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Studies on Spawning and Larval Rearing of the Whelk, Babylonia Spirata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae)

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Studies on Spawning and Larval Rearing of the Whelk, Babylonia Spirata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae) STUDIES ON SPAWNING AND LARVAL REARING OF THE WHELK, BABYLONIA SPIRATA (LINNAEUS, 1758) (NEOGASTROPODA: BUCCINIDAE) Thesis submitted to Mangalore University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Under the Faculty of Biosciences. By Sreejaya.R. M.Sc, Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biosciences Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri Karnataka, India-574 199 December, 2008 Certificate This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on spawning and larval rearing of the Whelk, Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus,1758) (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae)” is an authentic record of research work carried out by Sreejaya.R under my guidance and supervision in Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Ph.D degree under the Faculty of Biosciences in Mangalore University. The thesis or part thereof has not previously been presented for the award of any Degree in any University. Cochin Date: Dr.K.Sunilkumar Mohamed, Supervising Guide, Principal Scientist & Head, Molluscan Fisheries Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018. Declaration I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled ““Studies on spawning and larval rearing of the Whelk, Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Neogastropoda: Buccidae)” is an authentic record of research work carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. K. Sunilkumar Mohamed, Principal Scientist & Head, Molluscan Fisheries Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi in partial fulfillment for the award of Ph.D degree under the Faculty of Biosciences of Mangalore University and no part thereof has been previously formed the basis for the award of any diploma or degree, in any University. Cochin Date: (Sreejaya.R) Acknowledgement First of all, I bow before the God almighty and praise him for the gracious love and blessing showered on me. I express my deepest sense of appreciation and gratitude to Dr. K. Sunilkumar Mohamed, (Supervising guide), Principal Scientist and Head, Molluscan Fisheries Division of CMFRI for his guidance, valuable suggestions, criticism, and constant help during the course of my work, documentation and preparation of thesis. I sincerely express my heartfelt gratitude and indebtedness to Dr. V. Kripa, Principal Scientist, Tuticorin Research Center of CMFRI for her guidance, affectionate advice, constant encouragement, help, criticism and moral support during the course of my investigation and documentation. I am extremely thankful and indebted to Dr.P.Vijayagopal, Senior Scientist, CMFRI, Kochi for the critical reading of the final draft of this thesis and his comments and valuable suggestions helped me much during the final stages of thesis preparation. I owe my thanks to Dr. Mohan Joseph Modayil, Former Director, CMFRI, and to the present Director of CMFRI Dr. G. Syda Rao for extending all the facilities of CMFRI for the successful completion of my research work. It is a great pleasure for me to express a deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to Dr. K. K. Appukuttan, former Head and Principal Scientist, Molluscan Fisheries Division of CMFRI for his suggestions, encouragement, and providing me the facility to carry out my work during the course of this study. I am obliged to Shri. P. Radhakrishnan, Technical officer, Molluscan Fisheries Division of CMFRI for his assistance in field work, constant encouragement and moral support during the course of the study. I acknowledge deep sense of gratitude to Shri. Mathew Joseph, Technical officer, Shri. P.S. Alloycious and Smt. Jenni. S. Sharma Technical Assistants of Molluscan Fisheries Division of CMFRI for providing facilities in lab, hatchery complex of CMFRI and also for valuable guidance, critical comments and suggestions during the experimental works. My special thanks owe to Dr. P. Laxmilatha, Senior Scientist, CMFRI Calicut , Dr.T.S.Velayudhan, Principal Scientist, Dr. Shoji Joseph, Senior Scientist , Dr. Reetha Jayasankar, Principal Scientist, Dr. L. Krishnan, Principal Scientist, CMFRI for their timely help rendered during the course of my investigation. My special thanks are due to Smt. N. Ambika, Shri. M. N. Sathyan, Shri. B.Zainudheen, Smt. S.Prasannakumari, Smt. P.P.Sheela, Shri. P.B.Jeevaraj, staff of Molluscan Fisheries Division, CMFRI for their great help and constant encouragement in carrying out my work. I am grateful to OIC library, other staff members in the library and staff members of accounts and administrative wing, canteen, security and other staff members of CMFRI, Cochin, for their