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Monitoreo De Microalgas De Ambientes Costeros De La Provincia De Buenos Aires Y Monitoreo De Toxinas En Moluscos Bivalvos

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Monitoreo De Microalgas De Ambientes Costeros De La Provincia De Buenos Aires Y Monitoreo De Toxinas En Moluscos Bivalvos PROYECTO MARCO MONITOREO DE MICROALGAS DE AMBIENTES COSTEROS DE LA PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES Y MONITOREO DE TOXINAS EN MOLUSCOS BIVALVOS Directora Científica: Eugenia A. Sar1 Coordinación Técnica: Andrea Lavigne2, Ramiro Duffard2 Grupo responsable: Inés Sunesen1, Andrea Lavigne2 Grupo responsable de muestreo: Inés Sunesen1, Andrea Lavigne2 1 Departamento Científico Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP 2 Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios, Dirección Provincial de Pesca. MORTANDAD MASIVA DE SARACAS (BREVOORTIA AUREA) EN LA PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES INTRODUCCIÓN A partir del 4 de marzo se produjo una varazón masiva de saracas, Brevoortia aurea, en el área costera de la Provincia de Buenos Aires entre Samborombón y Mar Azul, República Argentina y en el área costera de los Departamentos de Canelones y Montevideo, República Oriental del Uruguay. Tanto el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP) asesora de la Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura de la Nación (SSPyA), del Consejo Federal Pesquero (CFP) y de la Cancillería Argentina, Argentina, como la Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA) dependiente del Ministerio de Agricultura Ganadería y Pesca de Uruguay determinaron que la presunción de que el evento se hubiera producido por un descarte de la flota pesquera comercial podía ser desestimada. La estimación de biomasa de peces muertos depositados en la costa argentina fue de 3000 toneladas (informe del INIDEP del 19 de marzo), sin embargo varazones menores continúan aún y fueron observadas en Mar Azul durante la campaña del del 30-03-15 (cuyo análisis de muestras está en procesamiento). Para esas fechas algunos peces llegaban vivos a la costa con señales de asfixia, por lo que no puede presumirse que hubieran muerto en aguas próximas a las playas tiempo antes. 1 El objetivo de este informe preliminar es presentar resultados de las observaciones del tracto digestivo, branquias y eventuales lesiones del cuerpo de los peces varados recogidos en la última campaña y presentar un análisis de los fitopláncteres hallados en las muestras colectadas en enero, febrero y marzo, que hayan sido previamente considerados como nocivos no toxígenos o toxígenos, de los que se halle referencias que los asocien a mortandad masiva de peces. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS El material utilizado fue colectado los días 13-01-2015, 15-02-2015 y 16-04- 2015 (correspondiente a los Informes ya enviados 84, 85 y 86 respectivamente) en: - San Clemente del Tuyú, muestras cualitativa (2) y cuantitativa, colectadas desde el muelle - Santa Teresita, muestras cualitativa (2) y cuantitativa, colectadas desde el muelle - Villa Gesell, muestras cualitativa (2) y cuantitativa, colectadas desde el muelle - Mar Azul, muestras cualitativa (2) y cuantitativa, colectadas desde la orilla, en Calle 31 o 38 y playa Las muestras cualitativas fueron tomadas con red de plancton de 30 µm de apertura de malla, dispuestas en frascos de 125 ml por duplicado, una de ellas fue inmediatamente fijada con formol al 4 % (concentración final) y la otra mantenida viva en frío para su observación in vivo en el laboratorio. Las muestras cuantitativas fueron tomadas con botella Van Door, dispuestas en frascos de 250 ml, inmediatamente fijadas con formol al 0.4 % (concentración final). Las muestras cualitativas fueron analizadas con microscopio óptico Nikon Microphot FX con contraste de fase y microscopio invertido Zeiss Axiovert 40CFL con contraste de fases. Las muestras cuantitativas fueron analizadas para estimar el número de células por litro con microscopio invertido Zeiss Axiovert 40CFL según técnica Utermöhl. 2 Paralelamente fueron tomadas muestras de moluscos bivalvos filtradores que suelen ser vectores comunes de ficotoxinas con el objeto de remitirlas a SENASA para análisis de PSP y DSP. Las colectas fueron realizadas en: - Santa Teresita: Mesodesma mactroides (almeja amarilla) del intermareal. - Mar Azul.: Donax hanleyanus (berberecho) del intermareal. Adicionalmente fueron colectados 4 peces (Breevortia aurea) dos de ellos fueron recogidos por guardavidas que contactan con la Dirección Provincial de Pesca en caso de mortandad masiva de fauna o de discoloraciones evidente a ojo desnudo, y los otros dos fueron hallados en la playa recientemente varados. Las muestras de moluscos y peces colectadas fueron mantenidas en freezer hasta su envío al laboratorio de ficotoxinas de SENASA y procesamiento en la División Ficología. En el laboratorio los peces, de 38 y 35 cm de largo, fueron disecados retirándoles los opérculos y luego las branquias, éstas