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PltllfppiM IotIrnd 01Pr,rlIo1orl 1977, Vol IO.No. 1.4J.jJ

• A CONCEPTUAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OFSUMPONG

RITA H. MATARAGNON Department ofPsychology University ofthe

Various aspects of the term sumpong were revealed and clarified with the use of pagtotanung-tanong, a culturally adapted non-reactive research method. A • multi-faceted defmition of sumpong was presented as follows: "Sumpong is a temporary and spontaneous but often recurring and unexplainable deviation from what is normal for an individual, object. or event. To the extent that the deviation is considered temporary and unexplainable, it is a state or behavior regarded as trivial and not necessitating any significant action." A psychological analysis of the evaluative and clinical significanceof sumpong related this culturally accepted venue Qf tension reduction to the Filipino propensity for delayed and indirect reactions to frustration and instigation to aggression. Related Filipino concepts and parallel terms in other Philippine languages were also mentioned.

Sumpong is a curious concept. It is a Le., one who is sumpungin, may be predictably convenient "explanation" when one says in unpredictable. Ordinarily non-8umpunJin eyWSperation, "Ay, ewan ko, may sumpong yata people can have bursts ofsumpong, or.they are yon! " (I don't know; he must he having a fit said to be may sumpong, an episode which or something! ) Imagine this in connection with merits more attention than chronic sumpungin one' puzzling over his roommate's unusual behavior. behavior. Similarly, imagine one who fmally All these go to show that sumpong is a gives up and declares the TV to be in a state of rather complicated phenomenon which can not sumpong after tinkering with the TV controls be characterized uni-dimensionally. Even an at­ to get a clear picture. tempted dictionary defmition fails to do it The range of the term sumpong becomes justice. Consider the concise definition givenby even more evident when one, not being able to Panganiban (1972) in his Diksyunaryo-Tesauro: explain sumpong more elaborately, at least tries Sumpong = periodic manifestation, e.g., of to determine the locus of causation and con­ disease, lunacy. Synonyms are atake, siglCl trol. Some people will tell you that it comes (colloquial singga);cf. sasal, silakbo. However, a rott the outside; it is not within one's control. phenomenological study of the term sumpong lthers will tell you that it is spontaneous and among its users show that periodic recurrence is isually recurrent, but irrelevant to external only one of the connotations of the word. irecipitating factors. Apparently, there is a huffling or even virtual absence of locus of In the light of the many varied reactions esponsibility: i.e., Sumpong just happens; one elicited by the term sumpong, this paper is an oes not deliberately do it, but neither can . attempt to systematize the various shades, ,thersusually attribute it to any external meanings, and impressions that have been eli­ bject or event. cited by the term, It will also explore some possible psychological implications of this phe­ ~rthennore, while there is a bigla (sudden, nomenon called sumpong in relation to Philip­ npredictable) and unexplainable quality of pine culture. ehavior associated with sumpong, a person ho possesses sumpong as a personality trait, Before delving into the meanings of sum- ',.! , " .."'\.) .'" .1, •

