DOCSLIB.ORG

Persuap September 18, 2007

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Persuap September 18, 2007 PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN PERSUAP SEPTEMBER 18, 2007 A G R I B U S I N E S S P R O G R A M This report was produced by the Louis Berger Group, Inc. for the United States Agency for International Development under Contract # C-00-07-00500-00. INMA Program Pesticide Evaluation Report And Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) INMA Implemented by Louis Berger Group, Inc PERSUAP Prepared By Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA Environmental Assessment Professional Under Agreement with ARD September, 2007 Inma Agribusiness Program 2 LIST OF ACRONYMS ACIAR Australian Center for International Agricultural Research AID US Agency for International Development (also known as USAID) ANE Asia and Near East Bureau of USAID ARDI Agriculture Reconstruction and Development Program for Iraq ASTF Arab Science and Technology Foundation BEO Bureau Environmental Officer CABI British Consortium for Overseas Pest Management CAS Chemical Abstract Service CFR Code of Federal Regulations CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research CPC Crop Protection Compendium DAI Development Alternatives International DCHA Democracy, Conflict & Humanitarian Assistance (part of USAID) DPR California Department of Pesticide Regulation EA Environmental Assessment EC Emulsifiable Concentrasse (a pesticide formulation) ENCAP Environmental Assessment Capacity Building Program (Africa Bureau) EPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as USEPA) EUREPGAP European Good Agricultural Practices (also known as EUROGAP) EXTOXNET Oregon State University Ecotoxicology Network Pesticides Website FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (part of UN) G Granular (a pesticide formulation) GEF Global Environment Fund (of UN) GOI Government of Iraq GUP General Use Pesticide ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas ID Identification IEE Initial Environmental Examination INMA in Arabic: “Growth” IPM Integrated Pest Management IR Intermediate Result (part of USAID strategic planning process) IRMP Iraq Marshlands Restoration Project IVM Integrated Vector Management MEO Mission Environmental Officer NGO Non-Governmental Organization NRI Natural Resources Institute (British Assistance) OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OP Organophosphate (a class of pesticides) PAHO Pan American Health Organization PAN Pesticide Action Network PC Code Pesticide Chemical Code PER Pesticide Evaluation Report PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan PIC Prior Informed Consent (a treaty, relates to pesticides) POP Persistent Organic Pollutants (a treaty, relates to toxic pesticides) PUC Pesticide Use Checklist Inma Agribusiness Program 3 PVO Private Volunteer Organization Reg. 216 Regulation 216 (USAID Environmental Procedures) REO Regional Environmental Officer RUP Restricted Use Pesticide S Solution (a pesticide formulation) SO Strategic Objective (part of USAID strategic planning process) SUAP Safe Use Action Plan TB Tuberculosis UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization UNWHO United Nations World Health Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as EPA) VOA Voice of America WHO World Health Organization WP Wettable Powder (a pesticide formulation) Inma Agribusiness Program 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LISTH OF ACRONYMS 3H TABLEH OF CONTENTS 5H LISTH OF TABLES 6H LISTH OF ATTACHMENTS 7H EXECUTIVEH SUMMARY 7H FINDINGSH AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7H CONCLUSIONSH 14H SECTIONH 1: INTRODUCTION TO INMA PERSUAP 16H 1.1H PURPOSE AND SCOPE FOR AN IEE/PERSUAP FOR INMA 16H 1.2H BACKGROUND AND INMA PROJECT DESCRIPTION 19H 1.3H COUNTRY BACKGROUND 20H 1.4H PRIORITY GEOGRAPHIC PLACES OR AREAS OF PROJECT INTERVENTION 20H 1.5H USAID DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS INVOLVED IN PROJECT AND INFLUENCED BY PERSUAP 21H 1.6H STUDY METHODOLOGY 21H SECTIONH 2: CROPS, PESTS AND PESTICIDES 22H 2.0H CROPS 22H 2.1H PEST CHALLENGES/PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS OF EACH CROP 23H 2.2H PESTS OF STORED PRODUCTS, IF APPLICABLE 27H 2.3H HISTORY OF MAGNITUDE OF PEST PROBLEMS IN COUNTRY 27H 2.4H HISTORY OF IPM & CROP PROTECTION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT RELEVANT TO CROPS, PESTS, PESTICIDES IN THIS STUDY 27H 2.5H VIABLE AND PRACTICAL IPM OPTIONS TO USE, TO TEST AND TO POTENTIALLY INTEGRATE 29H 2.5H PESTICIDES ACCEPTED FOR USE BY THE INMA PROJECT 30H 2.6H ADDITIONAL LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PESTICIDES THAT