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Declining Glaciers Endanger Sustainable Development of the Oases Along the Aksu-Tarim River (Central Asia)
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tsdw20 Declining glaciers endanger sustainable development of the oases along the Aksu-Tarim River (Central Asia) Tobias Bolch, Doris Duethmann, Michel Wortmann, Shiyin Liu & Markus Disse To cite this article: Tobias Bolch, Doris Duethmann, Michel Wortmann, Shiyin Liu & Markus Disse (2021): Declining glaciers endanger sustainable development of the oases along the Aksu-Tarim River (Central Asia), International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, DOI: 10.1080/13504509.2021.1943723 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2021.1943723 © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 14 Jul 2021. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tsdw20 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & WORLD ECOLOGY https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2021.1943723 Declining glaciers endanger sustainable development of the oases along the Aksu-Tarim River (Central Asia) Tobias Bolch a, Doris Duethmann b, Michel Wortmann c, Shiyin Liu d and Markus Disse e aSchool of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK; bDepartment of Ecohydrology, IGB Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; cClimate Resilience, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; dInstitute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; eChair of Hydrology and River Basin Management, TU München, Germany ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Tarim River basin is the largest endorheic river basin in China. -
The Geodynamics of the Pamir–Punjab Syntaxis V
ISSN 00168521, Geotectonics, 2013, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 31–51. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2013. Original Russian Text © V.S. Burtman, 2013, published in Geotektonika, 2013, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 36–58. The Geodynamics of the Pamir–Punjab Syntaxis V. S. Burtman Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 7, Moscow, 119017 Russia email: [email protected] Received December 19, 2011 Abstract—The collision of Hindustan with Eurasia in the Oligocene–early Miocene resulted in the rear rangement of the convective system in the upper mantle of the Pamir–Karakoram margin of the Eurasian Plate with subduction of the Hindustan continental lithosphere beneath this margin. The Pamir–Punjab syn taxis was formed in the Miocene as a giant horizontal extrusion (protrusion). Extensive nappes developed in the southern and central Pamirs along with deformation of its outer zone. The Pamir–Punjab syntaxis con tinued to form in the Pliocene–Quaternary when the deformed Pamirs, which propagated northward, were being transformed into a giant allochthon. A fold–nappe system was formed in the outer zone of the Pamirs at the front of this allochthon. A geodynamic model of syntaxis formation is proposed here. DOI: 10.1134/S0016852113010020 INTRODUCTION Mujan, BandiTurkestan, Andarab, and Albruz– The tectonic processes that occur in the Pamir– Mormul faults (Fig. 1). Punjab syntaxis of the Alpine–Himalayan Foldbelt The Pamir arc is more compressed as compared and at the boundary of this syntaxis with the Tien Shan with the Hindu Kush–Karakoram arc. Disharmony of have attracted the attention of researchers for many these arcs arose in the western part of the syntaxis due years [2, 7–9, 13, 15, 28]. -
Assessment of Snow, Glacier and Water Resources in Asia
IHP/HWRP-BERICHTE Heft 8 Koblenz 2009 Assessment of Snow, Glacier and Water Resources in Asia Assessment of Snow, Glacier and Water Resources in Asia Resources Water Glacier and of Snow, Assessment IHP/HWRP-Berichte • Heft 8/2009 IHP/HWRP-Berichte IHP – International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO ISSN 1614 -1180 HWRP – Hydrology and Water Resources Programme of WMO Assessment of Snow, Glacier and Water Resources in Asia Selected papers from the Workshop in Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2006 Joint Publication of UNESCO-IHP and the German IHP/HWRP National Committee edited by Ludwig N. Braun, Wilfried Hagg, Igor V. Severskiy and Gordon Young Koblenz, 2009 Deutsches IHP/HWRP - Nationalkomitee IHP – International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO HWRP – Hydrology and Water Resource Programme of WMO BfG – Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, Koblenz German National Committee for the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of UNESCO and the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (HWRP) of WMO Koblenz 2009 © IHP/HWRP Secretariat Federal Institute of Hydrology Am Mainzer Tor 1 56068 Koblenz • Germany Telefon: +49 (0) 261/1306-5435 Telefax: +49 (0) 261/1306-5422 http://ihp.bafg.de FOREWORD III Foreword The topic of water availability and the possible effects The publication will serve as a contribution to the of climate change on water resources are of paramount 7th Phase of the International Hydrological Programme importance to the Central Asian countries. In the last (IHP 2008 – 2013) of UNESCO, which has endeavored decades, water supply security has turned out to be to address demands arising from a rapidly changing one of the major challenges for these countries. world. Several focal areas have been identified by the The supply initially ensured by snow and glaciers is IHP to address the impacts of global changes. -