46 RITA H. MATARAGNON

'ong, it would be helpful to get a random view word. For example, one might stress the spon- ti of how many aspects of Filipino life are taneous and indeterministic nature of the be- b connected with sumpong: (1) Food habits,e.g., havior; another might stress its duration and C Sinusumpong akongayon. Gusto kongkumain ng cyclical or recurring element; still another n matamis: (Right now I have sumpong. I'd like might focus on the hostili} and aggressive \\ to eat something sweet.); (2) Work habits, e.g., behavior patternsgenerated by it. 0 "He is sumpungin in hiswork; you can not rely d Probably the nearest English term to sum­ on him:'; (3) Folklore and superstitions, e.g., , , Sinusumpong siya dahil kinukulam: (He has pong would,be mood, then followed by fit,' T sumpong ,because he is accu rsed or possessed). terms like depression and tantrum may follow Write sumpong in this case can be physiological suit, but the latter imply too much specific w (sickness) or behavioral (strange actions); (4) content to reflect comprehensively different 81 Sickness, e.g.,Sinusumpong ng malaria, ng types, patterns, and styles of sumpOJlg. As will siy« o lagnat, atbp. (Hehassumpong of malaria, fever, be amplified below, there are some common w etc.); (5) Personality, e.g., A teacher who is denominators to all sumpong episodes, al· sf sumpungin is mabait (nice) and generous at though there are different varieties or mani· it times and salbahe (cruel) at others;(6) Artistic festations of sumpong. In fact, contrasting temperament, e.g., A creative person is ex­ behaviors may be generated in different mani­ at pected to have his bursts of sumpong in order festations of sumpong. b: ti to work well. In Yepez's study (1973), one The following is a list of meanings that are p non-artist interviewed remarked that so called associated with the word sumpong; theywill be w creative people seem to feel that they have a divided into the common characteristics and eright to sumpong in the name of creativity. the varied types of sumpong rnanlfestations. , Metaphorical extensions of the conceptsum­ ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS pong further illustrate its prevalence in Filipino OFSUMPONG life. Aside from being used to describe persons, sumpong may also be applied to objects and These are the common denomiaators intrin- events. For instance, appliances such as TV, sic to sumpong,' they are true of allmanners of' lighten, and calculators are said to be sinusum­ sumpong. At least six different characteristics !Ii rn pong when they give erratic performance. The have been identified as essential to sumpong. (\1\ weather' may also be depicted quite appro­ These are: (l) a deviation from what is usual, th priately in the following manner: "Pasumpung­ (2) temporary duration, (3) cyclical and recur- fh sumpong ang langit; umuulan at umaaraw. (The ring nature, (4) not directly explanable, (S) sci i~l sky is pasumpung-sumpong,' it rainsone minute irrelevant behaviors, and (6) non-deliberateness. th • and shines the next.)" H go Deviation from whatisusual « ! ~ "S l ,1"(1 MEANINGS OF THETERM SUMPONG This is a most often cited definition; al­ q th: What is common to all the above uses of the though the exception of chronic sumpungin i' fit must be noted, its difference is more in tenns (. im ~ oj term sumpong? Apparently, the term sumpong ", is a very flexible one, as may be seen in the of frequency than in quality, Le., the unusual is ng so usualitbecomesusual. t on wide variation of associative responses elicited n: by it. Respondentsdifferby attaching more, or This deviational aspect of sumpong replO­ ,I less, Importance to different aspects of the sents the "What's got into him? .. or the "Ho is its , .---- not himself' syndrome. Sumpong therefore Is IThese meanings were derived using the method of ns pogtatalllmg-tanong, a ,relatively non-reactive, natura­ not a deviation from what is "normal"or usual qu listic and Filipino-oriented research method based on for the culturerbut for the person in particular. [,I wi infonnal interviewing (See Gonzales,'l977). Basically, this change doesnot have anyevalua. ',1 IUJ "'\ ---~----

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUMPONG 47

five component because one could ~ange from Likewise, in the Philippines, a full moon is bad to ~ood just as he can from good to bad. often blamed for erratic behavior. A Bicolano I Changing from'good to bad is, however, either synonym for sumpong, bubulaium, actually more frequent or more frequently detected, comes frombultm whichmeans moon. which iswhy sumpong often acquires a negative connotation and, in that context, it means a No apparent explanatton