MAY BE USED BY INMA CLIENTS: 30H 2.7H PESTICIDES CONDITIONALLY ACCEPTED 31H 2.8H THIS PERSUAP REJECTS ADVISING OR USE BY INMA BENEFICIARIES OF THE FOLLOWING: 31H SECTIONH 3: IMPACTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE & MARKETS, CERTIFICATION SCHEMES, CODES OF CONDUCT, SPS BARRIERS, WTO MEMBERSHIP 31H 3.0H INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE GENERAL AGRICULTURAL/HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS BY THE COUNTRY WITH SPECIFIC EMPHASIS ON PROJECT-TARGETED COMMODITIES 32H Inma Agribusiness Program 5 3.1H REGIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE PROJECT COMMODITIES 32H 3.2H CODES OF CONDUCT THAT APPLY TO TARGET COMMODITIES OR SYSTEMS, WITH RATES OF IMPLEMENTATION SUCCESS WHERE THEY DO APPLY 32H 3.3H STATUS OF PESTICIDE REGULATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 33H 3.4H EU REGISTRATION STATUS OF PROPOSED PESTICIDES ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (THERE ARE CURRENTLY 834 EXISTING EU-REGISTERED PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS.) 34H 3.5H EXPORT MARKETS STANDARDS, AUDITING AND CERTIFICATION (EUREPGAP, ISO 14001, ORGANIC, EU MINIMUM RESIDUE LEVELS, ETC.) SCHEMES APPLICABLE TO THE PROJECT, CROPS, AND PESTICIDES 34H 3.6H EXPORT CERTIFICATION AUTHORITIES/AUDITORS/COMPANIES PRESENT IN THE COUNTRY OR REGION 35H 4.0H COUNTRY PESTICIDES PROFILE 36H 4.1H PESTICIDE IMPORT INCLUDING INFORMAL/ILLICIT IMPORT 36H 4.2H PESTICIDE IN-COUNTRY PRODUCTION 37H 4.3H PESTICIDE PACKAGING, REPACKAGING & LABELING QUALITY 37H 4.4H PESTICIDE DISTRIBUTION/RETAIL SALES LIKE IN IRAQ, WITH MAJOR DISTRIBUTION/RETAIL SUPPLY COMPANIES 37H 4.5H PESTICIDE TYPES AND TOXICITIES AVAILABLE 37H 4.6H CURRENT PESTICIDE CONSUMPTION IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN GENERAL AND PROJECT CROPS IN SPECIFIC 38H 4.7H PESTICIDES USED IN THE INMA DEMONSTRATION PLOT PROGRAM BASED ON IRAQ MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION SERVICE RECOMMENDATIONS 38H 4.8H COUNTRY’S PESTICIDE REGISTRATION AND REGULATION SYSTEM AND SPECIFIC REGISTRATION STATUS OF PROPOSED PESTICIDES 56H 4.9H COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO ENFORCE REGULATIONS ON DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, USE, & DISPOSAL OF PESTICIDES 56H 4.10H COUNTRY’S ADOPTION OF FAO’S PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT (PIC) PROCEDURES 57H 4.11H CURRENT PESTICIDE STORAGE, HANDLING AND SAFETY PROCEDURES IN THE SECTOR BEING STUDIED 57H 4.12H GENERAL HISTORY OF IPM & SAFETY TRAINING RECEIVED BY ALL PESTICIDE USERS IMPACTED BY PROJECT 57H 4.13H PROVISIONS MADE FOR TRAINING OF USERS AND APPLICATORS 58H 4.14H OBSOLETE PESTICIDES IN THE COUNTRY WITH WAYS TO AVOID MORE 58H 4.15H PROVISIONS MADE FOR MONITORING THE USE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PESTICIDE 59H 5.0H SUMMARY OF ACCEPTED PESTICIDES BY IMPORTANT REGULATION 216 ELEMENTS 60H 5.1H PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT: ADDRESS PESTICIDE CHOICES, ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ACCORDING TO THE 12 REGULATION 216 PESTICIDE PROCEDURES 74H 6.0H SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP) ELEMENTS (TO BE PUT INTO ACTION PLANS BY PROJECT PARTNERS) 88H LIST OF TABLES Inma Agribusiness Program 6 TABLEH 1. IRAQ MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION SERVICE PESTICIDE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WHEAT, RICE, MAIZE, SORGHUM, TOMATO & SOYBEAN 38H TABLEH 2. SYNOPTIC ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF THE INMA-PROPOSED AND ADDITIONAL PESTICIDES AVAILABLE IN IRAQ 60H LIST OF FIGURES & PHOTOS FIGUREH 1: ISSUES IMPACTING FARMER IPM 29H LIST OF ATTACHMENTS ATTACHMENTH 1: TERMS OF REFERENCE/SCOPE OF WORK 91H ATTACHMENTH 2: A LIST OF VIABLE AND PRACTICAL IPM OPTIONS TO TRY IN IRAQ AND TO POTENTIALLY INTEGRATE INTO AN IPM SYSTEM APPROACH TO PEST MANAGEMENT 94H ATTACHMENTH 3: PESTICIDE DISPOSAL OPTIONS 126H ATTACHMENTH 4: BOTANICAL PESTICIDES, REPELLENTS, AND BAITS REGULATED BY EPA, AS EPA-LISTED 128H ATTACHMENTH 5: A GENERAL IPM PLANNING AND DESIGN PROTOCOL 131H ATTACHMENTH 6: PESTICIDE USE CHECKLIST FOR PVOS AND NGOS 136H ATTACHMENTH 7: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT GUIDE 141H ATTACHMENTH 8: TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES: EPA AND WHO CLASSIFICATIONS 142H ATTACHMENTH 9: BASIC FIRST AID FOR PESTICIDE OVEREXPOSURE 144H ATTACHMENTH 10: RECOMMENDED DISTRIBUTION 146H ATTACHMENTH 11: WEBSITES USED FOR PESTICIDE SEARCHES AND THIS PERSUAP 147H EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Inma Agribusiness Program 7 1. Pesticides have been used for many years on staple crops in Iraq or the