Nature and Timing of Large Landslides Within an Active Orogen, Eastern Pamir, China
Geomorphology 182 (2013) 49–65 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Nature and timing of large landslides within an active orogen, eastern Pamir, China Zhaode Yuan a,b, Jie Chen a,⁎, Lewis A. Owen c, Kathryn A. Hedrick c, Marc W. Caffee d, Wenqiao Li a, Lindsay M. Schoenbohm e, Alexander C. Robinson f a State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China b China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing 100029, China c Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA d Department of Physics/PRIME Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA e Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada ON L5L 1C6 f Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5007, USA article info abstract Article history: Large-scale landsliding (involving ≫106 m3 in volume) is important in landscape development in high Received 18 June 2012 mountains. To assess the importance of large landslides in high mountains, four large landslides (Bulunkou, Received in revised form 26 October 2012 Muztagh, Taheman, and Yimake) were mapped in the NE Chinese Pamir at the westernmost end of the Accepted 26 October 2012 Himalayan–Tibetan orogen and dated using 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides. The Bulunkou landslide Available online 12 November 2012 at the southernmost end of Muji Valley is composed of ~1.7×107 m3 of landslide debris and has an age of 2.0±0.1 ka. The Muztagh landslide, located on the SW side of the massif Muztagh Ata, is composed of Keywords: 8 3 Landslides ~4.7×10 m of debris, and has an age of 14.3±0.8 ka. -
Cenozoic Evolution of the Pamir Salient; Timing, Mechanisms and Paleo-Environmental Impacts: Constraints from the Aertashi Section, Western Tarim Basin
Cenozoic evolution of the Pamir Salient; timing, mechanisms and paleo-environmental impacts: Constraints from the Aertashi section, western Tarim Basin. Tamsin Blayney Thesis submitted for the award of PhD June 2017 "Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn't do than the things you did. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbour, catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore .... dream.... discover". Mark Twain ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements: ................................................................................................ ii Statement of work ................................................................................................... v Abstract ............................................................................................................... viii Introduction ........................................................................................................... ix Project Aims and Objectives .................................................................................. xii Thesis Outline ...................................................................................................... xiii 1. Geological Background .................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau ............................................................ 1 1.3 Western Kunlun mountain range ................................................................ 9 1.3.1 Western Kunlun Terranes................................................................... -
Program 1-D Eclipse-City Along China's Ancient Silk Road From
Program 1-D: Page 1 of 18 Eclipse-City along China’s Silk Road in the Xinjiang Province Program 1-D Eclipse-City along China’s Ancient Silk Road From Kashgar to Hami Eclipse-City is happy to announce its extended China eclipse-program. Our extended 2008 eclipse program for China will take you primarily to China’s Northwestern Uyghur Autonomous Province of Xinjiang. Xinjiang is the largest political subdivision of China - it accounts for more than one sixth of China's total territory, a quarter of its boundary length, but only 1.5% of its total population. It is divided into two basins by the Tianshan Mountain range. Dzungarian Basin is in the north, and Tarim Basin is in the south. Xinjiang's lowest point is located in the Turfan Depression, 155 meters below sea level (second lowest in the world). Its highest peak, K2, the second highest mountain in the world, is 8,611 meters above sea level, at the border with Pakistan. This tour, based around our core program (1A), emphasizes even more the historical richness of the Silk Road in the Xinjiang province. We will travel some 2,000 km by comfortable tourist coach busses along China’s Silk Road and experience unforgettable highlights, such as the view of crystal clear high altitude lakes surrounded by snow-caped mountains, drive along the world’s second lowest point in Turpan Basin, visit ancient caves with Buddhist paintings, shop in multi-ethnic bazaars, witness stunning sand dunes, watch and/or ride the famous Barkol horse or camels and of course, enjoy more than 2 minutes of totality in our specially built camp in the Gobi Desert. -
Horse Riding/Trekking Tour Jiadengyu - Lake Kanas
