hasta marzo de 2015. Para la captura del fitoplancton y el zooplancton, se realizaron arrastres horizontales con redes cónicas. Las muestras bentónicas se obtuvieron con el uso de un muestreador cilíndrico. Adicionalmente, se realizó un muestreo especial para evaluar la diferenciación espacial del microfitobentos a escalas disímiles. La identificación y conteo de las microalgas y cianobacterias se realizó por el método de Utermölh y del zooplancton en una cámara de Bogorov. Para el análisis de los resultados, se hicieron pruebas de hipótesis y se aplicaron análisis multivariados para conocer las relaciones de las diferentes comunidades. Como resultado, se obtuvo que la zona evaluada presenta unas condiciones ambientales en las que dominan dos épocas: lluvia y sequía, que condicionan la variación temporal de las variables estimadas. El microfitobentos presentó una riqueza de 327 especies, dominada por las diatomeas y dinoflagelados, sin variaciones espaciales y temporales notables. En términos de abundancia, el grupo más representativo fue el de las diatomeas, seguido por las cianobacterias. La zona presentó una variabilidad temporal en la que se alcanzaron las densidades mayores entre julio y agosto, mientras que el resto de los meses presentaron abundancias similares. Sin embargo, en términos generales se obtuvo una abundancia alta en todos los muestreos que junto a la riqueza, le confiere a la zona una biodiversidad alta durante todo el año. El iv microfitoplancton tuvo una representación de 343 especies, con la riqueza y abundancia más baja en la época de lluvias, la cual aumentó progresivamente hasta alcanzar la riqueza mayor en los meses de surgencia costera. Se evidencian cambios temporales en la estructura de esta comunidad, relacionados con el aporte de aguas continentales durante la época de precipitaciones máximas, los procesos de mezcla de las masas de aguas y un ascenso de aguas profundas durante los primeros meses del año. Adicionalmente, se evidencia la ocurrencia de floraciones algales nocivas por la diatomea R. setigera y dinoflagelados bentónicos del género Ostreopsis. El zooplancton estuvo representado por 121 especies con una representación de 12 phyla, típica de ambientes costeros del mar Caribe. Los organismos más representativos en términos de riqueza fueron los copépodos, cnidarios y decápodos. Temporalmente, se observó que la abundancia presentó sus máximos entre junio y septiembre y sus mínimos entre febrero y marzo. La meiofauna mostró una riqueza mayor que la del zooplancton, con dominancia de copépodos y foraminíferos, seguido de los cnidarios y moluscos. Temporalmente, se encontró un patrón similar al observado en la comunidad zooplanctónica pero con variaciones más sutiles. Espacialmente, la riqueza de especies no mostró diferencias entre las tres zonas establecidas. En cuanto a la abundancia, hubo mayor representación de los foraminíferos, seguido de los nemátodos y moluscos. Finalmente, se identificaron 119 especies de macroalgas, dominadas por el Phylum Rhodophyta, seguidas por las Ochrophyta, con un comportamiento bimodal, similar al meiobentos. Resalta la presencia de algunas especies de macroalgas indicadoras de surgencia costera y una disminución de la diversidad durante la época de máximas precipitaciones. En cuanto a las relaciones entre las comunidades, a pesar que el fitoplancton y el microfitobentos comparten 150 especies, poseen especies características de cada comunidad con patrones de distribución diferentes. El resto de las comunidades presentaron mayor relación en función del compartimiento donde habitaban. Palabras claves: ecología marina, microfitobentos, microfitoplancton, zooplancton, meiobentos. v DEDICATORIA A mi esposa María Virginia y a mis padres Julio César y Gladys Ilies. vi AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecerle inmensamente a la Dra. Evelyn Zoppi de Roa de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, quien además de ser la tutora de mi tesis doctoral, fue una madre, que con sus consejos me enseñó cosas valiosas de vida, no he conocido a nadie con un espíritu tan joven como el de ella. Debo agradecer a PDVSA Intevep, mi sitio de trabajo por más de 10 años y a la Planta de Distribución