Fertile Crescent; in fact some of the very first pesticides ever used, like sulfur (killed plant diseases), oils (killed insects— and sometimes people) and salt (killed weeds) were from Mesopotamia over 4,500 years ago. Crop constraints continue and so does the killing. There is some very limited experience with the philosophy and practice of integrated pest management (IPM) in Iraq, even though crops have been grown here for millennia. This PERSUAP has evaluated proposed and available pesticides and additional IPM measures in Iraq that can be used to manage pests of most crops grown in Iraq. 2. This PERSUAP recognizes the following crops produced in different parts of Iraq and pests of each crop. DATE PALM Diseases Bayoud disease, Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis albedinis Black scorch disease, Ceratocystis paradoxa Diplodia disease, Diplodia phoenicum Graphiola leaf spot, Graphiola phoenicis Khamedj disease, Mauginiella scattae Lethal yellowing Bending head Blacknose Insects Red Palm Weevil,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iranian Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) © 2013 Akinik Publications Received: 28-06-2013 Shaaban Abd-Rabou*, Hassan Ghahari, Svetlana N
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2013;1 (4): 116-140 ISSN 2320-7078 Iranian Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) JEZS 2013;1 (4): 116-140 © 2013 AkiNik Publications Received: 28-06-2013 Shaaban Abd-Rabou*, Hassan Ghahari, Svetlana N. Myartseva & Enrique Ruíz- Cancino Accepted: 23-07-2013 ABSTRACT Aphelinidae is one of the most important families in biological control of insect pests at a worldwide level. The following catalogue of the Iranian fauna of Aphelinidae includes a list of all genera and species recorded for the country, their distribution in and outside Iran, and known hosts in Iran. In total 138 species from 11 genera (Ablerus, Aphelinus, Aphytis, Coccobius, Coccophagoides, Coccophagus, Encarsia, Eretmocerus, Marietta, Myiocnema, Pteroptrix) are listed as the fauna of Iran. Aphelinus semiflavus Howard, 1908 and Coccophagoides similis (Masi, 1908) are new records for Iran. Key words: Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae, Catalogue. Shaaban Abd-Rabou Plant Protection Research 1. Introduction Institute, Agricultural Research Aphelinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) are important in nature, Center, Dokki-Giza, Egypt. especially in the population regulation of hemipterans on many different plants.These [E-mail: [email protected]] parasitoid wasps are also relevant in the biological control of whiteflies, soft scales and aphids [44] Hassan Ghahari . Studies on this family have been done mainly in relation with pests of fruit crops as citrus Department of Plant Protection, and others. John S. Noyes has published an Interactive On-line Catalogue [78] which includes Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad up-to-date published information on the taxonomy, distribution and hosts records for the University, Tehran, Iran. Chalcidoidea known throughout the world, including more than 1300 described species in 34 [E-mail: [email protected]] genera at world level.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Catalog of the Type Material of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Entomology Research Museum, University of California at Riverside
    An Annotated Catalog of the Type Material of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Entomology Research Museum, University of California at Riverside An Annotated Catalog of the Type Material of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Entomology Research Museum, University of California at Riverside Serguei V. Triapitsyn and Jung-Wook Kim UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Publications in Entomology, Volume 129 Editorial Board: Rosemary Gillespie, Penny Gullan, Bradford A. Hawkins, John Heraty, Lynn S. Kimsey, Serguei V. Triapitsyn, Philip S. Ward, Kipling Will University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2008 by The Regents of the University of California Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Triapitsyn, Serguei V., 1963–. An annotated catalog of the type material of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Entomology Research Museum, University of California at Riverside / Serguei V. Triapitsyn and Jung-Wook Kim. p. cm. — (University of California publications in entomology ; v. 129) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-520-09867-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. University of California, Riverside. Entomology Research Museum—Catalogs. 2. Aphytis—Type specimens.{ems}3. Aphytis—Catalogs and collections. I. Kim, Jung- Wook, 1968–. II.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomologica 33 199 Entomologica Da Stampare
