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Universidad De Guadalajara 1996 8 093696263 UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y AGROPECUARIAS DIVISIÓN DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y AMBIENTALES FITOPLANCTON DE RED DEL LITORAL DE JALISCO Y COLIMA EN EL CICLO ANUAL 2001-2002 TESIS PROFESIONAL QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADO EN BIOLOGÍA PRESENTA KARINA ESQUEDA LARA las Agujas, Zapopan, Jal. julio de 2003 - UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS Y AGROPECUARIAS COORDINACION DE CARRERA DE LA LICENCIATURA EN BIOLOGIA co_MITÉ DE TITULACION C. KARINA ESQUEDA LARA PRESENTE. Manifestamos a Usted que con esta fecha ha sido aprobado su tema de titulación en la modalidad de TESIS E INFORMES opción Tesis con el título "FITOPLANCTON DE RED DEL LITORAL DE JALISCO Y COLIMA EN EL CICLO ANUAL 2001/2002", para obtener la Licenciatura en Biología. Al mismo tiempo les informamos que ha sido aceptado como Director de dicho trabajo el DR. DAVID URIEL HERNÁNDEZ BECERRIL y como 'Asesores del mismo el M.C. ELVA GUADALUPE ROBLES JARERO y M.C. ILDEFONSO ENCISO PADILLA ATENTAMENTE "PIENSA Y TRABAJA" "2002, Año Const "~io Hernández Alvirde" Las Agujas, Za ·op al., 18 de julio del 2002 DRA. MÓ A ELIZABETH RIOJAS LÓPEZ PRESIDENTE DEL COMITÉ DE TITULACIÓN 1) : ~~ .e1ffl~ llcrl\;"~' · epa M~ . LETICIA HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ SECRETARIO DEL COMITÉ DE TITULACIÓN c.c.p. DR. DAVID URIEL HERNÁNDEZ BECERRIL.- Director del Trabajo. c.c.p. M.C. ELVA GUADALUPE ROBLES JARERO.- Asesor del Trabajo. c.c.p. M.C. ILDEFONSO ENCISO PADILLA.- Asesor del Trabajo. c.c.p. Expediente del alumno MEALILHL/mam Km. 15.5 Carretera Guadalajara- Nogales Predio "Las Agujas", Nextipac, C.P. 45110 o AP 39·82. Tels (91·31 682·0248 682·0374 Fax. 6820120 Zapopan, Jalisco. México C. DRA. MÓNICA ELIZABETH RIOJAS LÓPEZ PRESIDENTE DEL COMITÉ DE TITULACION DE LA DIVISIÓN DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y AMBIENTALES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA PRESENTE. Por medio del presente, nos permitimos informar a Usted. que habiendo revisado el trabajo de titulación de tesis que realizó la pasante: Karina Esqueda Lara con código 093696.263 con el título Fitoplancton de red del litoral de Jalisco y Colima en el ciclo anual 2001/2002, consideramos que ha quedado debidamente concluido, por lo que ponemos a su consideración el escrito final para autorización de impresión y, en su caso, programación de fecha de examen respectivo. Sin otro particular, agradecemos de antemano la atención que se sirva brindar a la presente y aprovechamos la ocasión para enviarle un cordial saludo. ATENTAMENTE Las Agujas, Zapopan, Jal., a 27 de mayo del 2003 Asesor Sinodales Dr. Eduardo Ríos Jara M. C. Francisco Martín Huerta Martínez M. C. Maria del Refugio Mora Navarro M. C. Ernesto López Uriarte (suplente). CONTENIDO ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ¡¡ AGRADECIMIENTOS ¡¡¡ DEDICATORIAS ¡¡¡¡ 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 Principales grupos fitoplanctonicos 2 Bacillariophyta, Bacillaryophyceae (Diatomophyceae) 2 Dynophyta, Dinophyceae 3 Cyanophyta, Cyanoprocaryota, Cyanophyceae 4 Heterokontophyta, Dictyochophyceae 4 2.ANTECEDENTES 5 ·- 3. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO 7 Sectorización del Pacífico Mexicano 7 Descripción del área de estudio 10 4. OBJETIVOS 12 General 12 Particulares 13 5. METAS 13 6. HIPÓTESIS 13 7. MATERIALES Y METODOS 14 Trabajo de campo 14 Trabajo de laboratorio 15 Identificación de especies y medición de sus abundancias 15 relativas Trnb~odega~ne~ 16 8.RESULTADOS 18 Composición taxonómica del fitoplancton de red 18 Similitud florística por estaciones del año 21 Variación espacio-temporal y su relación con las temperaturas 22 Variación espacio-temporal (riqueza de especies y 22 diversidad) Diferencias significativas (riqueza de especies y diversidad) 29 Temperaturas (abundancias) 30 Bacillariophyta (diatomeas) 32 Composición de la comunidad 32 Variación espacio temporal (riqueza de especies y 32 diversidad) Diferencias significativas (riqueza de especies y 35 diversidad) Dinoflagellata (dinoflagelados) 36 Composición de la comunidad 36 Variación espacio temporal (riqueza de especies y 36 diversidad) Diferencias significativas (riqueza de especies y 38 diversidad) Cyanophyta (cianofitas) y Dictyochophyceae 39 (silicoflagelados) Composición de las comunidades 39 Variación espacio temporal (riqueza de especies) 39 Diferencias significativas (riqueza de especies) 41 9. DISCUSIÓN 42 Composición taxonómica del fitoplancton de red 42 Semejanza floristica por temporada del año 45 Variación espacio temporal y su relación con la temperatura 47 Bacillariphyta (diatomeas) 54 Dinoflagellata (dinoflagelados) 55 Cyanophyta (cianofitas) y Dictyochophyceae (silicoflagelados) 57 10. CONCLUSIONES 58 11. CONSIDERACIONES 60 12. PERSPECTIVAS 60 13. LITERATURA CITADA 62 14. ANEXOS 73 Anexo 1 Listado taxonómico del fitoplancton de red para Bahía 74 Charnela, Jalisco y Bahía Manzanillo, Colima Anexo 2 Distribución espacio-temporal de las especies de 99 fitoplancton de red de Jalisco y Colima durante el ciclo anual 2001/2002 Anexo 3 Nuevos registros para el PTM 11 O ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Cuadro 1. Localidades georeferenciadas. 