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Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait's Waters

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Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait's Waters Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Marine Phytoplankton Atlas Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s of Kuwait’s Waters Manal Al-Kandari Dr. Faiza Y. Al-Yamani Kholood Al-Rifaie ISBN: 99906-41-24-2 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research P.O.Box 24885, Safat - 13109, Kuwait Tel: (965) 24989000 – Fax: (965) 24989399 www.kisr.edu.kw Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Published in Kuwait in 2009 by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O.Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait Copyright © Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 2009 All rights reserved. ISBN 99906-41-24-2 Design by Melad M. Helani Printed and bound by Lucky Printing Press, Kuwait No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or manual, including photocopying, or by any information or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 2 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Manal Al-Kandari Dr. Faiza Y. Al-Yamani Kholood Al-Rifaie Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL RESULTS INTRODUCTION 16 MATERIAL AND METHODS 18 Phytoplankton Collection and Preservation Methods 18 Sample Analysis 18 Light Microscope (LM) Observations 18 Diatoms Slide Preparation 19 - Burning 19 - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment 19 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Observations 21 Staining of the thecate dinoflagellate 21 - CalcoFluor White 21 Phytoplankton Micrographs 21 Phytoplankton Species Composition 21 GENERAL RESULTS 22 Phytoplankton Species Compostion 22 Diatoms 22 Dinoflagellate 23 Other Marine Phytoplankton Groups 23 Harmful Algal Blooms 23 REFERENCES 24 CHAPTER 2: DIATOMS INTRODUCTION 26 The Diatom Cell 26 TAXONOMIC LIST OF MARINE DIATOMS IN KUWait’s WATERS 30 Geographical Distribution of Marine Diatoms in Kuwait’s Waters 36 Taxonomic Description of Marine Diatoms in Kuwait’s Waters 41 Phylum: Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) 41 Class: Coscinodiscophyceae (centric diatoms) Round and Carwford in Round et al. 1990 41 Sub-Class: Thalassiosiraphycidae Round and Carwford in Round et al. 1990 41 Order: Thalassiosirales Glezer and Makarova 1986 41 Family: Thalassiosiraceae Lebour 1930 41 Genus: Thalassiosira Cleve 1873 41 Genus: Planktoniella Schütt 1892 43 Family: Stephanodiscaceae Glezer and Makarova 1986 43 Genus: Cyclotella (Kützing 1833) Brébisson 1838 43 Family: Lauderiaceae (Schütt) Lemmermann 1899 44 Genus: Lauderia Cleve 1873 44 4 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas Family: Skeletonemataceae Lebour emend. Round et al. 1990 45 Genus: Detonula Schütt ex De Toni 1894 45 Genus: Skeletonema Greville 1865 46 Sub-Class: Coscinodiscophycidae Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 46 Order: Melosirales Crawford in Round et al. 1990 46 Family: Stephanopyxidaceae Nikolaev 46 Genus: Stephanopyxis (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 1845 46 Order: Paraliales Crawford in Round et al. 1990 47 Family: Paraliaceae Crawford 1988 47 Genus: Paralia Heiberg 1863 47 Order: Coscinodiscales Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 47 Family: Coscinodiscaceae Kützing 1844 47 Genus: Coscinodiscus Ehrenberg 1838 47 Genus: Palmeria Greville 1865 52 Family: Hemidiscaceae Hendey 1937 52 Genus: Actinocyclus Ehrenberg 1837 52 Genus: Hemidiscus Wallich 1860 54 Order: Asterolamprales Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 55 Family: Asterolampraceae Smith 1872 55 Genus: Asteromphalus Ehrenberg 1844 55 Sub-Class: Biddulphiophycidae Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 56 Order: Triceratiales Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 56 Family: Triceratiaceae (Schütt) Lemmermann 1899 56 Genus: Odontella Agardh 1832 56 Genus: Triceratium Ehrenberg 1841 58 Genus: Lampriscus Schmidt 1882 58 Family: Plagiogrammaceae De Toni 1890 59 Genus: Dimeregramma Ralfs 1861 59 Order: Biddulphiales Krieger 1954 59 Family: Biddulphiaceae Kützing 1844 59 Genus: Biddulphia Gray 1821 59 Order: Hemiaulales Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 60 Family: Hemiaulaceae Heiberg 1863 60 Genus: Cerataulina H. Peragallo 1892 ex Schütt 1896 60 Genus: Climacodium Grunow 1868 61 Genus: Eucampia Ehrenberg 1839 61 Genus: Hemiaulus Heiberg 1863 62 Family: Bellerocheaceae Crawford in Round et al. 1990 63 Genus: Bellerochea Van Heurck 1885 63 Family: Streptothecaceae Crawford in Round et al. 1990 64 Genus: Helicotheca Ricard 1987 64 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas 5 Sub-Class: Lithodesmiophycidae Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 64 Order: Lithodesmiales Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 