fueron analizadas bajo lupa. A su vez se retiró una pared muscular lateral y el tracto digestivo, esófago, estómago e intestino como una sola pieza. Luego se separó el estómago pilórico y se abrió mediante una incisión longitudinal, el contenido estomacal fue analizado bajo microscopio. Finalmente se analizó el tejido alrededor de lesiones halladas en la superficie del cuerpo de uno de los peces colectado por los guardavidas. Este muestreo, que realizamos en salvaguarda de la salud pública cerca de la línea de costa en que se encuentran los bancos de moluscos a los que 3 los lugareños y locales tienen acceso (a fin de prevenir intoxicaciones eventuales por consumo de éstos), podría ser limitado para reflejar la composición y estructura del fitoplancton del área en que se mueven los cardúmenes de saracas. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN Análisis de los peces colectados durante el episodio La observación de las branquias con lupa y microscopio no permitió hallar señales de lesiones o sangrados. El análisis microscópico del escaso contenido pilórico hallado en el espécimen disecado permitió establecer la presencia de especies de Bacillariophyta, Clase Coscinodiscophyceae (diatomeas centrales) pertenecientes a los géneros Coscinodiscus, Thalassiosira, Melosira, Actinocyclus como las más abundates y de la Clase Fragilariophyceae (diatomeas pennales arafidales) perteneciente al género Thalassionema, menos abundantes. Adicionalmente se encontraron especies del género Oocystis, Chlorophyta cenobiales (Orden Chlorococcales) características de agua dulce y no fueron hallados dinoflagelados o copépodos. Si bien el espectro trófico hallado en este análisis preliminar es más acotado que el descripto por Giamgiobbee & Sánchez (1993) los organismos dominantes son concordantes con los hallados en dicho estudio. Alguno de los peces colectados por los guardavidas, mostraron lesiones en la superficie del cuerpo, aparentemente debidas al mecanismo de recolección con un elemento con pinches. El tejido alrededor de estas lesiones fue analizado en busca de organismos patógenos como Aphanomyces, Saprolegnia (Orden Saprolegniales, Clase Oomycetes, Phylum Oomycota) frecuentemente encontrados en las lesiones ulcerativas que se producen en saracas del Atlántico Norte, Brevoortia tyrannus (Dykstra & Kane 2000), muchas veces vinculada con mortandad masiva provocada por Pfiesteria piscicida. Tango et al. (2006) mostraron una fuerte asociación entre la incidencia de lesiones en saracas y la presencia de especies de Pfiesteria, sobre la base del análisis de datos de muchos años de monitoreo en la Bahía de Chesapeake y afluentes. Los autores observaron que la asociación estadísticamente detectada no debe inferirse como una relación causa-efecto, pero sugirieron que la asociación podría ser una herramienta de gestión útil para guiar el muestreo de las 4 especies del género Pfiesteria, Orden Peridiniales, Familia Pfiesteriaceae (Marshall et al. 2006). El análisis mediante microscopio óptico de los tejidos alrededor de las lesiones halladas en los peces colectados por los pescadores fue negativo para hifas de Oomycota. Análisis de los moluscos por bioensayo en ratón durante el período enero-marzo Todas las muestras enviadas a SENASA para determinar toxinas PSP dieron bioensayos negativos y las muestras enviadas para determinar DSP dieron bioensayos positivos con concentraciones del orden de 102 cel l-1 a 103 cel l-1 de Dinophysis acuminata Claparède et Lachmann y/o D. caudata Saville-Kent como en anteriores episodios de toxicidad por DSP descriptos por Sar et al. (2010, 2012) y Sunesen et al. (2014). Análisis de pláncteres citados como productores de mortandad masiva de peces presentes en los muestreos de enero (informe 84), febrero (informe 85) y marzo (informe 86). Diatomeas: Asterionellopsis glacialis (Castracane) Round es una especie que ha sido asociada a un evento de mortandad de peces ocurrido en Itanhaém, Brasil por Zavala-Camin & Yamanaka (1980). Sin embargo, en la costa de la Provincia de Buenos Aires a pesar de ser la especie más frecuente en todas las estaciones de muestreo y de llegar a producir discoloraciones visibles a ojo desnudo con concentraciones del orden de 108 cel l-1, nunca se la encontró relacionada a eventos de mortandad de fauna, sólo a la formación de manchas marrones en la superficie del agua y sobre la arena de la costa provocando alarma social en los meses de mayor afluencia turística (Sunesen & Sar 2007), algo similar fue descripto para la costa uruguaya (Méndez & Ferrari 2002). A. glacialis, que es un componente altamente frecuente del fitoplancton del área desde 2008 a la fecha, fue encontrada en todos los muestreos analizados para la realización de este informe en concentraciones del orden de 103 cél l-1 / 106 cél l-1 muy por debajo de las concentraciones que producen discoloraciones visibles a ojo desnudo bajo las cuales pueden producir efectos nocivos. Sobre 5 esta base consideramos que la especie no estuvo
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