sign in sign up
<<
Home , Space Task Group

National Aeronautics Footprints on and Space Administration Presentation to Boeing REACH

Bret G. Drake 12 June, 2013 NASA Lyndon B. 1 Mid-20th Century Fascination with Space

Wernher von Braun and Chesley Bonestell prediction of the future in 1951 Illustration by Robert McCall

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 2 Dr. ’s Manned Mars Landing Presentation to the Space Task Group - 1969

Nuclear Thermal 640 Total Days Venus Swing-by Propulsion 60 Days on Mars Propulsive Earth Return

Collectors Guide Publishing December 1, 2006

100 in LEO

48 on Moon

48 on Surface 24 in Orbit

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 3 So What Happened?

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 4

1 = ( 1) N 1 1 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑉𝑉 = + + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑔𝑔∗ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 ∗ 𝑅𝑅 − ∗ −𝑅𝑅∗𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �𝑒𝑒 − � =1 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛 ∆𝑉𝑉 1 + α N 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 �𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀 𝑔𝑔∗ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔∗ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 = + 𝑃𝑃 − �𝑒𝑒 − � �𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 � 𝑃𝑃 � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � =1 𝑅𝑅 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 = * α = 𝑀𝑀 + 𝑀𝑀 �𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀 = * 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖− 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = * 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑀𝑀 * 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖− 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 = * ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑔𝑔∗ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 Space, Especially𝑅𝑅 𝑒𝑒 Mars, is𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡Hard𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 = 1 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = + + + ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔∗ 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 ∗ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �𝑒𝑒 − � = ( 1) − 𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 1 = g * = * 1 + α − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖− 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔∗ 𝐼𝐼 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖− 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 −𝑅𝑅∗𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 ∗ 𝑅𝑅 N− ∗ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃 − �𝑒𝑒 − � �𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 � 𝑃𝑃 � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � 𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝐼 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 = + + N =1 = + + 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛 =1 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 �𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀 and, unfortunately, 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 �𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀 = + 1 = ( 1) = + N 1 𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 ∗ 𝑅𝑅 − ∗ −𝑅𝑅∗𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = g * 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 N =1 = * α = + 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 �𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =1 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝐼 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 The Laws of Physics𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃 Can’t be Rewritten𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 �𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀

= + + + 1 ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑔𝑔∗ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �𝑒𝑒 − � = * 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑔𝑔∗ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖− 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 1 + α 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑅𝑅 𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 = g * 𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔∗ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 − �𝑒𝑒 − � �𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 � 𝑃𝑃 � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � = + + + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝐼 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀 1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013− 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 5 Human Exploration of Mars

Key Challenges

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 6 A Brief History of Human Exploration Beyond LEO A trail of studies … to Mars

America at DPT / NEXT NASA Case the Constellation National Studies Threshold Program Lunar Review of Commission First Lunar Architecture U.S. Human on Space Outpost Team Spaceflight Plans Committee

Columbia Challenger 1980 1990 2000 2010

Bush 41 Bush 43 Obama Speech Speech Speech

Report of the 90-Day Study on Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars

National Aeronautics and Space Administration November 1989 Global Leadership Exploration and 90-Day Mars Design Mars Design Roadmap America’s Study Reference Mars Design Reference Future in Mission 1.0 Reference Exploration Architecture Space Mission 3.0 System 5.0 Exploration Architecture Blueprint Study

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 7 Why Do We Want To Explore Mars?

• Long-standing curiosity, particularly since it appears that humans could one day visit there Goals and Objectives • A NASA chartered group, Mars Summary Implications Exploration Program Analysis Group, The first three human missions to has organized a set of four primary Mars should be to three different goals: geographic sites — Determine if life ever arose on Mars — Understand the processes and history Maximize mobility to extend the of climate on Mars reach of human exploration — Determine the evolution of the surface beyond the landing site

and interior of Mars Maximize the amount of time that — Prepare for human exploration the spend exploring • Two additional goals considered as the planet well: Provide subsurface access — Preparing for sustained human presence Return a minimum of 250 kg of — Ancillary science such as heliophysics, samples to Earth space weather, astrophysics

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 8 Mars Trajectory Classes

• A trip to Mars with a return back to Earth is a double rendezvous problem — Mars round-trip missions are flown in heliocentric space — Relative planetary alignment is a key driver in the mission duration and propulsion required

Example “Short-Stay” Example “Long-Stay” Opposition Class Mission Conjunction Class Mission

MARS ARRIVAL MARS ARRIVAL

MARS DEPARTURE

EARTH RETURN

SUN γ SUN γ

MARS DEPARTURE

EARTH RETURN EARTH DEPARTURE EARTH DEPARTURE

VENUS SWING-BY

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 9 Synodic Period – Variation in Delta-V

• The difference in orbits of the Earth and Mars influence the mission delta-v and timing — Earth departure opportunities occur approximately ever 26 months — The Earth departure “window” lasts a few weeks and is highly dependent on the propulsion system choice — The round-trip mission delta-v varies over a 15-year cycle (the Synodic Cycle) — Although “good” opportunities occur in 2018, 2033, and 2047, the ability to conduct missions in any across the Synodic Cycle will reduce programmatic risk