64 Family: Lithodesmiaceae Round in Round et al. 1990 64 Genus: Ditylum Baily 1861 64 Sub-Class: Corethrophycidae Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 65 Order: Corethrales Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 65 Family: Corethraceae Lebour 1930 65 Genus: Corethron Castracane 1886 65 Sub-Class: Rhizosoleniophycidae Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 66 Order: Rhizosoleniales Silva 1962 66 Family: Rhizosoleniaceae Petit 1888 66 Genus: Rhizosolenia Brightwell 1858 66 Genus: Proboscia Sundström 1986 69 Genus: Pseudosolenia Sundström 1986 70 Genus: Guinardia Peragallo 1892 71 Genus: Dactyliosolen Castracane 1886 72 Sub-Class: Chaetocerotophycidae Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 73 Order: Chaetocerotales Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 73 Family: Chaetocerotaceae Ralfs 1861/ Smith 1872 73 Genus: Bacteriastrum Shadbolt 1854 73 Genus: Chaetoceros Ehrenberg 1844 74 Order: Leptocylindrales Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 81 Family: Leptocylindraceae Lebour 1930 81 Genus: Leptocylindrus Cleve 1889 81 Class: Fragilariophyceae (Araphid, pennate diatoms) Round in Round et al. 1990 82 Sub-Class: Fragilariophycidae Round in Round et al. 1990 82 Order: Fragilariales Silva 1962 82 Family: Fragilariaceae Greville 1833 82 Genus: Asterionellopsis Round 1990 82 Genus: Fragilaria Lyngbye 1819 83 Genus: Opephora Petit 1888 83 Genus: Synedra Ehrenberg 1830 84 Genus: Trachysphenia Petit 1877 84 Order: Licmophorales Round in Round et al. 1990 84 Family: Licmophoraceae Kützing 1844 84 Genus: Licmophora Agardh 1827 84 Order: Rhaphoneidales Round in Round et al. 1990 85 Family: Raphoneidaceae Forti 1912 85 Genus: Diplomenora Blazé 1984 85 Order: Thalassionematales Round in Round et al. 1990 85 Family: Thalassionemataceae Round in Round et al. 1990 85 Genus: Thalassionema Grunow 1902 85 6 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas Genus: Thalassiothrix Cleve and Grunow 1880 86 Order: Rhabdonematales Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 87 Family: Rhabdonemataceae Round and Crawford in Round et al. 1990 87 Genus: Rhabdonema Kützing 1844 87 Order: Striatellales Round in Round et al. 1990 87 Family: Striatellaceae Kützing 1844 87 Genus: Grammatophora Ehrenberg 1839 87 Genus: Striatella Agardh 1932 88 Class: Bacillariophyceae (Raphid, pennate diatoms) Haeckel 1979 emend. Mann in Round 89 et al. 1990 Sub-class: Bacillariophycidae Mann in Round et al. 1990 89 Order: Lyrellales Mann in Round et al. 1990 89 Family: Lyrellaceae Mann in Round et al. 1990 89 Genus: Lyrella (Cleve) Karayeva 1978 89 Order: Mastogloiales Mann in Round et al. 1990 92 Family: Mastogloiaceae Mereschkowsky 1903 92 Genus: Mastogloia Thwaites in Wm. Smith 1856 92 Order: Achnanthales Silva 1962 94 Family: Achnanthaceae Kützing 1844 94 Genus: Achnanthes Bory 1822 95 Genus: Planothidium Round and Buktiyarova 1996 96 Family: Cocconeidaceae Kützing 1844 96 Genus: Cocconeis Ehrenberg 1837 96 Order: Cymbellales Mann in Round et al. 1990 97 Family: Cymbellaceae Greville 1833 97 Genus: Cymbella C. Agardh 1830 97 Family: Gomphonemataceae Kützing 1844 97 Genus: Gomphonema Ehrenberg 1832 97 Order: Naviculales Bessey 1907 97 Sub-order: Neidiineae Mann in Round et al. 1990 97 Family: Berkeleyaceae Mann in Round et al. 1990 97 Genus: Berkeleya R. K. Greville 1827 97 Sub-order: Sellaphorineae Mann in Round et al. 1990 98 Family: Sellaphoraceae Mereschkowsky 1902 98 Genus: Fallacia Stickle and Mann in Round et al. 1990 98 Family: Pinnulariaceae Mann in Round et al. 1990 98 Genus: Caloneis Cleve 1894 98 Genus: Oestrupia Heiden 1935 99 Sub-Order: Diploneidaceae 100 Family: Diploneidaceae Mann in Round et al. 1990 100 Genus: Diploneis Ehrenberg 1844 100 Family: Naviculaceae Kützing 1844 104 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas 7 Sub-Order: Naviculineae 104 Family: Naviculineae Kützing 104 Genus: Meuniera Silva 1996 104 Genus: Navicula Bory 1824 104 Genus: Trachyneis Cleve 1894 106 Genus: Haslea Simonsen 1974 107 Genus: Donkinia Ralfs 1861 108 Family: Pleurosigmataceae Mereschkowsky 1903 108 Genus: Pleurosigma Smith 1852 108 Genus: Gyrosigma Hassall 1845 109 Family: Plagiotropidaceae Mann in Round et al. 1990 110 Genus: Plagiotropis Pfitzer 1871 110 Order: Thalassiophysales Mann in Round et al. 1990 110 Family: Catenulaceae Mereschkowsky 1902 110 Genus: Amphora Ehrenberg 1840 110 Order: Bacillariales Hendey 1937 114 Family: Bacillariaceae Ehrenberg 1831 114 Genus: Bacillaria Gmelin 1791 114 Genus: Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst 1859 115 Genus: Hantzschia A. Grunow 1877 116 Genus: Nitzschia Hassall 1845 116 Genus: Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo 1899 119 Order: Surirellales Mann in Round et al. 1990 120 Family: Entomoneidaceae Reimer in Patrick and Reimer 1975 120
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