• JANUARY.APRIL, 1964 109 References Cited Hoebel, E. Adamson, Man in the Primitive Murdoch, George P., 'Clellan S. Ford, Alfred Warld - An Introduction to Anthropology. E. Hudson, Haymond Kennedy, Leo W. Si­ 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Com­ mons, and John W. M, Whiting, Outline of pany, Inc., 1958. Cultural Materials. 3d ed. revised. New Murdoch, G. P., Social Structure. New York: Haven: Human Relations Area Files, Inc., The MacMillian Company, 1949. 1950.

Child-Rearing Practices in the Cehuano • Extended Family

LOURDES R. QUISUMBING University of San Carlos

Introduction The great interest of psychoanalysis and wider fields of personality research in Filipino society is undergoing a shift this primary social unit is premised on till' from a traditional to a transitional com­ relation between personality formation munity. Although still largely rural in and the child's early: intimate relation­ orientation and in locale, the Filipino fa­ ships in his own particular family. Pa­ .. mily is heading towards urbanization. rental attitudes, authority patterns, child­ But while the effects of change are in­ rearing practices, composition and struc­ evitable and sometimes undesirable, ture of families, number, sex and se­ some traditional patterns and practices quence of children, ethno-regional dif­ have remained. Time-honored observan­ ferences, socio-economic stratification, ces continue to identify and to preserve profession or occupation of parents, ­ Filipino indigenous culture even while new are but few of the manifold variations practices absorbed through education and among families within every particular easier means of communication are find­ society or culture. ing their way into Filipino life, pro­ ducing a distinctive blend which may yet characterize the Filipino of tomor­ Purpose. of the Study row. The enculturation process is going This paper is written with the realiza­ on. tion of the scantiness of material on Fi­ lipino family sociology and on Filipino Of all situational determinants that child psychology. The field is ripe for have momentous effects on personality investigation and promises to be of value formation, none are more clear-cut and to educators and social scientists. Dr. certain than those that derive from par­ Guthrie's monograph, The Filipino Child ticipation in particular family units.' It and Philippine Society, is an effort to view is commonly accepted that family life is the Filipino child in his own setting, but a situational determinant par excellence. it succeeds only partially because of the natural limitations of time and the lack of 1 Franz Alexander, "Educative Influence of • Personality Factors in the Environment," Per­ I sonality in Nature Society, and Culture, eds. 2 George M. Guthrie, The Filipino Child and Kluckhohn, Murray, Schneider (New York: Al­ Philippine Society (Manila: Philippine Normal I fred A. Knopf, 1954), p. 421. College Press, 1961) . no PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW • contact with Philippine society. Guthrie among primitive tribes and the adult per­ frankly admits that his knowledge of sonal characteristics of their community. Philippine conditions was limited and therefore, "certain. misinterpretations may Dr. Frieda Goldman-Eisler's "Brel1s­ have entered.?" He was likewise aware feeding and Character Formation''» up­ of another difficulty, - the heterogeneity holds the genetic view of the etiology of of Philippine society, and of the low re­ human behavior and complements re­ liability of the use of a foreign instrument sults obtained in different fields of beha­ (The Parental Attitude Research Inven­ vior study. Her investigations attempt to tory by Earl S. Schaefer and Richard Q. show the influence of breast feeding on Bell). Moreover, his findings were based character formation. A significant corre­ mainly on data gathered around the Ma­ lation exists between early weaning and • nila area, which can hardly be consi­ oral pessimism (I' = .27), late weaning dered a cross-section of the country. and oral optimism (I' = .31), but the This study does not attempt to arrive size of the correlation shows that other at a more conclusive picture. Rather, it factors which account for these character is a pioneering effort to furnish more traits to a greater extent, await investi­ authoritative data on actual child-rearing gation. Or, she suggests, the effects of practices in Cebu and the neighboring the weaning trauma may be only a symp­ provinces and to stimulate similar re­ tomatic manifestation of more funda­ searches in different sectors of the coun­ mental factors-maternal attitude, consti­ try. tution of the child, mother-child interac­ If an individual's early experiences tion. exert a lasting effect upon his personality, a~d if similar experiences tend to pro­ Similar studies demonstrate the impact duce similar personality configurations, of. the child's early emotional expe­ then the.'following questions may be riences within his own family on his posed: Can Filipino child-rearing prac­ personality. Basic emotional patterns tices explain the Filipino's personality are universal, but there are variations structure and Filipino national character? Do they throw light on'Filipino charac­ from culture to culture, from family to teristic traits of amor proprio, utang-na­ family. Margaret A. Ribble's work with loob, close associational ties, etc.? infants, "Infantile Experience in Rela­ tion to Personality Development,"? shows Related Studies the relationship between nursing expe­ Recent studies of personality in nature, rience and psychological reactions of society, and culture; social psychology, anxiety and depression in the infant. She psychology, and anthropology, have concludes that there is an innate need psythology, . and anthropology, have in the infant for contact with the mo­ drawn the focus of interest on the ther. Hypotheses presented by Ribble, effects and on the relationship of child­ rearing practices to character formation, 4 Frieda Goldman-Eisler, "Breastfeeding and personality development, behavior of Society, and Culture, ed. Kluckhohn, Murray, Character Formation," 'Personality in Nature, children, and the origin of conflicts and Schneider (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954), abnormality. Anthropologists find a rela­ pp. 147-84. tion between child-rearing methods of 5 Margaret A. Ribble, "Infantile Experience in Relation to Personality Development," Per­ nursing, weaning, and toilet training sonality and Behavior Disorders, ed. J. MeV. " Hunt (New York: Ronald Press, 1944), II, 621­ 3 Ibid., "Preface," p. iv. 25. t It JANUARY.APRIL, 1964 In

