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109TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. CON. RES. 25 CONCURRENT RESOLUTION Recognizing the contributions of Jibreel Khazan (Ezell Blair, Jr.), David Richmond, Joseph McNeil, and Franklin McCain, the ‘‘Greensboro Four’’, to the civil rights movement. 109TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. CON. RES. 25 CONCURRENT RESOLUTION Whereas on February 1, 1960, Jibreel Khazan (Ezell Blair, Jr.), David Richmond, Joseph McNeil, and Franklin McCain, four African-American freshman students at North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State Univer- sity, walked into the F.W. Woolworth store in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina, and sat at the ‘‘whites only’’ 2 lunch counter, thereafter becoming known as the ‘‘Greensboro Four’’; Whereas the ‘‘Greensboro Four’’ were refused service but continued to sit at the lunch counter in nonviolent protest; Whereas the sit-in by the ‘‘Greensboro Four’’ was an act of courage and conscience, and inspired sit-ins across North Carolina and the southern United States to protest racial segregation in public accommodations and in other areas of life; Whereas the courageous protest of the ‘‘Greensboro Four’’ and all of the sit-in demonstrations made a critical con- tribution to the civil rights movement, leading to the en- actment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the integra- tion of public accommodations; and Whereas the civil rights movement made our nation more just and decent, and the courage and conscience of the ‘‘Greensboro Four’’ should inspire all Americans to act against injustice: Now, therefore, be it 1 Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate 2 concurring), That the Congress— 3 (1) applauds the valor and courageous efforts of 4 Jibreel Khazan (Ezell Blair, Jr.), David Richmond, 5 Joseph McNeil, and Franklin McCain, known as the 6 ‘‘Greensboro Four’’; and 7 (2) encourages all Americans to remember the 8 contributions they made to the civil rights movement 9 and to conduct appropriate ceremonies, activities, •HCON 25 EH 3 1 and programs to commemorate the sit-in of the 2 ‘‘Greensboro Four’’. Passed the House of Representatives February 15, 2005. Attest: Clerk. •HCON 25 EH.

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Greensboro Sit-Ins
Published on NCpedia (https://www.ncpedia.org) Home > Greensboro Sit-Ins Greensboro Sit-Ins [1] Share it now! Greensboro Sit-Ins by Alexander R. Stoesen, 2006 See also: Greensboro Four [2], Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee [3]. Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Billy Smith and Clarence Henderson. Greensboro News and Record. The Greensboro [4] sit-ins of February 1960 launched the movement to integrate lunch counters and other eating establishments throughout North Carolina and the rest of the South. Sit-ins [5] had previously occurred in other places, but the Greensboro protests sparked widespread activism and media attention. The sit-ins began when four students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University [6]—Ezell A. Blair [7] (now Jibreel Khazan), Franklin E. McCain [8], Joseph A. McNeil [9], and David L. Richmond [10]—sat at the lunch counter of the Woolworth Store on Elm Street in Greensboro late on the afternoon of 1 Feb. 1960. At the time, Woolworth's only served African Americans [11] at a stand-up counter. Instead of having the students arrested for trespassing, the manager closed the lunch counter, intending to leave them stranded at closing time. The Greensboro store, one of the most profitable in the region, had a large black clientele-hence the need for prudence. However, by not filing charges, the manager left an opening for further nonviolent action. The next day, the number of demonstrators grew rapidly, and in the days and weeks that followed, sit-ins spread to other eating places in Greensboro's central business district. Some managers closed their operations, but by the end of the summer an agreement had been reached to end segregation [12] in public eating places.
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Have a Seat to Be Heard: the Sit-In Movement of the 1960S
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Congressional Record—House H572
H572 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE January 28, 2020 regulated. Ninety-nine percent of The four young men—Ezell Blair, Jr.; ing Woolworth’s and other establish- Pennsylvania was swept under these David Richmond; Franklin McCain; ments to change their discriminatory overreaching WOTUS regulations. and Joseph McNeil—were students policies. On July 26, 1960, the Wool- In addition to taking away States’ from North Carolina A&T College, now worth’s lunch counter was finally inte- authority to manage water resources, known as North Carolina A&T State grated. Today, the former Woolworth’s the 2015 WOTUS rule expanded the University. I might add that A&T now houses the International Civil Clean Water Act far beyond the law’s State University is now the largest Rights Center and Museum, which fea- historical limits of navigable waters HBCU in the country. tures a restored version of the lunch and the long-held intent of Congress. Mr. Speaker, I would also mention counter where the Greensboro Four Instead of providing much-needed clar- that Congresswoman ALMA ADAMS is a sat. Part of the original counter is on ity to the Clean Water Act, WOTUS graduate of A&T State University and display at the Smithsonian National created even more confusion. served as a college professor across the Museum of American History here in Thankfully, the negative impact of street at Bennett College for more than Washington. WOTUS was brought to an end when 40 years. On Saturday of this week, February the Trump administration repealed it The Greensboro Four students were 1, the museum will commemorate the this past fall.
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A&T Four Box 0002
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H. Res. 1566 in the House of Representatives, U
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Pomp and Circumstance
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