DOCSLIB.ORG

Financial Committee

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

LIBS AST AltOHiVJOT [Distributed to the Council and C. 437. M. 167. 1926. ti. the Members of the League.] [F. 309] Geneva, Ju ly 29th, 1926. LEAGUE OF NATIONS FINANCIAL COMMITTEE REPORT TO THE COUNCIL ON THE WORK OF THE TWENTY-THIRD SESSION (SPECIAL) OF THE COMMITTEE Held in London from July 1 9 th to 2 3 rd, 1926. INTRODUCTION. The Financial Committee has the honour to submit to the Council the following report on the work of its Twenty-third Session (Special), held in London from July 19th to 23rd, 1926. The following members were present: M. D u b o is (Chairman); M. Takashi A oki (in place of M. Teiji Sekiba) ; M. d e C h a l e n d a r ; M. J a n s s e n ; M. M auro (in place of M. Bianchini) ; M. t e r M euleN ; S ir O tto N i e m e y e r ; M. P o s p is il . The following also attended part of the meetings: 1. For the Question of the Loan for the Settlement of Bulgarian Refugees: M. M o l o f f , Bulgarian Minister of Finance; M. I v a n o f f , Governor of the National Bank of Bulgaria; M. Ca c l a m a n o s, Greek Minister in London; M. D io u r it c h , Serb-Croat-Slovene Minister in London ; M. Constantin M. L a p t e w , Roumanian Chargé d’Affaires in London. M. Viktor B raf, Czechoslovak Chargé d’Affaires in London; 2. For the Question of the Financial Situation of Danzig: D r. v a n H a m e l , High Commissioner of the League of Nations in Danzig. Representatives of the Free City: D r. Sahm, President of the Senate; M. Julius G e h l , Vice-President of the Senate; Dr. E. V o l k m a n n , Senator in charge of Financial Questions ; M. Konrad M e i s s n e r , President of the Bank of Danzig; Dr. F e r b e r , Government Counsellor. Representatives of Poland: Dr. S t r a s b u r g e r , Commissioner-General of Poland at Danzig; Dr. Za c z e k , o f the Ministry of Finance; M. L a l ic k i, Counsellor at the General Commissariat of Poland at Danzig; M. B e n i s , Secretary of Legation; M. R a s in s k i, Chief of Customs Department. 3. For the Question of Counterfeiting Currency: M. B r o e k h o f f , Commissioner of Police at Amsterdam. ^ ^ N- 850 (F). 850 (A), 8/26. Imp. Kundig. Publications of the League of Nations II. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL 1926. II. 29. S um m a r y. Page I. Loan for the Settlem ent of Bulgarian R e fu g e e s....................................................................... 2 II. Financial Situation of the Free City of D a n z ig ......................................................................... 3 III. Counterfeiting C u r r e n c y .................................................................................................................. 5 IV. D isarm am ent ................................................................................................................................... s I. L o a n f o r t h e S e t t l e m e n t o f B u l g a r ia n R e f u g e e s . 1. The Financial Committee was requested by the Council to consider the question of the settle­ ment of Bulgarian refugees at its present session and, if the conditions contemplated in its report of June 7th had been fulfilled, to recommend to the President of the Council the measures necessary to obtain advances on a loan. The Committee has had the opportunity at its present session of hearing statements by M. Moloff, the Finance Minister of Bulgaria, and by M. Ivanoff, Governor of the National Bank. It has also had an exchange of view's with the diplomatic representatives in London of Greece, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Roumania, the representative of Czechoslovakia being also present. In its report of June 7th, 1926, the Committee made certain recommendations with a view to furthering the negotiation of a loan. In respect of these recommendations, the Committee has ascertained that the situation is as follows : (1) The necessary decisions (Annex I), releasing the revenues required as security for the loan from the general charge for reparations and armies of occupation and providing safeguards against the depreciation of the leva, have now been taken by the Inter-Allied Commission at Sofia and by the Reparation Commission at Paris, and, on the information received, are in a form which satisfies the requirements of the Financial Committee’s report. (2) Satisfactory assurances have been received from the Bulgarian Government and the Governor of the National Bank as to the modification of the statutes of the Bank. The conditions affecting the