• Clover," and Abraham,' all point out the ing = Pessimism (endocathexis, passi­ traumatic effect of too early weaning vity, aloofness, autonomy, oral aggression, on character-formation. Abraham holds guilt, dependence, conservatism). that "overlong" weaning produces the same effects as too early weaning. Procedure and Results of Investigation Weaning has been defined by psycho­ analysts as a frustration imposed on the Materials presented herein have been child from the outer world and as­ gathered mainly from personal expe­ sumed to have a traumatic impact. Wean­ rience and direct observation when the ing, which at first glance, seems to be writer traveled around the towns .and • in itself a mere physical habit to en­ barrios of Cebu for her study on mar­ able the infant to shift from sucking riage customs. To corroborate her find­ liquid food to mastication of solids and ings and to cover a wider area, she con­ to develop proper eating habits for nu­ ducted inquiries about prevailing qhild­ tritional needs, really provides ample op­ rearing practices from among 111· sub­ portunity for character-formation, since jects, all graduate school students of it involves effort of the will and great Education in the Universities of San psychological skill on the part of the Carlos and of the Visayas, attending parent. courses in Family Life Situations, Char­ Ribble feels that if sucking has been acter Education, and Philippine Society. satisfactory up to the fourth month of The subjects who answered questions life, weaning does not present problems, and questionnaires were parents. .They • and in fact becomes spontaneous. After were made to give information on their a sucking period of four months, under own child-rearing practices, with special normal conditions, weaning would meet attention given to feeding and weaning, with a more favorable instinctual situa­ bladder control and toilet training, and tion than weaning before that period. sleeping habits of their children who Hence, "too early" weaning is taken were less than three years of age. to mean weaning before the fourth Cebu has been chosen by this writer month, "late" weaning, from five to as her special field of research not only eight months, (general medical opinion for reasons of convenience but also be­ fixes the optimum period of sucking to cause this province occupies a focal not earlier than 9 months) and "over­ point in the Philippine archipelago. Its long" weaning means beyond the 9th strategic location contributes to diffusion month. Character traits seem to group and inter-cultural exchange. Cebuano, themseves into two antithetical clusters: with a few alterations, is spoken all late weaning (5 to 8 months) Opti­ = around the neighboring provinces.c-Bo­ mism (exocathexis, nurturance, sociabi­ hoi, Eastern Negros, Western. Leyte, bility, ambition, change deliberation); Romblon, Masbate, northern MIndanao, too early weaning and overlong wean- and parts of southern Mlndanaoj-swhich 6E. Glover, "Notes on Oral Character-For­ partly explains the sharing of similar mation," Intemational Journal of Psycho-Allaly­ beliefs, attitudes, and practices. sis, VI (1925), 131-53. 'K. Abraham, "The Influence of Oral Ero­ From the data gathered, the follow­ tism on Character-Formation," Selected Papers • (London: Hogarth Press, 1942). ing observations are made: ,. I 112 PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW •I

