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Growth and Reproduction of Eupleura Caudata (Say) in the York River, Virginia

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Growth and Reproduction of Eupleura Caudata (Say) in the York River, Virginia W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1958 Growth and Reproduction of Eupleura caudata (Say) in the York River, Virginia Clyde L. MacKenzie College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons, Oceanography Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation MacKenzie, Clyde L., "Growth and Reproduction of Eupleura caudata (Say) in the York River, Virginia" (1958). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539617371. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-935h-ds74 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. g r o w t h a n d reproduction o f e u p l b u r a .c a u b a t a (s a y ) IN THE YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA By Clyie L. MaeKenasie, Jr. V irg in ia Fisheries Laboratory Gloucester Point* Virginia May 1958 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS FROM THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY 'Obra* ^ OF THE VIRGINIA FISHERIES if&ORATOfU ACKNOWLEDGMENT! The writer wishes to- express his deep appreciation to Dr. William Jf* Hargis, Jr. lor suggesting the problem and lor his personal guidance throughout the course of study. Thanks to Dr* Willis G. He watt, who identified most of the invertebrates; to Dr* J*. I*. McHugh lor his many Suggestions; to Mr. Robert S* Bailey lor taking such excellent photographs; to Mr. Dexter S.* Haven and Mr* Curtis S* Leigh lor aid .in. collecting' samples; to Dr* Jay D, Andrews and Mr* Willard A. Van Engel for valuable criticism of the manuscript; to Dr. Sewell H* Hopkins for supplying useful literature; to Miss Patricia ft* Conner for typing the manuscript; and to the rest of the staff and fellow students of the Virginia F is h e r ie s Laboratory for their suggestions and wholehearted .+ cooperation, TAB&ft OF CONTENTS P age INTRODUCTION »*-*»***.«»•«*«*«•'*»•, I MATERIALS AND METHODS * * * ................................................................3 GROWTH * * * + .***«»«**#*. J * * », « *-> ... f Pattern of growth 4 * * * **#.»♦**.♦*...* f leeogaiitos* of year classes *♦#♦*«**♦*»*** ♦ to Cessation. of growth at sexual maturity*•«*••*•«* 19 REPRODUCTION # * * ............................ z\ Age and length at sexual maturity » * * • * ............................. t l . Sex ratio * ♦****##•♦******♦»•■*■*• 24 Evidence against sex reversal ***♦••■♦****** 2? Copatattoa zs Overwintering of sperm&toeea In females « .*•*♦#. i t Seasonal activity . 41 Spawning period *- * * * * * • ♦«••♦***•»«.* 4 4 Intensity and duration of ovlposition * # * * ♦' ♦ * * * * 49 Biim of egg~ea#e is,position«*•*»»*»•♦»•*« 16 Description of cases and embryos *********** $S Numbers of embryos per case • ******* _* * « * *' 63 Incubation period .*.*••..*.•*..*...• 6 8 Percentage of embryo#reaching protoconchstage * * * * f I Predators and associates of egg cases * * ....................... f Z SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ******** ft LITERATURE CITED* • * * ..................................... * * 81 Mtmw * wJ? M tiwWmmw P#gt 1 Map of IfofB Blror atiowitig «xp»rlm*t&t«l a t as arnd collect tloa aitat * * * * * **»»#»««• * ****** . * 4 Z £xpt*t«noiitalmgm mm& la loli drM* * * * * * * * * * * 4 I Inaid# of c#g«****** * • **•«•*•«*»*♦• 4 4 i**ngih~fr«cju#m:ie» of ifilU la moolMy It&p catch*# * . II § Drill# of &g#»groups 0, |f and***..**« 114- * * * * 15 4 Trap c**ct* «on#d hy $h«ii ehataolafa into age group# I and II* * * * * * * ****** * * * * . If T Copul&tory attitude of &. caudata • Sf i T wo maloi copulatiag with otic famal#********** 2 f f Seasonal pattern# temperature* copulation* and spawning $5 10 Seasonal pattern# of' temperate?#* boring* it#$ catch##* copulation and apsmlog la If if * #•***#«*«* ♦ 35 11 Drawing# of egg caret**************** i f U5T OF TABUBS I Accuracy of otieerrer# la •opatoiteg ag# group# * * * * * 15 1 lengths of ovipositing female® * .* ****♦**.,♦** 23 3 Sox ratio# of drill#in 1955 . **♦'*.* . * * * * * . 25 4 Sox ratio# of drill# to Ifif * «***•******«* 25 5 l*#ngth~fre$uettcy copulating individual#******* 33 5 Ovipredaciioa of female* isolated from mala# ***** 39 f segueac# of eopoletery# boring, nod spawning activi ty of individual drill# ******** .* * * * * * « • • • 42 $ Buration and intensity oi spawning by individual caged !« m a l« «....................... * . SI 9 Comparison of oviproductlon in successive years by individual females . § 2 10 Numbers of agg casas par cluster in cagas and on shalls in experimental araa . * , * ............................................... $3 11 Substrata dj, caadala agg casas §7 12 Relationship of shall length of females to langth of casas 61 13 Number* of ambryos par case in various sambas . • 64 14 Variation in number of ambryos par casa dapositad by savarai lamalas ................. 6 ? 15 Variation in number of ambryos par casa dapositad by a single female in Table 14 * ................................ * . • 6 ? 16 Incubation period of K, caudate e m b r y o s ....................... 70 17 numbers of damaged and undamaged agg cases collected in experimental area 73 1$ List of plants and animals observed on agg casas * . 75 INTRODUCTION Eupleura caudata (Say) (Order Neogastropoda: Family Muricidae), the thick-lipped or rough oyster drill, is a close relative of the smooth drill, Urosalpinx cinerea (Say), which occurs within the same geographical range along the shores of the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to the eastern coast of Florida. Both species are well-known predators of oysters and perhaps other commercially valuable bivalves. Except in isolated localities, U. cinerea is the dominant species, and as a result has received more scientific attention. Until Haskin (1935) showed that E. caudata females deposit more embryos per case than U. cinerea in Barnegat Bay and noted the differently-shaped egg cases, the only publicised differences between the two species lay in the morphology of the shell. Though the species is present in some numbers, McHugh (1956) did not find a single E. caudata among hundreds of drills collected from pier pilings in the vicinity of Gloucester Point, and we found only one in our large samples. This suggests that the two species have different vertical distributions. Haskin (1935) and Galtsoff, Prytherch and Engel (1937) stated that the two species do not differ in their destructiveness of oysters. Stauber (1943) observed copulation of a single pair and stated that numbers of egg cases deposited by caged females vary from year to year. Engle (1935) and Andrews (1954) briefly described spawning patterns for a single year. Other than the fact that certain workers (See Carriker, 1955) believe the ratio of E. caudata to U. cinerea is increasing in some ■2 « localities, little else is known about the natural history of this animal. This study was undertaken to elucidate certain aspects of growth, reproduction, end ecology of B* caudata in the eelgrass sone of the York River to acquire basic information which might be used in controlling this pest. - 3 - MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of the area All drills studied were taken in the vicinity of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory at Gloucester Point, Virginia, six miles from the mouth of the York River {Fig. 1). This area is estuarine with salinities varying between 14 and 22 parts per thousand except during severe droughts and freshets. Oyster drills and several other snails live within the eelgrass zone, a narrow strip about 50 yards wide in the experimental area, which was bounded by Marshall’s pier and the ferry pier. The grass is abundant and almost continuous. At extreme low tides the inner edge of the grass is exposed and the outer edge is rarely covered by more than five or six feet of water. The bottom slopes moderately away from shore, and because it is protected by the tip of Gloucester Point, the experimental area does not have rapid currents. Wave action disturbs the bottom only during heavy easterly winds. Within this zone, E. caudata had a mean density of 3 per square yard; whereas,tJ. cinerea had a mean density of 37 per square yard. Several samples of egg cases weee obtained at Tillage's oyster ground located upriver from the laboratory (Fig. 1). Except where noted samples were taken from the experimental area. - 4 - T illa g e 's O y s te r GroundlG,ouce'ster pt York R iver Coleman Bridge York tow n Wormley's Rock I MILE Fig. 1. The York River in the vicinity of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory showing collection sites. Inset shows experi mental area. Dotted line shows extent of eelgrass. 5 - Aquaria Running-water aquaria of approximately two and seven tenths cubic feet capacity were employed to make close observations of copulation. River water from the end of the laboratory pier was con­ tinuously supplied by centrifugal pumps. C ages Several phases of this study were conducted in cages suspended in the river along the laboratory pier one foot from the bottom, with about one to three feet of water covering them (Figs. 2 and 3). Cages consisted of wooden frames with masonite bottoms. The sides and removable top were covered with large-mesh plastic screen, four holes to an inch. Masonite dividers pryented contact between drills in adjacent co mpartments. The cages were 37 inches long, 16 inches wide, and6 inches deep, The number of compartments per cage varied from 2 to 12. Later models incorporated plastic screen bottoms (8 holes to an inch) which were more effective than solid bottoms of earlier models in permitting sediments to pass through. All cages were suspended in seasoned, tarred oyster trays for support and stability. Except where noted several one- and two-year-old oysters were placed in each compartment as food and were not replaced the whole summer. - 6 - Experimental cage, oyster tray, and davit used to raise and lower the cage. Compartments and screen bottom of cage.
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