security of the loan may now therefore be regarded as satisfied. There remains the fact that, in the negotiations of the advances and of the loan, the Committee is of the opinion, as already stated in its June report, that the Bulgarian Government will find it necessary to arrive at a satisfactory agreement with the bondholders of the pre-war loans and to meet certain other pre-existing rights. Negotiations to this effect have made good progress, and it is hoped that a settlement may be reached almost immediately. (W ith regard to the special question of the bills of 1912-13 discounted by the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, the Committee trust that a suitable arrangement can be made in connection with the issue of the loan.) 2 . In these circumstances, the Financial Committee recommends to the President of the Council to authorise the following measures, to come into force as soon as the President of the Financial Committee is able to verify formally the official texts of the reparation decisions : (1) The Bulgarian Government is authorised to enter into negotiations with bankers in order to obtain advances (not exceeding a net sum of £400,000) on the main loan to be issued on the basis of the scheme outlined in the report of the Financial Committee to the Council. The letter of authorisation should add, however, that the President of the Council thinks it necessary to call attention to the opinion of the Financial Committee that “ the Bulgarian Government will find it necessary to arrive at a satisfactory agreement with the bondholders of the pre-war loans for the future and to meet certain other pre-existing rights, and that he expresses the hope that this difficulty will soon be removed. (2) M. René C h a r r o n is appointed for a period of three months as representative of the League of Nations to supervise the expenditure of the advances. (3) Before becoming final, the contracts for such advances as may be obtained by the Bulgarian Government, in accordance with paragraph 2 (1) above, shall be submitted for the approval of the President of the Financial Committee. — 3 — II. F in a n c ia l S it u a t io n of t h e F r e e Cit y o f D a n z ig . In conformity with the request of the High Commissioner and at the express desire of the Senate of Danzig, the President of the Council, by a telegram of July ist, 1926, asked M. Janssen, a member of this Committee, to study the financial situation of the Free City, which the Senate considered to be serious. M. Janssen was able to accept this task, and visited Danzig between July 10th and 15th. He was assisted by M. Jacobsson, of the League Secretariat. The Financial Committee has considered the report presented by M. Janssen (Annex II), and has heard Dr. van Hamel, the High Commissioner of the League of Nations in Danzig, M. Sahm, President of the Senate, M. Gehl, Vice-President of the Senate, Dr. Volkmann, the Senator in Charge of Financial Questions, M. Meissner, President of the Bank of Danzig, and Dr. Ferber, Government Counsellor. On the questions which according to the Conventions in force concern Poland, the Committee heard Dr. Strasburger, the General Commissioner of Poland in Danzig, M. Zaczek, financial expert, M. Lalicki, Counsellor at the General Commissariat, M. Benis, Secretary of Legation, and M. Rasinski, Chief of Customs Department. The Committee desires to submit the following report to the Council. The measures contemplated in this report depend both on decisions to be taken by the author­ ities of the Free City and on an agreement to be concluded regarding certain points between the Free City and the Polish Government. The Financial Committee has been led to express its views on these different points in the hope that it may thereby facilitate the negotiations which will have to be undertaken. I. The monetary reform which Danzig carried out in 1923 with the aid of the League of Nations has been wholly successful, the stability of the Danzig gulden having been maintained without difficulty and the notes of the Bank of Danzig being covered by more than 100 per cent, if all foreign assets of the Bank are added to the legal reserve. On the other hand, after the monetary stabilisation, Danzig did not escape the effects of the general crisis which swept over Central Europe during the latter part of 1925 and led to widespread unemployment in Germany, Poland, and also in Danzig, where the number of unemployed rose to more than 20,000 at the beginning of 1926.
Recommended publications
  • Annual Report of the German Reichsbank