A. Feeding. and Weaning' not. Early weaning (earlier than 4 mos.) was practised by 1) Findings from the UV Group (69 only four (almost 10%) ; six subjects) (14%) weaned their babies a) Thirty-two out of sixty-nine late, i.e., from 4· mos. to 8 . subjects (about 46%) breast­ mos.; thirty-two (76%) prac­ fed their badies; fifteen sub- tised "overlong" weaning. . jects (22%) used artificial Median weaning age was 1 feeding; twenty-two (32%) year. resorted to mixed feeding. d) Too early weaning is. rare; Therefore, a total of 54 mo­ overlong weaning is common. thers (78% ) actually fed • their babies. 3) Summary of both Groups b) Fifty-four mothers (78% ) a) About 37% breast-fed their . followed a' certain schedule; babies; 28% used .artificial the rest fed the baby, at any feeding; 35% used. mixed time, especially when it cried. . . feeding; a total of 72% ac­ c) Fifty-one (about 74%) wean­ tually fed their babies. ed their babies from the ages b) Sixty three per cent followed of 4 months to 2 yrs. and 5 a feeding schedule; 37% did mos., with median age of 1 not. yr. and' a half. Five (about 7% ) weaned early (4 to 8 c) Only about 4% weaned their months) . Eighteen (about babies too early; 10% weaned • 26% ) had not yet weaned their babies .late; 51% prac­ .their .badies, ages varying tised "overlong" feeding; 35% from 6 mos. to 2 years, me­ had not yet weaned their dian age of 1 year and 3 babies, ages ranging from 6 months. mos. to 2 years. d) .Too early weaning does not ',' e) The most popular method occur; "overlong" weaning is used in weaning was placing common. something bitter or hot,. pan­ yawan (Tinospora romphii 2) From the USC Group (42 subjects). Linn.), ginger (luy-a) , or red pepper (siling kolikot) on the a) Nine out of forty-two, or mother's nipple. A good num­ .about 22% of mothers breast­ ber (20%)' separated the fed their babies; sixteen (38%) used artificial. feeding; baby from the mother for a . seventeen (40%), mixed feed­ couple of nights, during ing; 62% actually fed their which the grandmother, or an babies. aunt, or an elder sister, or sometimes even the father b) Sixteen' (38%). scheduled took care of the baby and their feedings; twenty-six . gave it milk from a glass or (62% ) did not schedule. bottle. This was an ordeal c) Thirty-two of forty-two had to mother and child, and to weaned their babies, ten hart the whole family who likewise .' II JANUARY-APRIL, 1964 113

