Seasonal Changes of Zooplankton Species and Groups Composition in Iskenderun Bay (North East Levantine, Mediterranean Sea)
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Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 48(5), pp. 1395-1405, 2016. Seasonal Changes of Zooplankton Species and Groups Composition in Iskenderun Bay (North East Levantine, Mediterranean Sea) Benin Toklu Alıçlı1* and Ercan Sarıhan1 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey 2Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana, Turkey A B S T R A C T Article Information Received 3 July 2015 This study was carried out between January 2002 and November 2002 in the northern part of Revised 21 December 2015 Iskenderun Bay (off shore of Yumurtalık-Kokar Cape) in the northeastern Mediterranean to Accepted 25 May 2016 determine seasonal changes of zooplankton. Samples were collected seasonally at 13 sations using Available online 1 August 2016 WP2 net of 200 µm mesh by vertical and horizantal hauls. 29 species of copepods, 4 species of Authors’ Contribution cladocera, 11 groups of holoplankton and 9 groups of meroplankton were determined in spring; 17 BTA collected and identified the species of copepods, 4 species of cladocera and 8 groups of holoplankton and meroplankton, zooplankton samples. ES and BTA respectively, were determined in summer; 23 species of copepods, 2 species of cladocera, 10 groups wrote the article together. of holoplankton and 7 groups of meroplankton were determined in autumn and 34 species of copepods, 12 groups of holoplankton and 7 groups of meroplankton were determined in winter. Key words Lessepsian species were recorded in the area such as Calanopia elliptica, Labidocera pavo, Copepoda, Zooplankton Pontellina plumata, Centropages furcatus. İskenderun Bay INTRODUCTION Terbıyık Kurt and Polat, 2013, 2014, 2015). This study provides information on distribution and seasonal changes of zooplankton in the Gulf of Zooplankton hold significant importance in Iskenderun, a part of Northeast Mediterranean which is aquatic environments in that they constitute the first an important fishing ground in the Mediterranean coast. consumer step and second reproducer step in the food chain, they convert vegetal protein in phytoplankton into MATERIALS AND METHODS animal protein and they constitute the basic nutrients of invertebrate and vertebrate animal organisms requiring Iskenderun Bay has a length of approximately animal protein. Therefore the abundance and diversity of 65km, a width of 35km and spans an area of 2247 square zooplankton depends on environmental conditions. The kilometers. Its maximum depth is at the entrance point to more diverse zooplankton is in an environment, the more the Mediterranean and measures approximately 100 m. abundant are the animal organisms that feed on From this location, the depth exhibits irregular changes to zooplankton. the north-east line. The gulf has the same wide The Gulf of İskenderun has had an important place continental shelf in the northeast Mediterranean. in the Mediterranean, especially after joining of the Therefore the average depth of the gulf is only about 70 migrant species from the Red Sea after opening of the m. The gulf is exposed to the Sea Breezes active between Suez Canal. There are several zooplankton studies in June-September, and to the west winds in winters. The different regions of Mediterranean (Kimor and Wood, area is also exposed to winds from north and northeast, 1975; Lakkis, 1984; Weikert and Trinkaus, 1990; Gotsis- locally named "Yarıkkaya" which can blow for 3-5 days Skretas et al., 1992; Gücü et al., 1992; Siokou-Frangou et reach up to a speed of 50km/h, and also to South Winds al., 1996; Mazzocchi et al., 1997; Uysal et al., 2002; from south and southeast (Avşar, 1999). The Gulf is also Unal et al., 2002; Dönmez et al., 2006; Isari et al., 2006; affected by many industrial facilities, mainly iron-steel, Zenginer-Yılmaz and Besiktepe, 2010; Mazzocchii et al., fertilizer and petroleum pipelines, and also by agricultural 2014). However, the number of studies on the Gulf of activities conducted at the gulf coast. Iskenderun are limited (Gökalp, 1972; Dönmez, 1998; Zooplankton samples were seasonally collected Uysal and Shemeleva, 2002; Toklu and Sarıhan, 2003; between the dates January 2002 - November 2002, at the offshore of Yumurtalık-Kokar cape in the Gulf of Iskenderun, horizontally and vertically from 12 stations ______________________________ * Corresponding author: [email protected] and only horizontally from 1 station (13.Station). The 0030-9923/2016/0005-1395 $ 8.00/0 depth of these 13 stations ranged between 20 and 70 Copyright 2016 Zoological Society of Pakistan meters (Fig.1). Zooplankton samples were collected 1396 B.T. ALIÇLI AND E. SARIHAN during daytime (08:00-12.00 am) using standard WP2 of cladocera and 8 groups of holoplankton and plankton net (200 m mesh size and 57 cm diameter) and meroplankton, respectively, were determined in summer; preserved with 4% formaldehyde solution. Afterwards 23 species of copepods, 2 species of cladocera, 10 groups the samples were