    Annual Report of the German Reichsbank

    September 1940 r oteian Eanklln and. ]QiQV2ott5 -flnnuai /2ejaott ofi the Qatman The annual report of the German Reichsbank for organization accomplished in the preceding the year ending December 31, 1939, was submitted on April 19,1940, to the general meeting of the share- years, was rapidly and smoothly completed, holders by the President of the Bank, Dr. Walther enabling the economy to achieve the neces- Funk. The greater part of the text of the report is sary expansion of its productive capacity given in translation below:* to meet the war-time needs. Nonetheless, the hastily adopted measures of economic The influence of political events in the policy represent political and administrative German economy in 1939 has more than achievements of the greatest significance. ever determined the course of trade and The solid structure of the German money commerce. During the first eight months and credit system was not endangered at any of the past year, economic activity was char- time during the year under review, so rich in acterized by the practically unchanged con- unforeseen events. Thanks to the discipline tinuation of the constructive achievement of the German people and thanks to their con- carried out in the preceding years. The fidence in the National Socialist Government, increase in area and population, moreover, withdrawals at the banks even at the out- had disclosed new production and market- break of war, in spite of the exceptional cir- ing possibilities. Planned economic coor- cumstances, showed relatively small increase dination and sensible rationalization were and were soon succeeded by a considerable directed toward the goal of further increas- expansion of savings and other deposits.
  • Public Buildings and Urban Planning in Gdańsk/Danzig from 1933–1945

    Public Buildings and Urban Planning in Gdańsk/Danzig from 1933–1945

    kunsttexte.de/ostblick 3/2019 - 1 Ja!oda ?a5@ska-Kaczko &ublic .uildin!s and Brban &lannin! in "da#sk/$anzi! fro% 193321913 Few studies have discussed the Nazi influence on ar- formation of a Nazi-do%inated Denate that carried chitecture and urban lanning in "dańsk/Danzig.1 Nu- out orders fro% .erlin. /he Free Cit' of $anzi! was %erous &olish and "erman ublications on the city’s formall' under the 7ea!ue of Nations and unable to history, %onu%ent reservation, or *oint ublications run an inde endent forei!n olic') which was on architecture under Nazi rule offer only !eneral re- entrusted to the Fe ublic of &oland. However) its %arks on local architects and invest%ents carried out newl' elected !overn%ent had revisionist tendencies after 1933. +ajor contributions on the to ic include, a and i% le%ented a Jback ho%e to the FeichK %ono!ra h b' Katja .ernhardt on architects fro% the a!enda <0ei% ins Feich=. 4ith utter disre!ard for the /echnische 0ochschule $anzig fro% 1904–1945,2 rule of law) the new authorities banned o osition .irte &usback’s account of the restoration of historic and free ress) sought to alter the constitution) houses in the cit' fro% 1933–1939,3 a reliminary %ar!inalized the Volksta!) and curtailed the liberties stud' b' 4iesław "ruszkowski on unrealized urban of &olish and 8ewish citizens) the ulti%ate !oal bein! lanning rojects fro% the time of 4orld 4ar 66)1 their social and econo%ic exclusion. 6n so doin!) the which was later develo ed b' &iotr Lorens,3 an ex- Free Cit' of $anzi! sou!ht to beco%e one with the tensive reliminary stud' and %ono!ra h b' 8an Feich.
  • Claims Resolution Tribunal