I disturbance, a malady. One can not put his finger on the exact, specific precipitating incident for a sumpong Temporary duration episode. Take for instance the "sinusumpong ng • While a burst of sumpong does last for a, lagnat" case, nobody can explain why the fever while (since it is not juSt a matter ofremoving a suddenly' recurs, except to describe it as a " specifiable irritant), onedoes not expect a burst symptom of the disease. Coming closer to ofsumpong to last forever. In fact, that explains interpersonal interaction, while in the case of why people accept it and dismiss it casually by tampo (a very frequent word-association for shrugging their shoulders. "Tlisinna lang" while sumpong], one can identify the immediately it ia on. Sometimes people console themselves ' preceding Variable, e.g., a refused request, and about an otherwise intolerable state of affairs make amends for it; in sumpong, sweet-talking , by saying "sumpong lang yon." This perspec­ or cajoling can easily fall on deaf ears. tive could change their attitude altogether. If Sumpong, therefore, is a state which is more people thought or knew that a deviating event pervasive and more vague than tampo. was going to last indefinitely, they would not Although a cause for sumpong may some­ ~ it sumpong. times be given by others, the cause is hardly JCyclica~ recurring nature apparent to the person himself, nor doesit have a logical or compelling relation to his behavior. Another peculiar aspect of the term sum­ pong is, that it is not ordinarily used for a Irrelevant behtw.iors deviating event that is just happening for the first time, or for one time only. In attributing a Related to the pervasive and vague notion of malady to sumpong, a history of recurring sumpong, the individual "suffering" from it (whether fixed or variable interval) events of usually does not knowhimself- what he wants the same kind is implied.For instance, whenwe or what he is doing. Hebecomes "not himself," first discover a patient's fever, astluna, arthritis, so to say. He performs behaviors' which seem , or whatever, we would not use irrelevant to his goals as well as to antecedent the term umpong. But when whatever malady events. For example, a harmless comment may ~s off and comes back again, then we say, throw him into a temper tantrum. Also, there is 'fSinumpong siya ng lagnat" or whatever. In a displaced quality about aggression if it is thissense, sumpong is like an atake (attack) or a involved; the person may vent anger on a fit. Even for positive events like creativity or ' scapegoat or make dabog (e.g., throw things industriousness, when we say "sinumpong siya around, bang doors). Sumpong behavior is ng kasipagan," we generally do not meanit as a therefore traditionallycharacterized asillogical, one-and-only-one isolatedepisode. irrational, or irrelevant to the stimulus, situa­ .,' tion. The cyclical nature of sumpong easilylends itself to associations with the seasons or other Even if sumpong were applied to inanimate I\~ural events of a cyclical nature. The moon is objects and diseases, the irrelevant "behavior" quite universally associated with moodsor even of the object or the disease to the external with mental illness itself. In fact, the very term situation is still implied. The TV "behaves" 'unacy comes from the word that means moon. quite irrelevantly to the manipulations made on 48 RITA H. MATARAGNON it;• the fever recurs as if no medicine had been hard to understand anddealwith) ba taken. Naiinis, naiinip, nakasimango( (impatient, tri irritable, scowling) gel Non4eliberate - "justhappens" U81 Withdrawing sumpong The absence of willfulness or deliberation in be sumpong accounts for its excusability. The In this type of sumpong, the individual sUJ person involved. in sumpong is at the mercy of retreats, withdraws, or even escapes from the rm the moon, fate, biorhythm, or whatever. He is scene, be it the social scene, the workscene, or not really responsible for it. Although to some whatever. Even if he is physically present, he elItent he may be judged by how he handles it erects psychological barriers between himself and the interacting environment. He is uncom­ or gets over it, he has no controloverits origin, SUI and therefore a decent recovery period should municative and unapproachable, andmay resort fin be allowed. Since the person is"not himself', to sulking. In some cases he may also be po he should. not be judged. It is a verymild form unproductive. Very often this kind of sumpong un of pleading insanity- "pleading sumpong! " is also associated with depression. Withdrawing fo sumpong may be manifested in the following th: While "non-deliberate" maybe unsuitable to ways: un describe inanimate objects andevents, the term Nogmumukmok, tahimik, ayow mokipag. h as "it just happens"suffices. wop 0 hindimaka-usap (sulky, silent, will l,,· ac not speakor be spoken to) ['1 TYPES OF SUMPONG MANIFESTATIONS Nasa sulok(literally, in a comer,Le., keep to • These are varying emotional and behavior oneself; unapproachable). One respondent patterns which, added to the main trunk of even described the person assuwapang SQ essential characteristics, give specific character pagkatao niya which literally means gh b~ to each sumpong episode. Although the mani­ "greedyabouthis ownperson"and there­ I foreveryunapproachable. HI, SUJ festations to be presented may be more Illus­ I" pinapan~n pa trative than exhaustive, four of the most Matabang, hindi ang ibang tao (.