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Entomologica, Bari, 33,brought (1999): to 173-177 you by CORE provided by Università degli Studi di Bari: Open Journal Systems ABD-RABOU, S. Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki-Giza, Egypt AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF THE DIASPIDIDAE (HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA) IN EGYPT, WITH NEW RECORDS. ABSTRACT AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF THE DIASPIDIDAE (HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA) IN EGYPT, WITH NEW RECORDS. Eighteen species of hymenopterous parasitoid of armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) were recorded in a survey of host plants in three locations in Egypt during 1994- 1997. The 16 species of Aphelinidae and two Encyrtidae are listed, along with their diaspidid hosts and location in Egypt; ten species were new records for Egypt. Key words: survey, geographic distribution, host range, rearing methods, Ablerus, Aphytus, Coccophagoides, Encarsia, Marietta, Habrolepis. INTRODUCTION Prior to the studies of Priesner & Hosny (1940), very little was known about the parasitoids of armoured scale insects in Egypt. Priesner & Hosny recorded six aphelinid species: Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet), A. diaspidis Howard, A. maculicornis (Masi), A. mytilaspidis (Le Baron), Encarsia citrina (Craw) and E. lounsburyi (Berlese & Paoli). Later, Abdel-Fattah & El-Saadany (1979) recorded Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere associated with Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), while Aphytis cohni De Bach was recorded from Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) in Alexandria by Hafez (1988). There have been no more recent records. During the period 1994-1997, a survey was conducted throughout Egypt, the results of which are given below. Each entry gives the geographic distribution and the host range; new records are indicated by an asterisk.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Flow in Trichogramma Wasps
    Heredity 73 (1994) 317—327 Received 28 February 1994 The Genetical Society of Great Britain Cytogenetics of microbe-associated parthenogenesis and its consequences for gene flow in Trichogramma wasps RICHARD STOUTHAMERff* & DAVID J. KAZMERt tDepartmentof Entomology, University of Cailfornia, Riverside, CA 92521 and Departrnent of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, U.S.A. Cytogeneticsand gene flow were studied in microbe-associated parthenogenetic (thelytokous) forms of three species of the genus Trichogramma (T pretiosum, T deion and T. nr. deion). The chromosome behaviour in newly laid eggs indicated that the mechanism allowing restoration of diploidy in unfertilized thelytokous eggs was a segregation failure of the two sets of chromosomes in the first mitotic anaphase. This results in a nucleus containing two sets of identical chromosomes. The mechanism is known as gamete duplication and results m complete homozygosity. This was confirmed by investigation of the segregation pattern of allozymes in the offspring of heterozygous thelytokous females. Contrary to the generally assumed genetic isolation of thelytokous lines, thelytokous females of these species can mate and will use the sperm to fertilize some of their eggs. These fertilized eggs give rise to females whose genome consists of one set of chromosomes from each parent. Egg fertilization and the resulting syngamy of the sperm and egg pronucleus apparently precludes the gamete duplication that would have taken place if the egg had remained unfertilized. Most field populations of Trichogramma contain both parthenogenetic (thelytokous) and sexual (arrhenotokous) forms. In the two field populations that we studied there was evidence for high levels of gene flow from the sexual (arrhenotokous) fraction to the parthenogenetic (thelytokous) fraction of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT on APPLES – Fruit Pathway and Alert List
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 5 - REPORT on APPLES – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Wistermann A, Steffen K, Grousset F, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/107o25ccc1b2c DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background on apple .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Data on production and trade of apple fruit ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Pathway ‘apple fruit’ .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (Malus Domostica Borkhis) One of the -..::Egyptian Journal of Plant
    Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1218-1240 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Survey and population dynamics of scale insects (Hemiptera :Coccoidea) infesting apple trees and thier natural enemies in Egypt EL-Amir, S. M.; Yomna, N. M. Abd Allah; Mona, Moustafa and Shaaban, Abd-Rabou Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract : Article History Apple (Malus domostica Borkhis) one of the most important Received: 5/ 10 /2020 deciduous fruit trees in Egypt. Scale insects (Hemiptera : Coccoidea) Accepted: 24/11 /2020 are the most important pests infested orchard trees including apple . The present work dealt with the survey of scale insects infested apple trees and their natural enemies in different locations in Egypt as well Keywords as population dynamics of the dominant species infested apple of Apple trees, survey , these pests. The results indicated that 21 species of scale insects were population dynamics , recorded infested apple trees in Egypt. The dominant species were scale insects , natural Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) , enemies and Egypt. Lepidosaphes pallidula (Williams), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) ((Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Diaspididae) , Planococcus citri (Risso), Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) and Russellaspis pustulans pustulans (Cockerell) (Hemiptera :Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae). Also, in the present work 19 parasitoids and 2 hyperparasitiods and 33 predators were recorded associated with scale insects infesting apple trees. The dominant species were, the parasitoids Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet), Aphytis maculicornis (Masi), Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere, Encarsia citrina (Craw) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) , Metaphycus asterolecanii (Mercet) and Zaplatycerus kemticus (Trjapitzin and Triapitsyn) (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) and the predators Chilocorus bipustulatus L.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Pests of Currant and Gooseberry Crops in the U.K.: Their Biology, Management and Future Prospects
    Agricultural and Forest Entomology (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00513.x REVIEW ARTICLE Arthropod pests of currant and gooseberry crops in the U.K.: their biology, management and future prospects Carolyn Mitchell, Rex M. Brennan, Jerry V. Cross∗ and Scott N. Johnson Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K. and ∗East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, U.K. Abstract 1 Approximately 10–12 species of Ribes plants are cultivated for fruit production, mainly blackcurrants, red- and whitecurrants and gooseberries. These crops are increasingly recognized as rich sources of vitamin C and anthocyanins, with production rising by 24% in Europe subsequent to 1998. To date, research into insect pests of Ribes has been fragmented, with little appreciation of how changes in climate and agronomic practices affect biology. 2 We review 12 key pests of currant and gooseberry crops in Northern Europe, with specific emphasis on their biology and current management options. These are blackcurrant leaf curling midge Dasineura tetensi, blackcurrant sawfly Nematus olfaciens, common gooseberry sawfly Nematus ribesii, European permanent currant aphid Aphis schneideri, redcurrant blister aphid Cryptomyzus ribis, currant–sowthistle aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae, European gooseberry aphid Aphis grossulariae, woolly vine scale Pulvinaria vitis, common green capsid Lygocoris pabulinus, winter moth Operophtera brumata, clear wing moth Synanthedon tipuliformis and blackcurrant gall mite Cecidophyopsis ribis. 3 It is anticipated that global climate change could lead to increases in the incidence of some aphids through increased overwintering survival and longer seasonal activity. Moreover, changes in management practices such as increased cropping densities (from 5400 ha−1 to 8700 ha−1) and machine harvesting could lead to pest outbreaks through optimal microhabitats and increased susceptibility to pest colonization.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Diaspididae Scale Insects