    Claims Resolution Tribunal

    CLAIMS RESOLUTION TRIBUNAL In re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation Case No. CV96-4849 Certified Award Amendment to Claimant [REDACTED 1], to Claimant [REDACTED 2], and to Claimant [REDACTED 3]1 in re Accounts of Ernst Jellinek Claim Numbers: 500397/CU; 500398/CU; 500441/CU; 500442/CU; 500632/CU Original Award Amount: 231,500.00 Swiss Francs Award Amendment Amount: 1,212,401.88 Swiss Francs This Certified Award Amendment is based upon the claims of [REDACTED 1], née [REDACTED] ( Claimant [REDACTED 1] ), [REDACTED 2] ( Claimant [REDACTED 2] ), and [REDACTED 3] ( Claimant [REDACTED 3] ) (together the Claimants ) to the published accounts of Bruno and Frida Jellinek.2 This Award Amendment is to the published accounts of Ernst Jellinek (the Account Owner ) at the Zurich branch of the [REDACTED] (the Bank ). All award amendments are published, but where a claimant has requested confidentiality, as in this case, the names of the claimants, any relative of the claimants other than the account owner, and the bank have been redacted. Procedural History On 28 July 2004, the Court approved an Award to the Claimants for a custody account, two demand deposit accounts and one safe deposit box owned by the Account Owner (the July 2004 Award ). At the time of that award, the bank records available to the CRT did not contain information regarding the value of the awarded custody account. However, the Bank recently made available to the CRT additional information about this account, including detailed documentation on the portfolios held in the account. In this Award Amendment, the CRT adopts 1 On 28 July 2004, the Court approved an award to [REDACTED 1] ( Claimant [REDACTED 1] ), [REDACTED 2] ( Claimant [REDACTED 2] ) and [REDACTED 3] ( Claimant [REDACTED 3] ) (the Claimants ) for the accounts of Ernst Jellinek (the July 2004 Award ), which is the subject of this Award Amendment.
  • The Conflict Between Sean Lester, High Commissioner of the League of Nations and Danzig’S Nazi Senate, 1934-1937

    The Conflict Between Sean Lester, High Commissioner of the League of Nations and Danzig’S Nazi Senate, 1934-1937

    SYMBOLAE EUROPAEAE POLITECHNIKA KOSZALIŃSKA SYMBOLAE EUROPAEAE STUDIA HUMANISTYCZNE POLITECHNIKI KOSZALIŃSKIEJ nr 9 (1:2016) KOSZALIN 2016 ISSN 1896-8945 Rada Naukowa Andrzej Chodubski (Gdańsk), Peter Garbe (Greifswald), Klaus Hammer (Berlin), Marek Jabłonowski (Warszawa), Jacek Knopek (Toruń), Honorata Korpikiewicz (Poznań), Zdzisław Kroplewski (Szczecin), Iwona Alechowicz-Skrzypek (Opole), Wiesław Wysocki (Warszawa), Diana Etco (Kiszyniów), Natalia Danilkina (Kaliningrad), Przemysław Żukiewicz (Wrocław). Redaktor naczelny Bolesław Andrzejewski Zespół redakcyjny nr 9 Małgorzata Sikora-Gaca Urszula Kosowska Zbigniew Danielewicz Izabela Dixon Redaktor statystyczny Urszula Kosowska Przewodniczący Uczelnianej Rady Wydawniczej Zbigniew Danielewicz Projekt okładki Agnieszka Bil Skład, łamanie Karolina Ziobro © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Politechniki Koszalińskiej Koszalin 2016 WYDAWNICTWO UCZELNIANE POLITECHNIKI KOSZALIŃSKIEJ 75-620 Koszalin, ul. Racławicka 15-17 —————————————————————————————————— Koszalin 2016, wyd. I, ark. wyd. 15,96, format B-5, nakład 100 egz. Druk Spis treści HISTORIA I POLITYKA PAUL McNAMARA ,,A Tragedy of European Concern” – The conflict between Sean Lester, High Commissioner of the League of Nations and Danzig’s Nazi Senate, 1934-1937 .......................................................................................................... 7 KAROL OSSOWSKI Dlaczego na przełomie XIII i XIV wieku doszło do upadku jarmarków szampańskich? ................................................................................................
  • CURRENCY BOARD FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Currency Board Working Paper

    CURRENCY BOARD FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Currency Board Working Paper