\ common types will be identified and discussed. (Insipid, pays no attention to people.) ii ge: Thesewillbe ordered according to frequency of Tamad, di·makagalow; di-mokakilos. (lazy, i:i be I' occurrence, as determined by the number of motionless). I~ ,~ oc respondents who described each type of mani­ ,\ ji ceo festation. Finally, it should be noted that High-spirited sumpong Ij ne although the different types of sumpong may In contrast to withdrawing sumpong ishigh. i : not be' mutually exclusive, they are distinct spirited sumpong, where the individual is \: ~ough to be differentiated. markedly excitable, high-spirited, andactive. In . Ii this variety of sumpong one may lose [orne of H Aggressive sumpong his usual inhibitions and become Wghly lmpul­ :.1 sive and adventuresome. He may also become ,I In this most common type of sumpong, the i i individual always expresses some anger, whe­ unexpectedly bold in joking and clowning, ther by means of hostile facial expression or sometimes to the point of distraction. High. I overt aggressive behavior. Usually, there is no spirited sumpong may be manifested in the ! specific target but a general displeasure with all following ways: ii Silakbo ·,l that the individual interacts with. Hostile or ngdamdamin (Impulsiveness) ;I ~ressive sumpong may be manifested in the Manloloko, towa ng tawa (Fooling others, \ ; W,llowing ways: laughing and laughing) Madaling uminit ang ulo, nagdadabog (hot­ headed,bangs and throws things) Highly specified sumpong Masungit, mahirap pakibagayan (cranky, Examples of this areincidents of sumpong sa PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUMPONG 49 bait-(mmpong of goodness), sasipag (of indus- more of an internal state with rio identi­ triousness), etc. The only reason suchincidents "fiable cause, or the cause may be far­ get attention is their deviation from what is fetched (not a logical one). usual for the individual. Thus, a terribly mis­ Sama ng loob - A nursed hurt or ill feeling behaved child may astonish everyone with his towards another.The reason, asin tampo, sumpong sa bait: a regularly indolent fellow is readily identifiable to the person him­ may raise eyebrows with his mmpong sa sipag. self, but may not necessarily be evident to the object of the ill feeling. More DEFINITION OFSUMPONG usually, the object of the ill feeling is -In the light of all the meanings of the term somebody the person prefers not to sumpong reviewed, the following working de­ aggress directly against by virtue of his fmitioo may be advanced: Sumpong is a tem­ status or his "closeness" (e.g., friend or porary and spontaneous but often recurring and relative) to the person. Often, soma ng unexplainable deviation from what the norm is loob becomes known to its object for an individual, object, or event.To the extent through an intermediary. (See Samonte, that the deviation is considered temporary and 1973). unexplainable, it is a state or behavior regarded [nit ng uio - More overt; corresponds to as trivial and not necessitating any significant "hot-headedness" in English as well as action. similar symbols of speech in most lan­ guages. Little nuance"is implied; the term ~LATED FILIPINO CONCEPTS descnbes behavior andbehavioral disposi­ ·Many of the specific contents or symptoms tionscharacterized by a low threshold for given in the preceding section were also given aggression regardless of cause or origin. by respondents as concepts related to the term sumpong. Their relation to sumpong, ap­ SUMPONG IN OTHER PIflLIPPINE 2 parently, is that they are manifesta tions of the AND ASIAN LANGUAGES general state of mmpong, or they are "sumpong While it is not very clear to what extent the behaviors," although they do not all have to complete nuances of the term sumpong are occur together. In addition to them, the con­ kept intact, generally, such a concept appears cepts of baltik, tampo, sarna ngloob, and init translatable into other Malayo-Polynesian lan­ ng ulo were given: guages. All the major Philippine languages have Baltik - Similar to sumpong but more some equivalent for sumpong. Bikolanos use hostile; characterized by erratic bursts of the terms lubat, or bubulanon, the latter _ hot-headedness. The popular cartoon deriving from bulan or moon, as was already strip which has also beenmade into a TV pointed out. In Samarnon-, either busyu series entitled Baltic and Company, port­ or abot could mean something like a sumpong raysa boss,Mr.Baltic, who is given to fits state; abut-abot is also used in Hiligaynon and of anger at the slightest provocation (De Sugbuhanon. In Cebuano, as well asSamamon­ Quiroz, 1977). Leyte,we find sugmat or saput: The Kapam­ pangan sumpong is simply a slightdifference in Tampa - Shares some of the behavioral spelling, but the daraepen sounds manifestations of sumpong, e.g., sulking, very different indeed. Ilocanos claim their keeping to oneself and refusing to co- ogmuryot is more volatile than sumpong, and • operate or even to accept favors. How­ therefore is more like aggressive sumpong, but ever, tampo is different in that it has a another Ilocano term agpacaro refers more to readily identifiable origin, usually an ex­ ternal, interpersonal event (see Daza, 2Based on Panganiban's Diksyunaryo-Tesauro lU'I1 1975). Sumpong, on the other hand, is infonnal interviewing. ,j:",Ii. . 'I..