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2015; 3 (1): 302-309 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 Biodiversity of diaspididae scale insects P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2015; 3 (1): 302-309 (homoptera), their host plants and natural © 2015 JEZS Received: 23-12-2014 enemies in Algeria Accepted: 14-01-2015 Belguendouz Rachida, Biche Mohamed Belguendouz Rachida Laboratory of Plant Aromatic and Abstract Medicinal, Faculty of Natural Science and Life, Department of Our inventory of Algerian Diaspididae realized from 2003 to 2005 permuted to us to know the existence Biotechnology, University of Saad of 118 species that infested 488 plants. 18 new species were identified belonging to the genera of Dahleb Blida (09000). Algeria. Aspidaspis, Diaspidiotus, diaspidiotu, Carulaspis, Chionaspisplatani, Diaspis, Parlatoria, Parlatoreopsis, Leucaspis, Discodiaspis, and Froggattiella. The Diaspidini and Aspidiotini tribes were Biche Mohamed the most represented in general (80%) and in species (80%). They infested 254 and 172 plants National School of Agronomic respectively. Parlatorini and Odonaspidini host plants stilled the less important with 72 and 13 Sciences 09000- Algiers (016000) respectively. Most of the Diaspididae host plants were Rosaceae (7, 3 %), Poaceae (6,5 %) and Fabaceae (Algeria). (6 %). The inventory of their Predators makes to sand out 3 families: Coccinellidae, Nitidullidae and Coniopterygidae, included 14 species, which the first contained 5 genus Rhysobius, Chilocorus, Exochomus, Pharoscymnus and Mimopullus. The parasitoids included 23 Hymenoptera species: 14 ectophage (who Aphytis is the most common) and 9 endophage whit 3 genera (Encarcia, Comperiella, Chiloneurium). The most representative species were Encarsia citrina, Aphytishis hispanicus and A. chilensis. Keywords: Algeria, Diaspididae, Diversity, Host-plant, Parasites, Predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Control of Arthropod Pests of C '" the Northeastern and North Central Forests in the United States: a Review and Recommendations
    Forest Health Technology , ..~ , Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control . Biological Control of Arthropod Pests of c '" the Northeastern and North Central Forests in the United States: A Review and Recommendations Roy G. Van Driesche Steve Healy Richard C. Reardon ,­ Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team - Morgantown, WV '.","' USDA Forest Service '. FHTET -96-19 December 1996 --------- Acknowledgments We thank: Richard Dearborn, Kenneth Raffa, Robert Tichenor, Daniel Potter, Michael Raupp, and John Davidson for help in choosing the list of species to be included in this report. Assistance in review ofthe manuscript was received from Kenneth Raffa, Ronald Weseloh, Wayne Berisford, Daniel Potter, Roger Fuester, Mark McClure, Vincent Nealis, Richard McDonald, and David Houston. Photograph for the cover was contributed by Carole Cheah. Thanks are extended to Julia Rewa for preparation, Roberta Burzynski for editing, Jackie Twiss for layout and design, and Patricia Dougherty for printing advice and coordination ofthe manuscript. Support for the literature review and its publication came from the USDA Forest Service's Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505. Cover Photo: The hemlock woolly adelgid faces a challenge in the form ofthe newly-discovered exotic adelgid predator, Pseudoscymnus tsugae sp. nov. Laboratory and preliminary field experiments indicate this coccinellid's potential to be one ofthe more promising biological control agents this decade. Tiny but voracious, both the larva and adult (shown here) attack all stages ofthe adelgid. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis ofrace, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Determination in the Hymenoptera: a Review of Models and Evidence
    Heredity 71 (1993) 421—435 Received 10 March 1993 Genetical Society of Great Britain Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: a review of models and evidence JAMES M. COOK Department of Genetics & Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bun doora 3083, Victoria, Australia Thehaploid males and diploid females of Hymenoptera have all chromosomes in the same proportions. This rules out most familiar sex-determining mechanisms, which rely on dosage differences at sex determination loci. Two types of model —genicbalance and complementary sex determination (CSD) —havebeen invoked for Hymenoptera. Experimental studies provide no good evidence for genic balance models, which are contradicted by the detection of diploid males in 33 disparate species. Furthermore, recent advances have shown that sex determination in the best- studied diploid animals does not depend on genic balance, removing the original justification for hymenopteran genic balance models. Instead, several Hymenoptera have single-locus CSD. In this system, sex locus heterozyotes are female