loaded into the sampling tank and of holoplankton and 7 groups of meroplankton were deposited into a Dollfus-Cuve counting chamber (sub- determined in autumn and 34 species of copepods, 12 sample), where they were counted under a groups of holoplankton and 7 groups of meroplankton stereomicroscope (Özel, 1992). Among the samples, were determined in winter (Table ID). copepods and cladocera were analyzed at species or While the copepoda constituted 59% of the total genus level, while other holoplankton and meroplankton zooplankton in horizontal spring haul, it constituted 69% were analyzed at group level. of the vertical winter hauls. Cladocera constituted 41% of the total zooplankton in horizontal summer haul, it constituted 35% of the winter haul. Other holoplankton was determined as 34% in horizontal autumn haul and 35% in vertical haul. Meroplankton was determined as 15% in horizontal summer haul, while 17% in vertical spring haul (Fig.3). Differences of sampling stations were shown clearly by MDS analysis, according to four seasons (Fig. 4). Differences were observed in the seasonal availabilities of copepod species found in the research. For example, Acartia (Acartiura) clausi, Calocalanus pavo, Corycaeus spp., Clausocalanus arcuicornis, Clausocalanus furcatus, Centropages violaceus, Euterpina acutifrons, Farranula rostrata, Mecynocera Fig. 1. Locations of sampling stations in İskenderun Bay. clausi, Oithona helgolandica, Oithona plumifera, Oithona setigera, Oncea spp., Paracalanus parvus and Water temperature and salinity were measured with Temora stylifera, among the copepods, were observed in a salinometer model YSI. every season. Other species, namely Acartia grani, Zooplankton identifications was performed Acartia latisetosa, Acartia negligens, Calanus gracilis, according to Rose (1933), Brodskii (1950), Tregouboff Candacia ethiopica, Lucicutia ovalis, Paraeuchaeta and Rose (1957), Grice (1961), Kasturirangan (1963), hebes, Saphirina angusta, Saphirina gemma were only Owre and Foyo (1967), Frost and Fleminger (1968), found in spring; Calanopia elliptica, Microsetella rosea, Boltovskoy (1981), Dussart and Defaye (1995), Özel Pontellina plumata and Saphirina nigromaculata were (1996), Palomares et al. (1998), Bradford-Grieve et al. only observed in autumn; Acartia discaudata, Aetideus (1999), Bradford-Grieve (1999) and Todd et al. (2003). giesbrechti, Calocalanus pavoninus, Calocalanus Systematic classification and nomenclature of styliremis, Copilia mediterranea, Copilia quadrata, zooplankton species were made according to WORMS Macrosetella gracilis, Phaenna spinifera, Pleuromamma (2015). gracilis, Sapphirina metallina, Sapphirina Presence/absence data were used to Bray-Curtis ovatolanceolata, Scolecithricella tenuiserrata and Similarity index to determine the similarity among the Scolecithrix bradyi were only observed in winter, sampling stations. The non-parametric Multidimensional Calanus minor was observed in spring, autumn and Scaling test was perfomed using the Primer 6 software winter, Calanus tenuicornis was observed in spring and (Clarke and Warwick, 2001). summer, Calocalanus elegans, Candacia armata and Centropages furcatus were observed in autumn and RESULTS winter, Centropages kröyeri and Pontella mediterranea were observed in spring and summer, Clytemnestra The sea surface temperature and salinity ranged rostrata was observed in summer, autumn and winter, from 16.6 to 29.3ºC and 33.1 to 36.7%, respectively Euchaeta marina was observed in spring, autumn and (Fig.2). winter, Labidocera brunescens was observed in spring, Based on seasonal zooplankton distribution, 29 summer and autumn, Labidocera pavo was observed in species of copepods, 4 species of cladocera, 11 groups of summer and spring, Lubbockia squillimana and Lucicutia holoplankton and 9 groups of meroplankton were flavicornis were observed in spring, autumn and winter, determined in spring; 17 species of copepods, 4 species Oithona nana was observed in spring, summer and ZOOPLANKTON SPECİES İN ISKENDERUN BAY 1397 ‰ Spring °C ‰ Summer °C 36.5 19 36 29.4 36 18.8 35.8 29.2 35.5 18.6 35.6 29 35 35.4 28.8 34.5 18.4 35.2 Salinity (‰) 28.6 34 35 Salinity (‰) 18.2 Temperature(°C) 33.5 34.8 28.4 Temperature(°C) 18 28.2 33 34.6 32.5 17.8 34.4 28 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Stations Stations ‰ Autumn °C ‰ Winter °C 36.6 23.8 36.8 18.5 36.5 23.6 36.4 36.7 36.3 23.4 36.6 18 36.2 23.2 36.5 36.1 17.5 Salinity (‰) 36 23 36.4 Salinity (‰) Temperature(°C) 35.9 22.8 36.3 17 Temperature(°C) 35.8 36.2 22.6 35.7 36.1 16.5 35.6 22.4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Stations Stations Fig. 2. Seasonal variations of surface temperature (ºC) and salinity (‰) in Iskenderun Bay. A B Fig. 3. Seasonal occurrence (%) of zooplankton in Iskenderun Bay. A, horizontal; B, vertical. 1398 B.T. ALIÇLI AND E. SARIHAN 2D Stress: 0,16 Season Au1 Spring Summer Au5 Au3 Autumn Au2 Winter Au4 Au11Au12Au9 Su11 Au7 Au8 Su4 Au10 Au6 Su10 Su6 Su5 Su7 Su9 Su12 Su8 Wi8 Wi9 Su1 Su3 Wi6 Wi10 Wi5 Wi7 Wi3 Sp9 Wi12 Su2 Sp5 Sp7 Sp2 Sp10 Sp6Sp12 Wi11 Sp4 Wi2 Sp11 Sp3 Wi1 Sp8 Sp1 Wi4 Fig.