50 RITA H. MATARAGNON

•unexpected mood changes or a tum of,events. associated with sumpong,asccntrasted;"witb.\ Sumpong also has an equivalent in the Malay­ other bad', moods like', sanuff ng:'laob. '(mom! Indonesian language, namely, muram or mu­ sombre) and init ng ulo (more;negative).! I i ~I~ I ~,I~I. ~ rong. All of these translations ,allow us to • "I ,":Ii .. :'. " .:."!j.' I '; fI ,evalu,at~ ,J~~.~~:?t. 'l?t.W~

• because it is more often associated with females art of pahiwatig (non-vernal ,cues) ~d'PQkiramo I ~i~~~tion). :! and with children, and with very creative daman (feeling one's way through a 'I persons. This "cuteness" also derives from the' .;l A frustrating .event does not g1.ve w.ay' imme­ ,I apparent triviality and lack of responsibility diately to verbal abuse because of: a cultural PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUMPONG 51

• disposition towards jesting and testing for limits such a release-mechanism were suddenly with­ and reactions, Thus, non-hostile reactions may drawn. However, sumpong, being precariously be aftempted' first. The Cebuano mahay is an half-way between normality and abnormality example of regret or disappointment over un­ (it's a normal abnormality!) can occasionaUy fulfilled expectations but it is definitely non­ slip into graver problems classified as patholo­ aggressive: More colorful is the Tagalog lam-' " gical, Hysterical outbursts or manic-depressive bing, a,jestfu:t childlike,'even affectionate way' ' reactions are likely venues. Lapuz's (1973) ;pc.Jl)aking demands, which may be tried first descriptions of hysterical behavior in female ,,'~oU1d; one -feel, something lacking in an inter-, Filipino patients, including firing a gun into the personal. relationship. Only if further frustra- air, breaking plates, etc., and yet not being able • tion occursfe.g., no amends or explanation to correlate it with the frustrating situation that offered; repeated abuse) is one likely to give , triggered it, are not unlike exaggerated sum­ way to tampa (sulking, turning the cold shoul- ' pong outbursts. der), then to hinanakit (short-term hurt or Diagnostically speaking, while it is not easy ill-feeling) and sama ng looa (longer-term), then to .assess at what point danger begins, the eventually to overt galit. The saying that a jar notion of a baseline of frequency and intensity when.fllledwilloverflow ("Ang tapayan kapag could be useful here. For example, if X's napuno ay umaapaw") aptly describes the baseline indicated one sumpong per month with supposed Filipino tendency to accumulate frus­ 'tratlon' 'and" to' express his emotions in a intensity "3", then there is cause for alarm ifhe step·Wise' fundion"before overt action is taken suddenly switches to daily episodes or to l(Enriquez/1977). " ", " intensity "6". _ .' , ,\", ~i .t, r', ;-, ',": ',. ...•. I: c", Ina culture where expression of aggressive A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR 'emotion' 'to different instigating events is indi­ AGGRESSNE SUMPONG .rect 'and delayed; various Channelsmay ease the Although it is usually not possible to iden­ ·,tenslon'when,"dne's jaroverfloweth.' One such tify a specific precipitating factor for sumpong, possiblechannel is: sumpong, ablanket reaction more generalized antecedents are considered to -whichcould serve to shrug offall perceived and be correlated with an increase in the probability (imagined;'slights "and ,offenses by adopting a of sumpong. These are physiological changes generalized' 'lowered threshold 'for aggression. (biorhythm, menstrual blues, even "bagong Idendflcationof the 'original instigating events gising"), boredom, neglect. and frustration. is';no':longer 'important; "nor 'are the' original 'Frustration is probably the most representative 'instigators; ;the "only 'targets: for aggression or factor 'because practically every antecedent hostllity.rIn general, one :i8 "mad-with-the- boils down to' it: your body does not behave _worldt'arid m~Y 'nitre:at or'lash out 'or simply 'the way you want it to; you want change but aetstratige depending 'On'his temperament, the 'can not' get it; you want attention but it lis targets involved, and other situational 'factors. denied you.

