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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Kino gegen das Vergessen“ Die filmischen Metamorphosen des Zhang Yimou Verfasserin Stefanie Rauscher angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. a phil.) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Michael Gissenwehrer I want to bring Chinese film to the world Zhang Yimou Abstract In ihrem inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt gewährt die Arbeit einen umfangreichen Einblick in die Entwicklungsgeschichte des chinesischen Films von seinen Anfängen im ausgehenden 19.Jahrhundert bis in das frühe 21.Jahrhundert. In der konkreten Untersuchung des definierten Forschungsgegenstandes entsteht eine differenzierte Analyse der fundamentalen politischen Dimension hinsichtlich ihrer determinierenden Wirkung auf die Entfaltung kultureller Phänomene. Dabei wird besonders die sich wandelnde Positionierung des Mediums Film im Kontext der Etablierung des kommunistischen Staatssystems betrachtet. Anhand des innovativen Mediums werden die Parameter der politischen und sozialen Wirklichkeit - die eine umfassende Einschränkung der künstlerischen Freiheit bedeuten - mit der historischen Realität abgeglichen. Im Hinblick auf die signifikante Intermedialität des chinesischen Films wird der analytische Fokus ergänzend auf traditionelle Volkskünste – wie Pekingoper, chinesisches Schattenspiel und Sprechtheater verweisen, die im Rahmen der Filmarbeit Zhang Yimous eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit wird der Regisseur Zhang Yimou anhand einer detaillierten Analyse ausgewählter Filme, in den Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung gerückt. Neben der Fokussierung auf die filmische Rekonstruktion der historischen Dimension, widmet sich die Arbeit auch einer differenzierten Untersuchung filmisch thematisierter Konflikte und Problemstellungen des politischen und sozialen Diskurses. Dabei wird vor allem die Mannigfaltigkeit von Zhang Yimous Verhandlung der chinesischen Geschichte im filmischen Diskurs erläutert und kritisch diskutiert. Im Speziellen widmet sich die vorliegende Studie der vielfältigen und imposanten visuellen Dramaturgie, die in Zhang Yimous Regiewerk als essentielles Leitmotiv der Gestaltung fungiert. Ergänzend verweist die Studie kritisch auf die zunehmende Globalisierung des chinesischen Filmes sowie auf die damit einhergehenden Anforderungen an ökonomisch rentable Dramaturgiekonzepte, die sich vorrangig an den Interessen eines internationalen Publikums orientieren müssen. Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort der Autorin ........................................................................................ V I. Einführung ............................................................................................... 1 a. Untersuchungsgegenstand....................................................................... 1 b. Zentrale Fragestellungen und Zielsetzung der Studie ............................. 4 c. Rechercheproblematik und methodische Vorgehensweise ..................... 6 II. Der chinesische Film im Überblick seiner Entwicklungsgeschichte 8 a. Die Anfänge des chinesischen Films (1896 – 1942) ............................... 8 b. Mao Zedongs Reden über Kunst und Literatur auf dem Forum von Yan’an (1942) .......................................................... 16 c. Von Yan’an bis zur Gründung der Volksrepublik (1942 – 1949) ............. 18 d. Der chinesische Film bis zur Kulturrevolution (1949 – 1966) ................... 20 e. Die Große Proletarische Kulturrevolution (1966 – 1976) ......................... 25 f. Der chinesische Film nach der Kulturrevolution (1976 – 1986) ............... 28 g. Zhang Yimou und die Fünfte Generation (die 1980er Jahre) .................. 32 III. Die filmischen Metamorphosen des Zhang Yimou 36 a. Der Film als Raum der rekonstruierten Erinnerung (1987 - 1994) ........... 40 i. ’Red Sorghum’ (’Hong gaoliang’). 1987 Die Emanzipation der Weiblichkeit vor dem Hintergrund repressiver Gesellschafts-und Machtstrukturen ....................................... 41 ii. ’Raise the Red Lantern’ (’Da hong denglong gao gua’). 1991 Die Dekonstruktion des Individuums ....................................................... 52 iii. ’To Life’ (’Huozhe’). 1994 Die Politisierung des Privaten .................................................................. 70 b. Der Film als Ausdruck eines Spannungsverhältnisses zwischen Stadt und Land (1995 – 2000) ................................................. 85 i. ‘Shanghai Triad’ (‘Yao a yao yao dao waipo qiao’). 1995 Die Dekadenz der Großstadt und die Verdinglichung des Individuums .. 87 ii. ‘The Road Home’ (‘Wo de fuqin muqin’). 