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 10 Advanced In-Space Transportation Options, options, options…. High Thrust: Chemical Propulsion High Thrust: Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) Advantages: Advantages: • More “state of the art” • Good combination of high thrust • Multiple destinations and high efficiency (Isp) • Low architectural mass Challenges: • Both long and short stay missions • High Mass / Lots of Launches • Has been demonstrated (NERVA) • Long-term storage of cryogenic propellants, particularly H2 Challenges: • Configuration and integration • Long-term storage of cryogenic H2 challenges • Large launch volume (due to H2) • Long-stay missions only • Nuclear regulatory compliance/testing

Low Thrust: Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) Low Thrust: Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) Advantages: Advantages: • Low architectural mass • Low architectural mass • Multiple destinations • Both long-stay and short-stay (if power is high) missions Challenges: Challenges: • Limited to long-stay missions • No experience base for space • Configuration and integration based high power, high efficiency, challenges (large solar arrays) nuclear reactors • Long operating times (spirals) • Configuration and integration challenges (large radiators) • Nuclear regulatory compliance/testing • Long operating times (spirals)

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 11 Propulsion Technology Comparisons Crew Vehicle Mass as a Function of Trip Time – Short Stay Opposition Missions

ISS Reference: ~2,800 t for 31 Assembly Flights ~4,500 t to date, 131 Total Flights 1 Earth Departure Dates from 2028 - 2045 1,200 Chemical

Isp=465 sec

1,000

SEP Isp=4000 sec 800 NTP Isp=900 sec

600 NEP Isp=1800-4000 sec 400 [Mass of Landers not Included] not Landers of [Mass Total Crew Vehicle Mass in Earth Orbit (t) Orbit in Mass Earth Vehicle Crew Total 200

0 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920

1 Total Round-Trip Mission Duration (Days) As of February 2013

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 12 SLS Architecture Block Upgrade Approach

130 t 384 ft. 105 t 314 ft. 70 t Payload Fairings 321 ft.

Launch Abort System

Interim Cryogenic Upper Stage Propulsion Stage (ICPS) 27.5 ft. (8.4 m) 27.5 ft. (8.4 m) with Interstage J-2X Core Stage Core Stage Engines

Solid Rocket Boosters Advanced Boosters

RS-25 Core Stage Engines ( Main Engines) Starting with Available Assets and Evolving the Design Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 13 Example Launch Packaging Diameter and Volume are also Key

Landers Nuclear Thermal Solar Electric Nuclear Electric and Other Propulsion Propulsion Propulsion Payloads

SLS SLS SLS SLS 105 t 105 t 130 t 130 t

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 14 Orion Crew Transfer / Earth Return Vehicle

• Crew Delivery to Earth Departure Point — Provide safe delivery of 4-6 crew to Earth departure point for rendezvous with the Mars Transfer Vehicle • Delivery and return of checkout crew prior to the mission • Delivery of the mission crew

• End of Mission Crew Return (Mars Block) — Provide safe return of 4-6 crew from the Mars-Earth transfer trajectory to Earth at the end of the mission • 12 km/s entry speed (13+ km/s for short-stay mission) • 900 day dormant operations • 3 day active operations • Much smaller service module (~300 m/s delta-v) for re- targeting and Earth entry corridor set-up

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 15 Challenges of Supporting Humans in Deep Space

Human missions to Mars are demanding from a human health and • performance perspective • Long-Duration: 600 days minimum, 900 days most probable • Deep-Space: Micro-gravity and harsh environment • Remote: No logistics train, no fast return aborts • Categories of Key Human Support Challenges • Ocular Syndrome: Intercranial pressure • Toxicity: Dust and other hazards • Autonomous Emergency : Response to system emergencies (e.g. life support system failure) • Radiation: Solar Proton (solutions exist), Galactic Cosmic Radiation (currently no standards for exploration) • Behavioral Health and Performance: Remote isolated missions with no real-time communications. • Autonomous Medical Care: Response to medical issues • Nutrition: Food with adequate nutrition for long missions • Hypogravity: Adjusting to the gravity of Mars • Musculoskeletal: Muscle atrophy and bone decalcification • Sensorimotor: Sensory changes/dysfunctions

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 16 Challenges of Landing on Mars

• The Atmosphere of Mars Technology Options

— The Good: Mars has an atmosphere that can help slow the entry Hypersonic Inflatable vehicle down Aerodynamic — The Bad: The atmosphere is thick enough that it requires a heat Decelerator (HIAD) shield, but not thick enough to provide substantial drag (density 1% Hypersonic Inflatable of Earth’s) Aerodynamic — Atmospheric dust may prohibit ability or timing of landing at Decelerator (HIAD) designated landing sites • The Current Landing Strategy is Limited Rigid Aeroshells (mid L/D) — ~ 1 mt payload to the surface (target 40 mt)

• Key for Human Missions Challenge: Supersonic Transition Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Slow from Mach 5 to less than the speed of sound All Within 90 Decelerator (HIAD) Seconds! Human Mars Supersonic Retro- Undress and Re-Orient propulsion LM Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Translate and Propulsively Decelerator (HIAD) Land