• .. •I•, .'. ~

'l CpNICAL SIGNIFICANCE OFSUMl.'ONG More far-fetched antecedents are believed to reside in personality traits (e.g., immaturity, ',' "In;the ~Filipino' context,' sumpong may serve insecurity, a lack of equilibrium) or in child­ las a'falrly a'cceptable mode-oftension' reduction rearing patterns (e.g., spoiled) that give rise to -'if' usedwith frequency and intensity. proPer these personality traits. :Suinpong Offers' anme-out, a little vacation efrom'the Inevitsble pressures' that come 'from , Because of the difficulty of tracking down a 'living:up tothe expectations ofothers most of 'comprehensive deflnltton ofsumpong, the theo­ 'the t ,time; It' is" possible "that the country's retical model to be proposed will consider only mental health 'Would deteriorate significantly if the most common type which is aggressive .,' .--- ~--- . 52 RITA H. MATARAGNON • acceptance Self-aggression

~ Tempo~aIY one common /. q.~ CathaISls od Specific tlUBlilt

Frustration,--~....;. .... Aggression Further Crus. and I m e 'JP'dispIa~, .. ~ar to lltJttt:~ alternative modes aggreSSIon, ins~ator ' ~'C\t of expressions '" Aggressive aumpong as a general deaeasc in threshold of • aggression Figure 1. A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR THE DEVEWPMENr OF AGGRESSIVE SUMPONG '

sumpong. Thismodel willalso concentrate only decrease in threshold of aggression icS one very on the short-range effects of aggression, omit­ common reaction. ting the aspect of instrwnental learning as a result of expression of aggression. (Refer to Two factors therefore appear to be crucial in Figure 1.) leading to an eventual outburst of sumpong: these are low frustration tolerance level and Sumpong in this model is considered an thwarted expression of aggression. It may be • alternative modeof expressing aggression that is predicted that individuals who '. are low in less direct but more acceptable. While displaced frustration tolerance level and are not able to aggression maytakedifferent forms and targets, express aggression (due to low status, threat or the displaced aggression present in sumpong is self-restraint) would have the highest incidence more of a general decrease in threshold of of sumpong outbursts. On the otherhand,those aggression. This is consistent with the ideathat whohave high frustration tolerance and are also sumpong has no identifiable precipitating able to express their aggression (due to high factors, but isgeneralized andpervasive. status, absence of threat, or an"open personal]­ 'I ·1 . The concept of "frustration tolerance" is ty") would have the lowest incidence of sum­ I'i pong. " ~ important to the model depicted for under­ Intermediately, a person who has low • standing sumpong because ,its level may de­ frustration tolerance and free expression of termine whether sumpong, mediated by the aggression and a person who has high frustra­ • resulting aggression andits displacement, occurs tion tolerance and inlubited expression of at all. A frustration tolerance level higher than aggression are likely to display a moderate that called forby the frustrating incident means incidence of sumpong. that the incident just stops there, or is ac­ cepted. It is important to realize that frustration tolerance and self-restraint could be indepen­ The other crux of the model lies in whether dent of each other, Le., one could have low there is a suitable expression for aggressioq, or frustration tolerance and yet high restraint and not. Aggression may not be expressed for this makes him a most likefty candidate for several reasons: superior status of the instigator sumpong; or a person with low frustration \ • to aggression, environmental thwartings, and tolerance and low status which Jrestrains him