1999 Die provinziale Existenz zwischen modernem Fortschritt und traditioneller Rückständigkeit ................................................................... 98 iii. ‘Happy Time’ ( ‘Xingfu shiguan’). 2002 Die Metropole als Verortung eines universalen Materialismus’ ............. 109 c. Der Film als Konstruktion des ideellen Geschichtsmodells (2002 - 2006) 124 i. ’Hero’(‘Ying Xiong’). 2002. Der Perspektivismus der Wahrheit .......................................................... 126 ii. ’House of Flying Daggers’ (‘Shi mian mai fu’). 2004 Die Dekonstruktion der politischen Dimension ........................................ 145 iii. ’Curse of the Golden Flower’ (‘Man cheng jin dai huang jin jia’). 2006 Die Inszenierung des Privaten ................................................................. 160 IV. Schlussbetrachtung 176 V. Anhang 185 a. Filmografie ................................................................................................ 185 b. Produktionsdaten der Filme Zhang Yimous ............................................. 187 c. Zeittafel ..................................................................................................... 194 d. Quellenverzeichnis.................................................................................... 199 i. Film ........................................................................................................... 199 ii. Literatur ................................................................................................... 200 iii. Internet ..................................................................................................... 203 Vorwort der Autorin China gilt bis heute als eine uns Europäern äußerst fremd erscheinende und nur schwer zugängliche Nation, die sich einem politischen und kulturhistorischen Verständnis aus verschiedensten Gründen weitgehend zu entziehen scheint. Als wesentlicher Faktor konstituiert sich dabei die universale Abschottung Chinas, die sich mit dem Erstarken der Kommunistischen Partei im 20.Jahrhundert vor allem auf wirtschaftlicher und politischer Ebene etabliert und ihren Höhepunkt während der Großen Proletarischen Kulturrevolution (1966-1976) erreicht. Erst mit der Überwindung des Maoismus und dem Einsetzen der Reform-und Öffnungspolitik Deng Xiaopings Anfang der 1980er Jahre, beginnt China in der Außenpolitik allmählich das Misstrauen gegenüber dem Westen abzubauen und eine behutsame gegenseitige Annäherung setzt ein. Die fehlende Verwandtschaftsbeziehung - sowohl das von europäischen Sprachen divergierende chinesische Zeichensystem betreffend, als auch die Sektoren einer fremden Religion, Kultur und Weltanschauung - wirkt als verstärkender Indikator eines essentiellen Unverständnisses für das Reich der Mitte aus der Perspektive einer eurozentristischen Bewertung. Als ich im Sommer 2007 im Rahmen einer Exkursion der Universität Wien nach Beijing reiste, konnte ich die kulturelle Vielfalt, die mich dort erwarten würde, nicht annähernd erahnen. So ließ ich mich ohne nennenswerte Erwartungen und ohne fundiertes Vorwissen auf das Abenteuer China ein. Bereits während des neunstündigen Fluges von Wien nach Beijing bekam ich zum ersten Mal einen ungefähren Eindruck davon, was es bedeutet, als ’laowei’ – so bezeichnet man in China einen Ausländer – zwei Wochen unter der chinesischen Bevölkerung zu verbringen. Schon am ersten Abend ging ich fälschlicherweise davon aus, dass ich mich nur äußerst schwer mit der Stadt Beijing sowie ihrer ökologischen und sozialen Umwelt anfreunden würde. Sowohl der mir suspekt erscheinende hygienische Mangel im Bereich der sanitären Einrichtungen, als auch die hohe Smogbelastung, die ungewohnte Überdimensionalität der Straßenfluchten und endlos scheinenden öffentlichen Plätze, sowie die Tatsache, mit einer Gruppe von mir durchwegs unbekannten Kommilitonen zu reisen, erweckten in mir den Wunsch, Stadt und Land augenblicklich den Rücken zu kehren. Auch der V Besuch im Lao She Teehaus mit seiner eher touristisch ausgerichteten Programmgestaltung und einer bemühten, auf elektronischen Anzeigetafeln gezeigten Transkription der Bühnenkommunikation ins Englische, konnte zunächst nichts an meinem ersten Eindruck ändern. Nun setzte ich all meine Hoffnungen auf die hereinbrechende Dunkelheit, da die Nacht mit ihrem Hell/Dunkel-Kontrast von grellen Neonreklamen und dunklen Schatten die seltene Gabe besitzt, jeder Stadt ein glanzvolles Antlitz und eine individuelle Schönheit zu verleihen. Da sich selbst die Taxifahrt zurück in die Jugendherberge als Herausforderung gestaltete – es fand sich anfangs kein Fahrer, der Interesse daran bekundete, die ihm gezeigte Adresse anzusteuern – ließ die Romantik der Nacht auf sich warten. Endlich in der Jugendherberge angekommen, erwies sich
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