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Chapter Three Some Aspects of Korean Religions

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Chapter Three Some Aspects of Korean Religions Chapter Three Some Aspects of Korean religions Chapter - III Some Aspects of Ancient Korean religions 3.1. Buddhism and Ancient Korean religion We need the time of ancient history not only for investigating the documents but also for examining the genuineness of them. And it is necessary for us to study the activism of history. In order to discriminate the authenticity, we have to understand basically the environment as well as investigate the field. Between 6,000 and 4,000 BC, tribes of Tungusic people migrated into the Korean peninsula from Central Asia, the T'ien-shan(^i 11) mountain and the Altaic mountain region. These people were of the Neolithic Age and are thought to be the direct ancestors of Korean people. They lived in pit dwellings, started to weave, began to sew with bone needles, and were capable of very detailed painting on their pottery. They believed in Animism (worship of animals) and thought all natural objects had spirits. Shamanism (spirit worship) was prevalent among these people as it was elsewhere in Asia during this period. Shamans were believed to have supernatural healing power and the ability to contact spirits to protect family and community from evil spirits. The Tungusic tribes spoke a Ural-Altaic language. This language group extends from Scandinavia and the Balkans in the West, through Central, North, and Northwest Asia in the East. Though dialects of the Ural-Altaic languages vary greatly, they each share similar characteristics of syntax. This language group set the foundation for the modern Korean language. During the Ancient Joseon (Gojoseon; Korean Kingdom), the Korean nation Hved on the territory of what we now know as Manchuria (Korean northern field, now included in China), as well as on The Korean Peninsula, and the two kingdoms of Buyeo and Koguryo shared similar territories. The kingdoms of Buyeo(^l^) and Koguryo were centered on the territory of Manchuria but also dominated on The Korean peninsular. The kingdom of Parhae(?fJ)?S) which succeeded Koguryo and existed from 7* to 10* century A.D., shared similar territories as well. The Korean nation centered on the territory of Manchuria and has been living on The Korean peninsular for at least 3000 years now, which shows that the mentioned territory was far form being the history of China. Agriculture first appeared around the third millennium B.C. in the northern part of the peninsula, and somewhat later in the south,' The Bronze Age in Korea lasted from about the ninth century B.C. to about the fourth century B.C. However, this time span varies to some extent in different areas of the peninsula. Numerous menhirs (large upright stones) from the age have caused this culture to be characterized as megalithic. The Bronze Age is characterized by a variety of bronze artifacts. Mandolin shaped daggers have been unearthed in tombs, as well as bronze mirrors. The pottery is of the geometric motif of the Neolithic Age that indicates a transition period when the two cultures were in contact. The decorations on many bronze artifacts were similar to those found on pottery of the Neolithic Age. Bronze Age artifacts in Korea indicate a stratified society. The bronze daggers and mirrors would have been the possessions of only a privileged few, whose authority was symbolized by their ownership of the items. *^ -James Huntley Grayson, "Korea a Religious History," CLARENDON PRESS. OXFORD 1989, P-16 Some Dolmen (stone cyst tombs) has capstones weighing up to seventy tons suggesting that the persons in the tombs had the power to command many, many people. Dolmens are found in clusters of as many as one hundred, built in an orderly fashion indicating a lineage of stratified society. There are about seventy thousand piece Dolmen reported in the world and of these forty thousand piece Dolmen are in the Korean peninsula, twenty five thousand piece Dolmen are found in southern Korea, fourteen thousand piece Dolmen are in northern Korea, and a few thousand piece Dolmen are in southern Manchuria.