Drake – Footprints on Mars Drake – HumansBoeing 2REACH Mars: – Requirements 12 June, 2013 and Issues 17 Drake –

Footprints Marson Mars Lander Arrival Mass (t) 100 120 140 160 the surface for 500 daysthe surfacefor500 40 60 80 Mars Wet atMass Mars ArrivalLander Tocrewon support 4

10 Solution Feasible Feasible No No

Requires Requires Fuel and Oxidizer

20 Surface Payload Mass PerLander (t) Requires Requires Oxidizer Requires 4 Landers

Boeing REACH – REACH Boeing

12 June, 2013 June, 12 30 Requires 3 Landers

w/ ISRU(O Crew (6 DRA 5.0

“Minimal”Crew, 2

40 No ISRU No 2 )

Requires 2 )

Landers • • • High Mars orbit cases orbit Mars High Surface payload for 4 crew Volumetric impacts not included not impacts Volumetric

50 Notes:

case 18

.

Living off of the Land: In-Situ Resources

• Atmosphere Resources Atmosphere Quantity

— Atmospheric resources found globally with slight change in pressure/concentration Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 95.5% Nitrogen (N2) 2.7% — Primary product: oxygen (O2) bound in carbon dioxide (CO2) Argon (Ar) 1.6%

— Oxygen can be used for propulsion, life support, and extra Global Oxygen (O2) 0.15%

vehicular activity (EVA) applications Water (H2O) <0.03% — Production of O only from CO makes over 75% of ascent 2 2 Water in Top 1 meter propellant mass — Production of O2 and CH4 (or other hydrocarbon fuel) possible with hydrogen (H2) brought from Earth • Soil Processing for Water

— Water resources found globally with large variations in concentration, form, and depth.

— Water can be used for life support, EVA, and radiation Hydrated Minerals shielding — Water can be processed into O2 and H2 or with CO2 to make fuels for propulsion and power — Production of O2 and methane (CH4) from CO2 and H2O allows for 100% of ascent propellant mass • Leverage Shallow Ice — Producing oxygen from the atmosphere provides significant leverage in terms of mass (32%) and volume (lander Dependent Site Landing packaging)

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 19 If Humans to Mars Orbit by 2033 and to the Surface Two Opportunities Later, then…

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Orion Test EM-1 Heavy EM-2 Crew Deep Space and/or Planetary Surface Testing Humans to Mars Humans to Mars (EFT-1) Lift/Orion Beyond LEO Test Orbit in 2033 Surface 2038

International Space Station ISS Extension? D A D A Earth Departure: Early 2033 Human Research Program Risk Mitigation (Increasing crew mission duration)

Technology development

Near-Earth Risk H/W @ KSC: 2031 L L L L C Gap Filling Activity Reduction Launch System Development Crew to Mars Orbit Flight Systems Development Campaign Opportunities Programmatic Milestone Major System Test Technology development and Test Demonstration Systems Development PDR CDR Major Delivery Robotic Mission Demo

L SLS Cargo Launch Human Mars C SLS Crew Launch PDR CDR Systems Test D Departure Opportunities A Arrival

Humans to Mars Strategic Knowledge Gap Filling Activities. Cargo to Mars Surface MSL Maven Insight ExoMars 2020 Rover L L L L D A HW @ Launch Mission mode decision KSC Campaign somewhere around here Mars Surface Human Cargo Flight Systems Development

PDR CDR Human Subscale Technology Development and Test Demonstration Systems Development

PDR CDR EDL ISRU Opportunities to demonstrate Crew to Mars Surface Ascent human scale technologies on L L L L C D A D A robotic missions HW @ Launch Crew KSC Campaign Launch

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 20 Human Exploration of Mars Capability Needs

Launch Crew Surface Health and Support • Multiple launches • Crew acclimation post landing • Short spacing  Human Support (radiation, hypo-  Large mass: 130 t gravity, dust, behavior)  Large Volume 10 x 30 m  Planetary protection

Space Transportation Operations  Advanced propulsion to reduce mass • Automated, rendezvous and docking • Fast Transits for Crew (180 days) • Pre-deploy cargo • Limited / lack of quick aborts • No logistics  Reliability, maintenance and repair Entry Descent and Landing • Autonomous operations post landing  Large mass (40 t) / Large volume • Infrastructure emplacement (power) • Abort to surface  High continuous power (40 kWe) • Precision landing  ISRU oxygen production - atmosphere  Multiple EVAs, long-range roves, routine exploration

Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 21 Historical Examples of Human Exploration

Crew Size Vessels Voyage Time Out There Back ~150-170 Vasco Da Gamma (1497) 91 James Cook (1768)

15 Antarctica NBS Expedition (1950) 3

Apollo 17 (1972) Experience 3 Gap 4 (1973)

6 Typical Shuttle (1981- 2011) 6 ISS Rotation (Typical)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Mission Time (days) Drake – Footprints on Mars Boeing REACH – 12 June, 2013 22