quite significantly, self-restraint. Thus, when from expressing aggression may also resort to \. the 'expression of aggression is prevented, dis­ sumpong. On the other hand, a very mature placed aggresston in the form of a general person possessing high frustration tolerance PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUMPONG S3

• who isalso of high-status in the social hierarchy GONZALEZ, L. Ang pagtatanung-tanong:. isang psg­ (no thwarting in expression) can directly ex­ susuri sa kontekstong Pilipino. Unpublished paper. press the little aggression that he will probably City: University of the Philippines, 1977. have, and will be a very unlikely candidate for LAPUZ, L. A Study of Psychopathology. Quezon the sumpong syndrome. Allin all, the incidence City: University of the Philippines Press, 1973• . of sumpong appears to depend heavily on both personality and situational variables. A more PANGANIBAN, J. Diksyunaryo Tesauro: Pilipino­ extensive study may well de-mystify this sup­ Ingles. Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co., 1972. posedly unexplainable phenomenon. SALAZAR, Z. liang batayan para sa isang sikolohi­ yang Pilipino. Ulat ng Unang PambansaYJg Kumpe­ REFERENCES • renstya: Edited by L. Antonio, E. Reyes, R. Pe, and N. Almonte. Diliman, Quezon City, 1976, pp. DAZA, M. Ang pagatatarnpo: kahulugan, sanhi at ~~-48. karanasan. Pogkotaong Pilipino: Il, Damdamin. Hilig at Pag-unlad ng Pogkotao.Compiled byV. Enriquez. Diliman, Quezon City, 1975, pp. 3448. SAMONTE, E. L. Kabuuan ng mga kahulugan JIg mga salita sa larangang leksikal JIg "loob." Unpublished DE QUIROZ, E. Baltic and Co. (pagsusuri) Unpub­ paper. Dillman, Quezon City: University of the lished paper. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1973. PhDippines, 1977. ENRIQUEZ, V. Filipino in the Third YEPEZ, C. Sumpong: a segment of Philippine folk World. PPPH papers No.1 (August, 1977). Quezon psychology. Unpublished paper. Quezon City: Phil­ City: University of the Philippines ippine Psychology Research House, 1973. • •• jf },• I .'." '~,' , .": I' . '.\ I '. , , •

Forthcoming in PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW

SPECIAL ISSUE ON WOMEN

Elizabeth U. Eviota Sex as a Differentiating Variable: Sex Role and Social Inequality in Work and Power Relations in Philippine Society

Jennifer Lauby The Prestige of Working Women in Philippine Society

Leda Layo Determinants of the LaborForce Participation of Filipino Women

Joseph Vancio The Realities of Marriage Among Urban Filipino Women

Rodolfo A. Bulatao Attitudes of Husbands and Wives Toward the Double Standard , " Jeanne Frances L 1110 Life Concerns of Women j in the Bicol River Basin

Virginia A. Miralao A Survey of Women's Programs

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I 'f '.\ .j" "

z- Volume 28 Numbers 3 and .4 July-october 1978

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