while homozygotes and hemizygotes are male. Single- locus CSD does not apply to several inbreeding species and this probably reflects selection against the regular production of diploid males, which are sterile. A multilocus CSD model, in which heterozygosity at any one of several sex loci leads to female development has also been proposed. To date, multilocus CSD has not been demonstrated but several biases against its detection must be considered. CSD can apply to thelytokous races as long as the cytogenetic mechanism permits retention of sex locus heterozygosity. However, some thelytokous races clearly do not have CSD. The distribution of species with and without CSD suggests that this form of sex determination may be ancestral in the Hymenoptera.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical-Records-Egypt.Pdf
    Contents Title Page Abstract 1 Background 1 Tables •! Table 1: A review list of recorded agricultural common parasitoid 5 species of insect pests in Egypt (1905 – 2018) •! Table 2: A review list of common parasitoid species recorded on 18 certain predators in Egypt •! Table 3: A review list of common parasitoid species on the insects 19 feeding on weeds in Egypt •! Table 4: A review list of common hyperparasitoid species recorded 19 in Egypt •! Table 5-A: A review list of introduced parasitoid species to Egypt 20 (Kamal 1951a) •! Table 5-B: A review list of introduced parasitoid species into Egypt 21 and their status Conclusion 21 Literature Cited 22 ! Insect parasitoids attacking agricultural pests in Egypt Historical records (1905 - 2018) Sobhy A, Temerak1 and Ahmed H. El-Heneidy2 1Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt ([email protected]) 2Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt ([email protected]) Abstract Agricultural insect parasitoids are a group of natural enemies live in close association with their hosts, at the host's expense, and eventually kill them. Hosts could include other parasitoid species, resulting in (hyper-parasitoids). Parasitoids are found in a variety of taxa across the endopterygote insects, whose complete metamorphosis may have pre-adapted them for a split lifestyle, with parasitoid larvae and free-living adults. Most parasitoid species belong to order Hymenoptera, where the ichneumonoids, chalcidoids and many other parasitoid wasps are highly specialized for a parasitical way of life. Other parasitoids are found in orders: Diptera, Coleoptera and other orders of endopterygote insects. Some of these, usually but not only wasps, are used in biological pests' control.
    [Show full text]
  • New Records of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Morocco and Comparison with North Africa Region Fauna
    Vol. 9(7), pp. 55- 62, December 2017 DOI: 10.5897/JEN2017.0178 Article Number: 533C1B655247 ISSN 2006-9855 Journal of Entomology and Nematology Copyright ©2017 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JEN Full Length Research Paper New records of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Morocco and comparison with North Africa region fauna Khadija Kissayi1,2*, Souâd Benhalima2 and Moulay Chrif Smaili3 1Department of Forestry Development, National School of Forestry Engineers, B. P. 511, Tabriquet, Salé, Morocco. 2Department of Biology and Animal Ecology, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University, B. P. 703, Agdal, 10 009, Rabat, Morocco. 3National Institute for Agricultural Research, Km 9, Route Sidi Yahia Gharb - North Kénitra - B.P. 257, Kénitra Principale, 14 000 Kénitra, Morocco. Received 20 March; 2017; Accepted 24 May, 2017 A survery of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) species associated with crop and forest pests in Morocco was conducted during 2012-2014, using Malaise trap and completed by a bibliographical research. Based on examination of all the available data and captured specimens, 34 confirmed species in total included 20 genera divided into four subfamilies of Aphelinidae as listed in Morocco. Two new Aphelinidae species are recorded for the first time for Moroccan fauna of hymenoptera: Encarsia aurantii (Howard 1894) and Pteroptrix dimidiata Westwood, 1833. In addition, an annotated checklist of the Aphelinidae species for the North Africa region is also provided. Key words: New data, Maâmora, cork oak, inventory. INTRODUCTION The Aphelinidae represent a group of very diverse (Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera insects with great variability in form and Lepidoptera) and are widely used in biological control in pigmentation (Janssen, 1961; Traboulsi, 1969; Heraty, many countries: Australia (Smith et al., 1997), Europe 2016).
    [Show full text]