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A Taxonomic Investigation of Mycena of Sao Tome and Principe

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A Taxonomic Investigation of Mycena of Sao Tome and Principe A TAXONOMIC INVESTIGATION OF MYCENA OF SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE A thesis submitted to the faculty of $ *■; San Francisco State University ^ & In partial fulfillment of 7j o \% the requirements for ft I CL. the Degree Master of Science In Biology: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology by Alexandra Christine Cooper San Francisco, California May 2018 Copyright by Alexandra Christine Cooper 2018 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL I certify that I have read A TAXONOMIC INVESTIGATION OF MYCENA OF SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE by Alexandra Christine Cooper, and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Science in Biology: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology at San Francisco State University. San Francisco State University Thomas Parker, Ph.D. Professor of Biology San Francisco State University Brian Perry, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Biology California State University East Bay A TAXONOMIC INVESTIGATION OF MYCENA OF SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE Alexandra Christine Cooper San Francisco, California 2018 Knowledge of the diversity of the fungi from the Gulf of Guinea islands is very limited due to the fact that until recently, there have been no biotic surveys of the mycota of the region. In April of2006 and 2008, expeditions were led to document the diversity of plants, amphibians, marine invertebrates and macrofungi on the West African islands of Sao Tome and Principe. This project aims to further document the diversity of macrofungi on the island by focusing on 24 mycenoid fungi collected from the expedition. Nineteen distinct species are recognized, of which nine are new to science. The other ten species are new distribution records for the islands. These data suggest that there is a high level of endemism in the saprotrophic macrofungi of ST&P. Molecular sequence data indicate that the currently accepted infrageneric classification of Mycena recognizes many non-monophyletic groups and is in need of revision. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my advisor Dr. Dennis Desjardin and committee members Dr. Brian Perry and Dr. Thomas Parker. Dr. Desjardin spent many hours sharing his knowledge of Mycena, going through the literature, and working with me to review and improve my project. Also, Dr. Brian Perry for the knowledge he shared with me about DNA sequencing, phylogenetic analyses, and patience he had with me throughout this research. This project would not have been possible without the guidance and direction received by all of them. Additionally, I would like to thank the following groups that provided financial support for this project: Advancing Science in America (ARCS), Sally Casanova Pre- Doctoral Scholarship, The Emily M. Hewitt Memorial Scholarship, Mycological Society of San Francisco, and the Sonoma Mycological Society. The support from these groups greatly contributed to the costs associated with this research and made this project finish in a timely manner. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures........................................................................................................................viii Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1 Methods......................................................................................................................................3 Results........................................................................................................................................6 Key for Identification of Mycena from Sao Tome and Principe ........................................10 Taxonomy................................................................................................................................ 13 Mycean Section Calodontes.......................................................................................13 Mycean Section Exornatae........................................................................................ 17 Mycean Section Fragilipedes....................................................................................20 Mycean Section Granuliferae....................................................................................22 Mycean Section Lactipedes........................................................................................24 Mycean Section Longisetae.......................................................................................26 Mycean Section Mycena............................................................................................28 Mycean Section Polydelphia......................................................................................31 Mycean Section Sacchariferae..................................................................................33 Mycean Section uncertain..........................................................................................41 Clitocybula..................................................................................................................43 Filoboletus..................................................................................................................45 Hydropus..................................................................................................................... 48 “Trogia”...................................................................................................................... 53 Excluded Species.................................................................................................................... 55 Literature Cited....................................................................................................................... 56 LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1. Maximum Likelihood phylogeny of Agaricales (nLSU).........................................64 2. Maximum Likelihood phylogeny of Mycenoid Fungi (ITS)...................................66 3. Maximum Likelihood phylogeny of Hydropoid Fungi (ITS)................................. 68 4. Mycena brunneoviolacea basidiomes....................................................................... 69 5. Mycena brunneoviolacea micromorphology.............................................................70 6. Mycena aff. holoporphyra micromorphology........................................................... 71 7. Mycena aff. discobasis basidiomes............................................................................ 72 8. Mycena aff. discobasis micromorphology..................................................................73 9. Mycena solis basidiomes.............................................................................................74 10. Mycena solis micromorphology..................................................................................75 11. Mycena antennae micromorphology.......................................................................... 76 12. Mycena galopus basidiomes........................................................................................77 13. Mycena galopus micromorphology............................................................................ 78 14. Mycena breviseta micromorphology.......................................................................... 79 15. Mycenaphaeonox basidiomes.....................................................................................80 16. Mycena phaeonox micromorphology......................................................................... 81 17. Mycena longinqua basidiomes....................................................................................82 18. Mycena longinqua micromorphology........................................................................ 83 19. Mycena alphitophora basidiomes.............................................................................. 84 20. Mycena alphitophora micromorphology....................................................................85 21. Mycena discogena micromorphology........................................................................ 86 22. Mycena lasiopus micromorphology........................................................................... 87 23. Mycena oboensis micromorphology.......................................................................... 88 24. Mycena lamprospora basidiomes................................................................................89 vii 25. Mycena lamprospora micromorphology....................................................................90 26. Clitocybula intervenosa basidiomes........................................................................... 91 27. Clitocybula intervenosa micromorphology................................................................92 28. Filoboletuspallescens basidiomes............................................................................. 93 29. Filoboletus pallescens micromorphology..................................................................94 30. Hydropus globosporus basidiomes............................................................................ 95 31. Hydropus globosporus micromorphology..................................................................96 32. Hydropus murinus basidiomes....................................................................................97 33. Hydropus murinus micromorphology........................................................................98 34. “Trogia delicata” micromorphology.........................................................................99
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