• lost some nights of sleep and the same room, or with some .. whose members took turns in relative on the same, bed. pacifying the baby. Forty per cent of the babies were made to sleep alone, B. Rladder Control and Toilet Training either in the cradle or ham­ (2 Croups combined) mock, or in a crib. Two cases reported the whale fa­ a) About 93% taught their chil­ mily sleeping together: on a dren regular bladder control mat. I beginning as early as the baby's first month to as late d) The elder sister, aunt, grand­ • as 2% years, the median age mother, or other relatives took being 6 months. Infants fi­ over the task of putting the nally acquired the proper ha­ baby to sleep, especially bits at ages of 4 mos. to 3 when the baby was .being years, the median age being weaned from the mother, to 1 year. minimize contact with her and b) Toilet Traniing began as to lessen the weaning trauma. early as a month to as late as a year, the median age being Comments, Conclusions ; 5 months. and Implications .. 1) Since this investigation was conduct­ C. Sleeping Habits (both Groups com­ ed among graduate school students bined) in two universities of Cebu City, it may be safely assumed that the find­ a) Seventy four per cent of the ings presented herein are representa­ parents put their babies to tive of the educated middle class of sleep at regular intervals. parents not only from Cebu but from b) The most common methods the near-by provinces: a fine ad­ used were patting the child mixture of rural-urban elements, (pik-pik), rocking the child in a cradle or hammock, sing­ 2) This paper has limited itself to,a few ing to it while carrying it. child-rearing practices having to do Forty-one per cent made the with the child's physical growth and baby sleep by patting it or development. The research actual­ • rocking it in a cradle or ham­ ly covered other areas: emotional mock; 19% carried the baby control, discipline, sex education. in their arms and sang to 3) No claim is made to interpret the it. The others placed big pil­ findings but it seems a highly tenable lows on both sides of the hypothesis to trace some relation be­ baby to simulate the mother's tween these child-rearing practices . arms. For older children, tell­ and Filipino psychology and persona­ r', ing stories was the most com­ lity structure. Child-rearing prac­ ! I: mon way. tices are part of the mores of a so­ c) In 60% of the cases, the baby ciety," which in turn help shape the individual's personality. This writer ;, slept with the parents, grand­ parents, siblings, or maids in f 8 Guthrie, p. 6. 114 PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW •

is of course aware of the danger of are involved with his care and train­ generalizations. ing. 4) Child-rearing customs reveal charac- 5) Educators, psychologists, social scien­ . teristics of Cebuano family life and tists could explore the extensive field Filipino life in general-over-protec­ of child-rearing practices and carry the study further to behavior pat­ tiveness, close cooperation, a far­ terns and national character. Social reaching kinship system," hospitality, change, cultural uplift, educational cohesiveness, intimacy, and Filipino reforms, and economic improvement behavior,patterns. Filipino children would be impossible without an un­ in general are exposed to a wide fa­ derstanding of the Filipino in the mily circle intheir upbringing. Many natural setting of his family and so­ • ciety. This is not feasible without D Robert B. Fox, "The Family and Society in Rural Philippines," Area Handbook on the insight, and insight implies know­ Philippines (Chicago: Human Relation Area Files, 1956) . ledge.

A Brief Report on Protohistoric Trade Potteries from Burial Sites in Puerto Calera, Oriental Mindoro

ROSA C. P. TENAZAS University of San Carlos •

It has been said that, "pottery is the structed from sherds which have been -excavator's alphabet of discovery." Be­ left over from the looting of major ar­ cause they defy total destruction, pot­ chaeological sites in the area by ama­ sherds have proven to be the scientific teur collectors and treasure hunters. A researcher's most frequent index to the preliminary study has pointed to a chro­ chronological setting and cultural con­ nology of trade contacts with neighbor­ text of a people's history. As a conse­ ing countries such as China, and later, quence of this fact, it is probably now elsewhere in Southeast Asia over a pe­ possible to make an accurate chronology riod of at least six hundred years. of Philippine protohistory from at least . Puerto Calera is. the northwestern the 10th century to the coming of the boundary town of Oriental Mindoro, and Spaniards, through trade potteries which is 47 kilometers west of Calapan, have been recovered in numerous ar­ the provincial capital of the island. chaeological sites in the islands. It is characterized by jutting peninsu­ Largely through the efforts of one las, coves and islets, and the principal man, Fr. Erwin Thiel, SVD, parish priest site from which the bulk of the speci­ of Puerto Calera,' Oriental Mindoro, a mens in the study collection have been scientific study was made possible on recovered is in the sitio of Bayanan, • hundreds of trade potteries which have approximately eight kilometers west of been salvaged, and painstakingly recon- the town proper. The second major