sincere help and cooperation extended during the course of my study. I express my deepest sense of gratitude to the SIC and staff of Marine hatchery complex, CMFRI for providing all facilities to carry out the experiments. I am grateful to my colleagues Mrs. Anjana Mohan, Mrs. Leena Ravi, Dr. N.P. Anikumari, DR. R. Jugnu, Miss. Neetha Susan David, Dr. Ramalinga, Mr. M. Vinod, Dr. Shaji, Dr. S. Balu, Dr. R Girish, Mr. A. A. Shiju, Mr. Madhupal, Dr. K.P.Abdurahiman, Mr. Anoop. A. Krishnan for their wholehearted co-operation and support rendered during the tenure of my research. My sincere thanks are to Dr. Satish Sahayak, Research Scholar, CMFRI for assisting and taking the microphotographs during the period of investigation. I greatly acknowledge the financial assistance from the AP Cess fund of Indian Council of Agricultural Research in the form of SRF fellowship for the project “Development of seafarming techniques for commercially important whelk, Babylonia spp”. I express my deepest sense of gratitude to Dr. P. N. Radhakrishnan, SIC and staff of Calicut Research centre of CMFRI for their help and providing the facilities for carrying out the work. I thank Mr. Shaji, Mr. Marshal and those who have helped me for collecting the live samples from the Neendakara and Sakthikulangara harbour. My Sincere thanks are to Shi. T. Haridasan, Shri.P. Dasan, Mr. K.E.Joseph Victor, Smt. P.Swrnalatha, Mr.V.A. Kunhikoya, Mr.A. Anasukoya , Mr.N.P. Ramachandran, Mr.M.K.Chandran, and other staff members in the Research Centre of CMFRI, Calicut for their help in carrying out the experiments in the hatchery complex at Calicut. Above all, words are inadequate to express my love and indebtedness to my very beloved father, Shri. K.N.Ramachandran Nair, my beloved mother, P. K. Sarasamma, my loving husband Mr. Sajeshkumar N. K, brother R. Jayadevan and sisters R. Sreedhanya, and R. Sreevidhya, mother-in- law Mrs.J. Rajam and sister-in-law, Mrs. Sreeja. K for their whole-hearted support, love, encouragement and kind help. I am ever be indebted to my little kid Rakendu. S for her endurance and cooperation made during the period of documentation. (Sreejaya. R) Dedicated to My Family Contents Page No. Acronymes 1 Preface 2 - 4 Chapter 1. Introduction and Review of literature 5 - 33 1.1 General Introduction 1.2 Review of Literature Chapter 2. Broodstock maintenance and rearing of Babylonia spirata 34 - 59 2.1 Materials and methods 2.1.1 Standardization of transportation method of broodstock of B. spirata 2.1.2 Determination of substratum preference of adult B. spirata 2.1.3 Food and feeding of B. spirata broodstock 2.1.4 Salinity tolerance of B. spirata broodstock 2.1.5 Temperature tolerance and behavioural responses of B. spirata to different temperatures 2.2 Results 2.3 Discussion Chapter 3. Spawning of Babylonia spirata 60 - 76 3.1 Materials and Methods 3.1.1 Broodstock acclimatization and spawning 3.1.2 Effect of size of brooder on fecundity and size of egg 3.1.3 Requirement of substratum for spawning 3.2 Results 3.3 Discussion Chapter 4. Egg capsules of Babylonia spirata and its rearing 77 - 101 4.1 Materials and methods 4.1.1 Morphology of the egg capsule 4.1.2 Variation in the dimension of the egg capsule 4.1.3 Percentage of hatching of the veliger 4.1.4 Effect of water treatment during incubation of egg capsule 4.1.5 Water exchange during incubation 4.1.6 Effect of salinity on egg capsule 4.1.7 Effect of salinity on hatching 4.1.8 Effect of salinity on growth and development during incubation 4.1.9 Effect of temperature on growth and development 4.1.10 Effect of aeration on growth and development 4.1.11 Effect of light on growth and development of the veliger 4.1.12 Changes in the weight of the egg capsule during the period of development of the embryo 4.2 Results 4.3. Discussion Chapter 5. Intra capsular development of Babylonia spirata 102 - 126 5.1 Material and Methods 5.1.1 Development inside the egg capsule 5.1.2 Post hatching 5.1.3 Post settlement 5.2 Results 5.3 Discussion Chapter 6. Larval rearing of Babylonia spirata 127 - 163 6.1. Material and Methods 6.1.1. Salinity tolerance and effect of salinity on growth and settlement of hatched veliger 6.1.2. FEEDING THE VELIGER Culture of algal feed 6.1.2.1. Necessity of supplementary feed for the survival of newly hatched veliger 6.1.2.2. Ingestion rates (IR) by the veliger 6.1.2.3. Acceptance of different types of algal cells and its effect on growth and settlement of the veliger of B. spirata 6.1.2.4. Effect of combination of algal feed on the growth and settlement of veliger of B. spirata 6.1.2.5. Effect of low and high concentration of the algal feed on growth and settlement of veliger of B. spirata. 6.1.2.6. Effect of temperature on IR of algal feed, growth and settlement of veliger of B. spirata 6.1.3. Effect of stocking density on growth and settlement of veliger of B. spirata 6.1.4. Effect of substratum on growth and settlement of veliger of B.
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