in association with Horse Riding/Trekking Tour Jiadengyu - Lake Kanas - Ride a horse or trek along River Kanas and River Hemu to nomad villages and the deepest freshwater lake in China - Stay overnight at local family inns, in yurts or tents - Get in touch with the local Tuwa minority - Visit one of China’s most impressive birdwatcher’s paradises Horse Riding/Trekking Tour Jiadengyu – Kanas Lake HORSE RIDING/TREKKING TOUR FROM JIADENGYU TO LAKE KANAS This tour will lead you to nomad villages like Hemu and Baihaba in the north-western part of Xinjiang, to China’s deepest freshwater lake surrounded by snowcapped mountains and a birdwatcher’s paradise around the alpine Black Lake, Lake Kanas and Lake Baisha and is specially designed for people, who want to explore this quiet, mountainous region with its lakes, mountains and forests on horseback or on foot, observe the local people’s ancient way of life amidst impressive scenery far away from the noise of the big high-tech cities. Best Travel Date: 16th – 23rd September Destinations: Burqin, Jiadengyu, Hemu, Black Lake, Lake Kanas, Baihaba, Lake Baisha Duration: 8 days Starting in: Beijing Ending in: Beijing (optional extension possible) Group size: min. 6 pax, max. 10 pax QUICK INTRODUCTION Hemu: Hemu is located in the northern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, tucked within the hills and among the lush birch woods of Burqin County, near China's borders at Mongolia, Russia and Kazakhstan. Receiving no mobile phone signals, the villagers rely on satellite telephones to contact the outside world and only a few government offices have electricity. -
Article Is Available Hall, D., Haritashya, U
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1807–1827, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1807-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. A consistent glacier inventory for Karakoram and Pamir derived from Landsat data: distribution of debris cover and mapping challenges Nico Mölg1, Tobias Bolch1, Philipp Rastner1, Tazio Strozzi2, and Frank Paul1 1Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, Switzerland 2Gamma Remote Sensing, Worbstr. 225, 3073 Gümligen, Switzerland Correspondence: Nico Mölg ([email protected]) Received: 13 March 2018 – Discussion started: 5 April 2018 Revised: 2 August 2018 – Accepted: 8 September 2018 – Published: 10 October 2018 Abstract. Knowledge about the coverage and characteristics of glaciers in High Mountain Asia (HMA) is still incomplete and heterogeneous. However, several applications, such as modelling of past or future glacier devel- opment, run-off, or glacier volume, rely on the existence and accessibility of complete datasets. In particular, precise outlines of glacier extent are required to spatially constrain glacier-specific calculations such as length, area, and volume changes or flow velocities. As a contribution to the Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) and the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) glacier database, we have produced a homogeneous inventory of the Pamir and the Karakoram mountain ranges using 28 Landsat TM and ETMC scenes acquired around the year 2000. We applied a standardized method of automated digital glacier mapping and manual cor- rection using coherence images from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite 1 (ALOS-1) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar 1 (PALSAR-1) as an additional source of information; we then (i) separated the glacier complexes into individual glaciers using drainage divides derived by watershed analysis from the ASTER global digital elevation model version 2 (GDEM2) and (ii) separately delineated all debris-covered ar- eas. -
Contrasting Streamflow Regimes Induced by Melting Glaciers Across
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Contrasting streamfow regimes induced by melting glaciers across the Tien Shan – Pamir – North Received: 23 January 2018 Accepted: 19 September 2018 Karakoram Published: xx xx xxxx Yi Luo1,2,3, Xiaolei Wang1,2, Shilong Piao4,5, Lin Sun1, Philippe Ciais6, Yiqing Zhang2, Changkun Ma7, Rong Gan2 & Chansheng He8 The glacierized Tien Shan – Pamir – Karakoram mountain complex supplies water to about 42 million people. Yet, the knowledge about future glacial runof in response to future climate is limited. Here, we address this issue using a hydrological model, that includes the three components of glacial runof: ice melt, snowmelt and the runof of rainfall over ice. The model is forced by climate projections of the CMIP5 models. We fnd that the three components exhibit diferent long-term trajectories, sometimes opposite in sign to the long-term trend in glacier impacts. For the eastern slope basins, streamfow is projected to increase by 28% (ranging from 9 to 44%, from climate model variation (CMV)) by the late 21st century, under the representative concentration pathway, RCP8.5. Ice melt contributes 39% (25 to 65%, CMV) of the total streamfow increase. However, streamfow from the western slopes is projected to decrease by 5% (−24 to 16%, CMV), due to the smaller contribution of ice melt, less precipitation and higher evapotranspiration. Increasing water supply from the eastern slopes suggests more water availability for currently degraded downstream ecosystems in the Xinjiang province of China, while the likely decreasing streamfow in Central Asian rivers on the western slopes indicates new regulations will be needed. -
Glacial Chronology and Paleoclimatic Implications