Carenero, quiénes mediante el proyecto ATE Comercio y Distribución Venezuela, el cual tuvo entre sus actividades, el estudio de variables ambientales de la zona marina y costera adyacente a la Planta de Distribución Carenero, por la ocurrencia de intoxicaciones masivas en la zona, financiaron esta investigación. El apoyo logístico para realizar las salidas de campo fue brindado por la Planta de Distribución Carenero, quien puso a disposición de este estudio una embarcación tipo peñero con motor fuera de borda y el personal necesario para realizar los muestreos. Gracias al Gerente de la Planta Miguel Suñer, Thayvev Sulbarán, los buzos y marinos del muelle Carenero y en especial a nuestro capitán Uvencio Hurtado. La identificación de los componentes biológicos se realizó en los laboratorios de Ecotoxicología de la Gerencia de Ambiente de PDVSA Intevep, el de Plantas no Vasculares de la Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela Dr. Tobías Lasser de la Universidad Central de Venezuela y el de Ecología de Sistemas Acuáticos (Plancton) del Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Los análisis de las variables fisicoquímicas se realizaron con equipos de los laboratorios de Ecotoxicología y Química Ambiental de PDVSA Intevep. Gracias a todas las personas que trabajan en estos espacios de generación de conocimientos. A mis tesistas: María Angélica Crespo y Alan Fernández, ya unos profesionales de la vii biología, quiénes fueron un gran apoyo no solo en los muestreos y análisis de muestras sino que dieron grandes aportes durante el proyecto. A mis profesores y amigos: Joxmer Scott, Rubén Torres, Luis Troccoli, Fabiola López, Chiara Facca, Tamara Cibic, Estrella Villamizar, Mayra García, Edie Montiel, Santiago Gómez y Ernesto González, por sus sabios aportes durante el análisis de las muestras, la revisión del proyecto y este manuscrito. Al postgrado de Ecología, sus profesores y en especial a Herminia Daboin, quien es el brazo fundamental para el funcionamiento del mismo; además de su amistad, siempre me brindó una solución para cada situación. A mis compañeros de trabajo y amigos: Vanessa Hernández, Carolina Peña, José García, Nihumar Adames, Juan Figueras, Alberto Espinoza, Enrique Chacón, Enrique Abreu, María Virginia Barrios, Yesi Cardona, quienes fueron mis aliados y cómplices durante las campañas de muestreo y análisis en campo. A Anyoelis Castillo por su apoyo en la elaboración de los mapas. A mis supervisores laborales: Gabriel Yannotta, Francisco Guerra y José Acosta por darme el tiempo para llevar a cabo mis estudios de doctorado. No puedo dejar de agradecerle a mi familia, mi bella esposa María Virginia, que es mi compañera de vida, a mis padres: Ilies y Julio y mis hermanos. Gracias por su apoyo y paciencia durante mi ausencia. ¡Millones de gracias a todos! viii TABLA DE CONTENIDO RESUMEN…….…………………………………………………………………. iv DEDICATORIA…………………………………………………………………. vi AGRADECIMIENTOS………………………………………………………….. vii LISTA DE TABLAS……………………………………………………………... xi LISTA DE FIGURAS……………………………………………………………. xiii INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………….. 1 Antecedentes……………………………………………………………………… 4 OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………………….... 7 Objetivo general………………………………………………………………….. 7 Objetivos específicos……………………………………………………………... 7 HIPÓTESIS………………………………………………………………………. 8 Hipótesis biológica……………………………………………………………….. 8 Hipótesis estadística…………………………………………………………….... 8 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS…………………………………………………... 10 Área de estudio………………………………………………………………….... 10 Diseño de muestreo..……………………………………………………………... 11 Toma de las muestras…………………………………………………………….. 13 Análisis de las muestras en laboratorio…………………………………………... 16 Análisis estadístico………………………………………………………………. 17 RESULTADOS………………………………………………………………….. 21 Características ambientales de la zona de estudio………………………………... 21 Temperatura del agua..………………………………………………………... 21 Oxígeno disuelto ……………………………………………………………… 22 Salinidad………………………………………………………………………. 22 Precipitación ………………………………………………………………….. 23 pH……………………………………………………………………………... 24 Fosfato………………………………………………………………………...
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