^" Korea preserves about 30,000 dolmens of various size and shape. Korean dolmens are distinct from their European, Chinese, or Japanese Counterparts in their density, variety, and longevity of use. Dolmens, holding the hoards of primitive cultures; serve as clues to the social system and beliefs of early man. With such historic value, the dolmen sites in Gochang(r^l), Hwasun(fb ill), and Ganghwa(?lip)) were registered on UNESCO's World Cultural Heritage List on December 2, 2000. Dolmen Site in Gochang—More than 2,000 dolmens in 85 clusters are concentrated in the towns of Jungnim-ri and Sanggam-ri in Gochang-Gun County Jeollabuk-do Province. Maesan Village in Jungnim-ri has 440 dolmens that are lined up on hilly terrain stretching 1.76 km to the east and west. At this site, the sizes of dolmens vary considerably, weighing from under 10 tons to up to 200 tons, and all three types (table, go board, and capstone) are found here. Dolmen Site in Hwasun—about 500 dolmens are clustered on 10 km of the slopes along Bogeomjae Pass, which links the towns of Hyosan-ri and Daesin-ri in Hwasun-Gun, Jeollanam-do Province. Discovered recently in wooded areas, they are well preserved. A nearby -Sanho Kim's Fine Art, "A Faction history of the Korean 2 dynasty, Great Choo Shin CAncient Jo-Seon") Emoire ^Korean Laneuaeel. r)-25 quarry with rustic rock walls still bears the marks of flint production. Archeologists expect to learn more about primitive stone handling, transporting, and dolmen-making processed at this site. Dolmen Site in Ganghwa—^the slopes of Mt. Goryeosan hold 120 dolmens, including Korea's largest at 7.1m wide and 2.6 m tall. The mountain straddles the towns of Bugeun-ri, Samgeo-ri, and Osang-ri in Ganghwa-Gun, Incheon-si City.^' Korean history may be said to begin with the Iron Age, because it was during this period that distinct tribal groupings began to form which became the direct ancestors of the first Korean states. The advent of Iron Age technology and culture brought with it increased social change which took place in direct relation to the proximity of the tribal area to the centre of Chinese civilization. The Korean peninsula, a large section of southern Manchuria, including Liaotung Peninsula and all the land west to the Liao River, north to the Sungari River, and to the East Sea, is said to have been the primal territory of the Korean people. The Iron Age reached the area of Ancient Joseon first, with the result that a state emerged in this region during the fourth century before Christ, the same era as the Period of Wamng States m Chma. It is believed that the history of the Korean people began approximately 5,000 years ago with the influx of Mongolian tribes onto the peninsula. The cultural development of these Neolithic tribes was accelerated by the Chinese conquest of Ancient Joseon in 108 B.C. When the Chinese were finally driven from their colony on the Korean peninsula in 313 A.D.; they had left a lasting cultural imprint on the inhabitants. ^' - Second Edition, Sec Young Su professor, Danguk Uni^'ersity, John Young Hae journalist Chuncheon MBC (TV), "Korean Cultural Insights" Korea Tourism Organization, pp-70-71 Human life on the Korean Peninsula can be traced back to the Paleolithic era about 600,000 years ago. The earliest state developed when a league of several tribes came together to form the Gojoseon (Old Joseon or Ancient Joseon) Kingdom around the 10* century B.C. Gojoseon fell to an invasion by Emperor Wudi (Wu-ti; Chinese) of the Han Dynasty of China in 108 B.C. after which emerged various walled tribal states. As their political power strengthened, these tribal states developed into Koguryo, Paekje and Shilla the Three Kingdoms.^^ In 109 B.C., the Emperor Wu-ti (r. 141—87 B.C.) of the Han Dynasty conquered Ancient Joseon in an attempt to protect his sensitive north-east border. The incorporation of the most ancient Korean state into the Han Empire led to the creation of the Lolang (Nangnang in Korea) commanderies, which were to play an important part in the diffusion of Chinese civilization into the Korean tribal areas. The introduction of iron technology greatly aided the military strength of Ancient Joseon. Iron swords and arrowheads quickly replaced the ones made of bronze during the Period of Warring States (403—221 B.C.) in China, and clearly enabled this group to maintain and secure its position against the various neighboring Chinese states. Iron also led to certain improvements in living conditions. Iron tools could more easily fashion wood, which led to homes made of wood replacing the mud homes of the past. The ondol or Korean hypocaust system of under floor heating traces its origins to this period, a significant advance in home heating. During this era the use of the dolmen declined and finally ceased, to be ^^ - Seo Young Su professor, "Korean Cultural Insights", Danguk University, John replaced by interment of the remains in large burial mounds or in large, round coffin jars 94 Tangun founded Ancient Joseon in B.C. 2333. If you add A.D. 2010 to this former number, it becomes 4343. Therefore, in Korea, we say that we are living in the year 4343, which is the equivalent to 2010. Also the 3rd of October is the National Foundation Day (Tangun's Accession Day), the day that Tangun found Korea. It is a public holiday for the people of Korea. It is known that the inhabitants of The Korean peninsula during The Neolithic Age came from Siberia, and brought the comb-marked pottery along with them.
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