    SAE./No.22/December 2014 Studies in Applied Economics CURRENCY BOARD FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Currency Board Working Paper Nicholas Krus and Kurt Schuler Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and Study of Business Enterprise & Center for Financial Stability Currency Board Financial Statements First version, December 2014 By Nicholas Krus and Kurt Schuler Paper and accompanying spreadsheets copyright 2014 by Nicholas Krus and Kurt Schuler. All rights reserved. Spreadsheets previously issued by other researchers are used by permission. About the series The Studies in Applied Economics of the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health and the Study of Business Enterprise are under the general direction of Professor Steve H. Hanke, co-director of the Institute ([email protected]). This study is one in a series on currency boards for the Institute’s Currency Board Project. The series will fill gaps in the history, statistics, and scholarship of currency boards. This study is issued jointly with the Center for Financial Stability. The main summary data series will eventually be available in the Center’s Historical Financial Statistics data set. About the authors Nicholas Krus ([email protected]) is an Associate Analyst at Warner Music Group in New York. He has a bachelor’s degree in economics from The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, where he also worked as a research assistant at the Institute for Applied Economics and the Study of Business Enterprise and did most of his research for this paper. Kurt Schuler ([email protected]) is Senior Fellow in Financial History at the Center for Financial Stability in New York.
  • GDYNIA Ków - Wycofała Swoje Wkłady

    GDYNIA Ków - Wycofała Swoje Wkłady

    NA STR. 16 ,.$~ ,..... TYlKO W11 DB'' Programy dwudziestu stac·i TV NAKŁAD lONTROLOllNY ZWIĄZEK KONTROU DYSTRYB~ PRASY Najlepsze życzenia świąteczne liil c.o. OŻARÓW u. i noworoczne składa CEMENT "Centrostal" s.A. Najtańszy na Wybrzeżu w Gdańsku Sierakowice, tel. 81-63-38 tel. 81-69-36 ~r 295 (15241) Rok L indeks 350028 ISSN 0137/9062 N"aklad 56 685 egz. Wtorek, 20 grudnia 1994 r. Cena 4000 zł Gd.-Kokoszki, tel. 41-20-56 w. 641 ul. Ce~e nłowa l (s zkółka drzew) Rzecznik MSZ specialnie dla „DB" Gdańska P-ikieta uSolidarności" •I . e ę Właśnie mija trzeci ty· prLYpomnienie światu dążeń UDZ dzień od momentu porwa· tego regionu do niepodległo­ nla w Angoli trójki Pola· ści. Poc z ątkowo partyzanci Lekarze z OZZL popierają protest uS" k6w, którzy przetrzymywa· sąd1. ili, że Polacy są Wiocha­ mi. jako że pracowali we Natychmiastowych rozmów z głodującymi w Warszawie O ś wiadczenie popurl ju ż ni są w Kabind:de przez włoskiej firmie. Gdyby wie­ domagało się ponad 150 przedstawicieli słuiby zdrowia, przewodniczący Gdańskiego organizację FLEC • Renova· dzieli, że porwani są Polaka­ Zarządu Regionu OZZL An­ da. oświaty nSolidarnohin 1gromadzonych wuorai na wiecu mi, w ogóle by ich nie pory­ Urzędem Gdańsku. drzej Sokołowski, pisząc Porwanie ma ściśle poli­ pned Wojewódzkim w larzqd Regionu wali. m.in.: .,Przyj ę ci e przez Sejm tyczny podtekst. ChodLi o Gdańskiego związku ogłosił dzień dzisieiszy dniem solida,. Szczegóły na str, 2 ności z głodującymi. Na zakładach pracy będą wywieszone opracowanej przez rząd usta­ flagi związkowe i związkowcy pneprowadzq akcję infor· wy o kształtowaniu wynagro­ dzeń w pmistwowej sferze macyjną.
  • Historia Oliwy � Opracowanie