SURFACE EXPOSURE DATING OF STREAM TERRACES IN THE CHINESE PAMIR: GLACIAL CHRONOLOGY AND PALEOCLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Benjamin T. Kirby, B.S. The Ohio State University 2008 Thesis Committee: Professor Lindsay Schoenbohm, Advisor Approved By: Professor Garry McKenzie ___________________________________ Professor Doug Pride Advisor Geological Sciences Graduate Program ABSTRACT The extreme spatial and temporal variability of climate systems in the Himalayas has thus far limited our understanding of the evolution of the paleoclimate in Central Asia and Tibet during the late Quaternary. Given the extreme pressures currently being placed upon water resources in Asia by increasing populations, a detailed understanding of the past and present climate has never been more sought-after by those seeking to mitigate climate change. In the Chinese Pamir, a region in which the South Asian monsoon and the mid-latitude westerlies vie for influence over the regional climate, surface exposure dating was performed on glacially-derived stream terraces to investigate the relative influences of these competing systems as well as possible climate teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere. Terrace ages of 53 ± 9 ka, 46 ± 12 ka, 36 ± 2 ka, ~17 ka, 15 ± 3 ka, and ~600 years reveal a periodicity similar to well-known climate events in the Northern Hemisphere and may be indicative of the ability of the westerlies to convey climate signals globally. Considered in conjunction with glacial chronologies throughout the Western Himalayas, these data may also have implications for the evolution of the South Asian monsoon during the last glacial cycle. -
Central Asian 'Characteristics' on China's New Silk Road: the Role Of
land Review Central Asian ‘Characteristics’ on China’s New Silk Road: The Role of Landscape and the Politics of Infrastructure Troy Sternberg *, Ariell Ahearn and Fiona McConnell School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; [email protected] (A.A.); fi[email protected] (F.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-(0)-186-528-5070 Received: 24 July 2017; Accepted: 18 August 2017; Published: 23 August 2017 Abstract: China’s $1 trillion One Belt, One Road (OBOR) infrastructure project has significant landscape, socio-economic, and political implications in recipient countries. To date, investigation has focused on Chinese motivation and plans rather than OBOR impact in host nations. This paper examines the programme from the perspective of two Central Asian states—Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan—that are at the heart of OBOR. We identify geographical factors that constrain infrastructure, recognise geopolitical contestation between Russia and China, address historical and cultural factors, and consider issues of institutional capacity and marginality that may be impediments to China’s initiative. The discussion then focuses on how OBOR may play out in Central Asian landscapes and suggests how to conceive and address the unprecedented transformation in the region’s built environment. Critical issues are that OBOR has not been grounded in the physical geography, practical understanding of OBOR’s impacts is missing, and the state-citizen-China nexus remains unexplored. As pivot nations, OBOR implementation in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan will showcase the Chinese programme’s strengths and highlight its weaknesses. Keywords: Central Asia; landscape; One Belt; One Road; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; infrastructure; environment; New Silk Road 1. -
Mountains of the Pamirs)
ASIA / PACIFIC TAJIK NATIONAL PARK (MOUNTAINS OF THE PAMIRS) TAJIKISTAN Tajikistan – Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION TAJIK NATIONAL PARK (MOUNTAINS OF THE PAMIRS) (TAJIKISTAN) ID No. 1252 rev IUCN RECOMMENDATION TO WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: To inscribe the property under natural criteria. Key paragraphs of Operational Guidelines: 77 Property meet natural criteria. 78 Property meets conditions of integrity and protection and management requirements. Background note: In 2009/2010 a smaller percentage of the Tajik National Park (TNP) was nominated as Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs). The nominated property was 1,266,500 ha with a buffer zone of 1,385,174 ha, both areas within the boundaries of the TNP. The IUCN evaluation and Committee decision noted that the property met criteria (vii) and (viii) and that these values could be strengthened by adding additional areas in the TNP. The IUCN evaluation concluded that the property did not meet criteria (ix) and (x). The Committee deferred the nomination to allow the State Party to refocus a nomination on criteria (vii) and (viii) with redefined boundaries; improve the comparative analysis to justify Outstanding Universal Value; provide a clear commitment and plan to improve resourcing; and to prepare and implement an effective management plan. The Committee requested the State Party to keep open the possibility of a future transnational nomination for the Pamir Mountains with neighbouring countries (Decision 34COM 8B.3). 1. DOCUMENTATION (Tajikistan) ID No. 1252; Magin, C. (2005) World Heritage Thematic Study for Central Asia – A a) Date nomination received by IUCN: 25 March Regional Overview.