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Developing a Filipino Gender Trait Inventory and Predicting Self-Esteem and Sexism" (2012)

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Developing a Filipino Gender Trait Inventory and Predicting Self-Esteem and Sexism Syracuse University SURFACE David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Child and Family Studies - Dissertations Dynamics 12-2012 Pagkababae at Pagkalalake (Femininity and Masculinity): Developing a Filipino Gender Trait Inventory and predicting self- esteem and sexism Vivienne Velez Valledor-Lukey Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/cfs_etd Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Valledor-Lukey, Vivienne Velez, "Pagkababae at Pagkalalake (Femininity and Masculinity): Developing a Filipino Gender Trait Inventory and predicting self-esteem and sexism" (2012). Child and Family Studies - Dissertations. 66. https://surface.syr.edu/cfs_etd/66 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Child and Family Studies - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This study focused on the construction of a gender trait inventory from a Filipino perspective, guided by social constructionist, symbolic interactionist, and feminist theories. Traits that were identified as being typical of Filipino men and women were grouped into positive (i.e., socially desirable) and negative (i.e., socially undesirable) subscales. Development and validity testing were conducted using data from 296 Filipino university students. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to develop the subscales of the instrument. The Filipino femininity subscale included positive traits such as being caring and supportive and negative traits such as being timid or keeping things to one’s self. The Filipino masculinity subscale included positive traits such as being principled and having affinity with others and negative traits such as being boastful and impetuous. Criterion validity was assessed by using structural equation modelling (SEM), which indicated that while the Filipino inventory had similarities with an established measure of gender, there were distinct differences in how they operationalized and measured masculinity and femininity. Predictive validity was assessed by using SEM to test separate models for self-esteem and sexism. Model testing indicated that Filipino femininity and masculinity predicted self- esteem, but only predicted a specific type of sexism. The discussion focused on the implications of using an emic approach to understanding gender and future directions of research. i PAGKABABAE AT PAGKALALAKE (FEMININITY AND MASCULINITY) DEVELOPING A FILIPINO GENDER TRAIT INVENTORY AND PREDICTING SELF-ESTEEM AND SEXISM by Vivienne V. Valledor-Lukey B.A. University of the Philippines, 1995 M.A. Michigan State University, 2000 Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Child and Family Studies. Syracuse University December 2012 i Copyright © Vivienne V. Valledor-Lukey 2012 All Rights Reserved iv Acknowledgments This work - and my graduate career - would have eternally been in limbo without the following people: Drs. D. Bruce Carter, Ambika Krishnakumar, and Joseph Fanelli My friends and colleagues All the respondents to my survey, and, My family. For all your help, your handholding, your reminders, your cheering, your nagging, your just being there: Thank you very much. Maraming salamat po. iv Dedication This is for my family. My husband, Drew. My siblings Monk, Chai, and Pie. My grandmas, aunts and uncles: Yeye, Onat, Auntie Vi, Nana Sen, Tita Jo and Tito Bobot, Tita Ting, Tita Helen and Tito Jun, Tita Viols and Tito Romy, Tita Beck and Tito Butch. My in-laws, cousins, nieces and nephews, and friends: I am lucky in that your names would fill this page. But more than anything this is for Ma and Dad: To Geraldine Velez Valledor and Victorio Cabangon Valledor – None of this would have been possible without your love and support. Maraming, maraming salamat po. v Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................ i Chapter I Introduction and Background ..............................................................................1 Theoretical Foundation ...............................................................................5 Social Constructionism .......................................................................5 Symbolic Interactionism......................................................................7 Feminist Theories ...............................................................................9 Synthesis .......................................................................................... 12 Current Study ............................................................................................ 14 Chapter II Review of Literature .......................................................................................... 15 Gender in the Philippines .......................................................................... 15 Filipino Men: Gender Traits .............................................................. 15 Filipino Women: Gender Traits ......................................................... 16 Measuring Gender .................................................................................... 18 Gender as a bipolar, unifactorial construct ....................................... 19 Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny ........................................... 22 Current Approaches ......................................................................... 24 Measuring Gender in the Philippines ................................................ 25 Gender and Self-esteem ........................................................................... 27 Gender and Sexism .................................................................................. 28 Summary .................................................................................................. 29 Research Questions .......................................................................................... 30 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................. 31 Filipino Masculinity and Femininity ................................................... 31 Self-esteem ...................................................................................... 32 Sexism.............................................................................................. 32 Conceptual Models ................................................................................... 33 Measuring Gender: Filipino Masculinity and Femininity ................... 33 Filipino Gender and Personal Attributes Questionnaire .................... 34 Filipino Gender and Self-esteem ...................................................... 35 Filipino Gender and Sexism ............................................................. 36 Chapter III Methods ............................................................................................................ 38 Study 1 .............................................................................................................. 39 Participants ............................................................................................... 39 Measures .................................................................................................. 40 Demographic information ................................................................. 40 Filipino Gender Trait Inventory – Original ......................................... 40 Analytical Strategy .................................................................................... 42 Study 2 .............................................................................................................. 44 Participants ............................................................................................... 44 Measures .................................................................................................. 44 Demographic information ................................................................. 45 Filipino Gender Trait Inventory - Revised ......................................... 45 vi Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) ......................................... 45 Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) ............................................... 46 Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) .................................................. 46 Analytical Strategy .................................................................................... 47 Chapter IV Results .............................................................................................................. 49 Study 1 .............................................................................................................. 49 Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Filipino Gender Trait Inventory ........... 49 Filipino Masculinity ........................................................................... 49 Filipino Femininity ............................................................................. 50 Study 2 .............................................................................................................. 53 Filipino Gender Traits: Confirmatory Factor Analysis ................................ 53 Filipino Masculinity ..........................................................................
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