14 Cuadro 2. Número de taxas por división del fitoplancton de red para el 19 presente trabajo. Cuadro 3. Matriz de sem1::1janza por estaciones del año. 21 Cuadro 4. Riqueza, dominancia y diversidad de especies por muestra. 23 Cuadro 5. Diferencias significativas de riqueza de especies y diversidad 26 (valor de p s 0.05). Cuadro 6. Resultados de ANOVAS para cada mes del ciclo anual2001- 27 2002 (valor de p s 0.05). Cuadro 7. Resultados dEl análisis de Newman Keuls para la riqueza de 30 especies por grupo taxonómico para cada uno de los meses. Cuadro 8. Matriz de correlación de Pearson para las calificaciones de ejes y 31 temperaturas (gl=67, ps0.05). Cuadro 9. Número de especies por distribución regional. 32 Cuadro 10. Resultados de ANOVAS para diatomeas (valor de p s 0.05). 33 Cuadro 11. Diversidad de especies de diatomeas por localidad y por mes 34 (valor de p s 0.05). Cuadro 12. Resultados del análisis de Newman Kaeuls de diatomeas por 35 meses. Cuadro 13. Resultados de ANOVAS para dinoflagelados (valor de p :s 0.05). 37 Cuadro 14. Diversidad de especies de dinoflagelados por localidad y por 38 mes. Cuadro 15. Resultados del análisis de Newman Kaeuls de dinoflagelados 38 por mes. Cuadro 16. Resultados de ANOVAS para los grupos de cianofitas y 40 silicoflagelados (valor de p :s mes). Cuadro 17. Resultados del análisis de Newman Kaeuls para cianofitas por 42 mes. 11 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Sectorización y corrientes oceánicas del Pacifico Mexicano 8 Figura 2. Localización del área de estudio 11 Figura 3. Distribución de especies por regiones 20 Figura 4. Distribución de especies por zonas 21 Figura 5. Dendrograma de semejanza con base a presencia/ausencia de las 22 especies de fitoplancton de red por estaciones del año Figura 6. Ordenamiento de Bray Curtís para las abundancias relativas 31 Figura 7. Riqueza de especies de diatomeas (Bacillariophyta) por localidad 33 Figura 8. Riqueza de especies de diatomeas por mes 34 Figura 9. Riqueza de especies de dinoflagelados por localidad 36 Figura 1O. Riqueza de especies de dinoflagelados por mes 37 Figura 11. Riqueza de especies de cianofitas (Cyanophyta) y 40 silicoflagelados (Dictyochophyceae) por localidad Figura 12. Riqueza de especies de los grupos Cyanophyta y 41 Dictyochophyceae por mes 111 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi hermana y padre por apoyarme hasta el final. A David U. por su ayuda, apoyo e impulso para la realización del trabajo. A lldefonso por su amistad, ayuda, apoyo, comprensión, pero sobre todo por aguantarme durante cinco años. A mis compañeros Claudia, Alejandra y dorge. A Guadalupe Robles por haberme aceptado como tesista de su proyecto, así como por haberme brindado el apoyo económico otorgado por CONACyT. A Yolanda Ornelas Orozco y Jorge Sepúlveda por su ayuda con los ejemplares observados en el microscopio electrónico de barrido y el microscopio 1 ¡ electrónico de transmisión respectivamente. A Yuri Okolodkov por su interés y apoyo para la identificación de Peridiniales, pero sobretodo por su amistad. A Martín Huerta, Alejandro Muñoz y Eduardo Ríos, Refugio Mora y Ernesto 1 López por su ayuda. ¡ A Erika, por aguantarme tantos días en su casa (México), por ser una de mis mejores amigas, por levantarme el ánimo y ayudarme a salir ...... por todo, mil gracias. A Paty y Gema pe r sus consejos y amistad. A Ramón y sus padres por recibirme en su casa y por su amistad. A todas las personas que de alguna manera me ayudaron. GRACIAS A TODOS 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El fitoplancton se forma de varios grupos heterogéneos de organismos microscópicos, en su mayoría fotosintéticos, unicelulares, filamentosos o formadores de cadenas. Aunque algunas células presentan órganos de locomoción como los flagelos, el movimiento del fitoplancton se complementa por las turbulencias y corrientes del agua, así como por la densidad de los organismos. Se encuentra en aguas continentales y en los mares, se ubica en la zona eufótica, es decir, la capa iluminada de los cuerpos de agua hasta la profundidad donde la luz solar alcanza alrededor del 1% de intensidad luminosa (Hernández-Becerril, 1993; Levinton, 1995). Los organismos que conforman el fitoplancton varían en su talla desde menos de 2 f.lm hasta más de 1 mm. Al fitoplancton se le divide, de acuerdo a su tamaño en cuatro grupos: macroplancton (de 200 a 2000 ¡.tm), microplancton (entre 20 y 200 f.lm), nanoplancton (entre. 2 ¡.tm y 20 ¡.tm) y picoplancton o ultraplancton (menor de 2 f.lm) (Boney, 1989). El fitoplancton tiene una gran importancia ecológica por ser el principal productor
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