    Historia Oliwy Opracowanie

    HISTORIA OLIWY - OPRACOWANIE FUNDACJA OPACTWA Według legendy to książę Subisław, ojciec Sambora I, założył klasztor, natchniony w trakcie tragicznego zdarzenia, jakie miało miejsce podczas jednego z polowań. Wedle podania Subisław został zraniony przez odyńca, a rannego księcia znalazł mnich. Zajął się on umierającym Subisławem troskliwie i przywrócił do zdrowia. Pewnej nocy, kiedy to książę wciąż walczył o życie, przyśnił mu się dziwny sen. Objawił mu się anioł z gałązką oliwną w dłoni, który w ten sposób przywoływał Subisława do przyjęcia chrztu. Książe chrzest przyjął, a w miejscu, gdzie upadł zraniony, nakazał z wdzięczności wznieść klasztor i nazwał go Oliwa - od oliwnej gałązki, z którą ukazał mu się anioł we śnie. Fakty nie do końca zgodne są z legendą. W Archikatedrze oliwskiej można odnaleźć kilka wskazówek co do czasu i okoliczności powstania Oliwy. Czytając inskrypcje nad głównym wejściem do katedry, jak również w prezbiterium, dwukrotnie pojawia się imię księcia Subisława – według klasztornej tradycji - założyciela Oliwy. Napis na zwieńczeniu portalu głównego mówi: AD M.D.G ECCLESIA MRII B.M.V. DE OLIVA S. ac E.O.C.A SVBISLAO DVCE POMMERANIAE Ao D.M.C.LXX FVNDATA ET S.S. TRINITATI B.V. DEIPARAE AC MELLIFLVO DOCTORI S. BERNARDO DEDICATA, a RMO D. DAVIDE KONARSKI A.O. RESTAVRATA PER RMVM D. MICHA ANTONIVM HACKI A. O. ANNO D. MDCLXXXVIII PORTA DECORATA ET ANNO D. MDCCLXXI PER VENERABILEM CONVENTVM IN OLIVA IN FACIE EXORNATA “Na większą chwałę Boga został założony kościół klasztorny Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Oliwie i zakonu cystersów
  • This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research

    This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research

    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Gorecki, Joe Title: National Identity and Experiences of Nationalism in Germany’s ‘Lost Territories’ Danzig/Gdask and Kattowitz/Katowice, 1919-1930 General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. National Identity and Experiences of Nationalism in Germany’s ‘Lost Territories’:
  • USHMM Finding

    USHMM Finding

    Komisarz Generalny Rzeczypospolitej w Gdańsku (Sygn. 259) Selected records of the General Commissioner of the Republic of Poland in Gdańsk RG-15.576M United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW Washington, DC 20024-2126 Tel. (202) 479-9717 e-mail: [email protected] Descriptive summary Title: Komisarz Generalny Rzeczypospolitej w Gdańsku (Sygn. 259) Selected records of the General Commissioner of the Republic of Poland in Gdańsk Dates: 1919-1939 Accession number: 2018.49.1 Creator: Komisarz Generalny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku Extent: 9 microfilm reels; 35 mm Repository: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW, Washington, DC 20024-2126 Languages: Polish German French English Scope and content of collection Selected records of the office of the Komisarz Generalny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w Gdańsku (General Commissioner of the Republic of Poland in Gdańsk). Consist of reports, agreements, negotiations of the High Commissioner of the League of Nations in Gdańsk on the situation in the Free City of Gdańsk (Danzig), attacks on Poles and Polish property; records on paramilitary and other German organization, recruitment to NSDAP, Anti-Jewish actions of the National Socialists, attacks on Polish scouts and Polish families in Gdansk; political reports of the General Commissioner RP in Gdańsk on the political situation, employment of Polish citizens, eviction of Poles from Gdańsk, expulsion of a Jew from Germany; correspondence and German newspaper clippings related to the situation in Reich, military matters in Ukraine, emigration of Jews through Gdańsk; Polish press reviews and political reports on population in Pomerania and among Kashubians, and some private correspondence.
  • Magazine Nº 11

    Magazine Nº 11

    Gdańsk · Sopot · Gdynia SVENSK UTGÅVA MAGAZINE WINTER - SPRING 2020 Nº 11 www.farysdesign.pl Dear VISITORS the end of the winter, we are handing over the spring edi- Attion of the “+48” magazine. We invite you to explore the Pomeranian region offering diverse entertainment options at any time of the year. Gdańsk, Sopot, and Gdynia known as the Tricity, together with its surroundings, create a vigorously developing busi- ness- and investment space – we recommend attractive places to organize events, meetings, or conferences with distinctive, magnif- icent views, thanks to the proximity of the sea. We especially encourage all of you dreaming of a perfect vaca- tion to try agritourism and exciting expeditions outside the Tricity area. Relaxing in the spirit of slow will surely give you an unforget- table experience as well as a rare opportunity to spend some inter- esting time with local hosts, producers, craftsmen, and artists. Art enthusiasts will be pleased by the unique Słupsk museum with a vast art collection by one of the most original Polish artists – Witkacy. Outside urban areas the lovers of silence and nature will find plea- sure in birdwatching, while those driven by curiosity about the world will certainly find a lot of inspiration in activities that seem to rise from the dead. You can bake bread yourself, learn the art of folk embroidery, or take part in a shoeing workshop – it is a great way to relax and spend precious family time. If you seek more sophisticated form of entertainment, we highly recommend golf and yachting, which has recently gained in popularity in Poland.
  • Poland, the International Monetary System and the Bank of England, 1921–1939

    Poland, the International Monetary System and the Bank of England, 1921–1939

    NBP Working Paper No. 328 Poland, the international monetary system and the Bank of England, 1921–1939 William A. Allen NBP Working Paper No. 328 Poland, the international monetary system and the Bank of England, 1921–1939 William A. Allen Narodowy Bank Polski Warsaw 2020 William A. Allen – National Institute of Economic and Social Research London, England; [email protected] Acknowledgements This paper was inspired by discussions with Zbigniew Polański. I am extremely grateful to him, and to Cecylia Leszczyńska, for their encouragement and valuable comments on earlier versions of the paper, for collecting data and making them available to me, and for reviewing the data in the paper. I am also extremely grateful to Mikołaj Szadkowski for help with editing the paper, and to Mike Anson, Margherita Orlando and the other staff of the Bank of England archives for their expert help. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Susan Howson’s very useful advice. All errors of fact and interpretation are my own. Further comments would be welcome. Published by: Narodowy Bank Polski Education & Publishing Department ul. Świętokrzyska 11/21 00-919 Warszawa, Poland www.nbp.pl ISSN 2084-624X © Copyright Narodowy Bank Polski 2020 Contents Abstract 4 List of abbreviations 5 1. Introduction 6 2. The Brussels and Genoa conferences 7 3. Infl ation, the Hilton Young mission, and the advent of Grabski, 1923–1924 10 4. The foundation of the Bank Polski and the fi rst stabilisation programme, 1924–1925 19 5. The depreciation and re-stabilisation of the złoty, and the loan negotiations, 1925–1927 26 6.
  • Günter Grass' Many Uses of Disgust in Die Blechtrommel Massimo Bonifazio

    Günter Grass' Many Uses of Disgust in Die Blechtrommel Massimo Bonifazio

    Volume 8, 2017 DISGUST Nausea, ‘the seal of true love’? Günter Grass’ Many Uses of Disgust in Die Blechtrommel Massimo Bonifazio Università di Torino Abstract t the core of Günter Grass’ literary work lies a marked interest for elements normally A thought of as unpleasant, vile, and nauseating. Part of the fascination of his books lies precisely in the possibility of observing the world from a different point of view, that is to say, from a crooked perspective which defies mainstream taste. Die Blechtrommel (first published in 1959) offers a good example of this tendency: Oskar’s decision to remain in a state of extended childhood can be associated with a Freudian reflection on the human psyche, more specifically with the idea of the child as ‘polymorphic pervert’, indifferent to or even fond of things which adults are bound to find disgusting. The use of the grotesque in Grass’ work is strictly linked to dietary elements, such as: the canned fish Oskar’s mother gulps down in order to kill herself, the insistence on entrails, the recurring use of figures of speech regarding food. Through Grass’ work, the idea of ‘disgust’ thus becomes a useful tool for investigating contemporary scenarios in the relationships humans establish with each other and with their history.1 Keywords: Günter Grass, The Tin Drum, disgust, food in literature. he use of ‘disgust’ as a category in order to analyse a literary work may at first glance T seem out of place. Nonetheless, this ‘strong sensation’ (Menninghaus 2003) is a fundamental constituent of our everyday life; it reveals a lot about our ways of being.