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Glacial Chronology and Paleoclimatic Implications

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Glacial Chronology and Paleoclimatic Implications SURFACE EXPOSURE DATING OF STREAM TERRACES IN THE CHINESE PAMIR: GLACIAL CHRONOLOGY AND PALEOCLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Benjamin T. Kirby, B.S. The Ohio State University 2008 Thesis Committee: Professor Lindsay Schoenbohm, Advisor Approved By: Professor Garry McKenzie ___________________________________ Professor Doug Pride Advisor Geological Sciences Graduate Program ABSTRACT The extreme spatial and temporal variability of climate systems in the Himalayas has thus far limited our understanding of the evolution of the paleoclimate in Central Asia and Tibet during the late Quaternary. Given the extreme pressures currently being placed upon water resources in Asia by increasing populations, a detailed understanding of the past and present climate has never been more sought-after by those seeking to mitigate climate change. In the Chinese Pamir, a region in which the South Asian monsoon and the mid-latitude westerlies vie for influence over the regional climate, surface exposure dating was performed on glacially-derived stream terraces to investigate the relative influences of these competing systems as well as possible climate teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere. Terrace ages of 53 ± 9 ka, 46 ± 12 ka, 36 ± 2 ka, ~17 ka, 15 ± 3 ka, and ~600 years reveal a periodicity similar to well-known climate events in the Northern Hemisphere and may be indicative of the ability of the westerlies to convey climate signals globally. Considered in conjunction with glacial chronologies throughout the Western Himalayas, these data may also have implications for the evolution of the South Asian monsoon during the last glacial cycle. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to my advisor, Dr. Lindsay Schoenbohm, for her guidance in the field, her encouragement and motivation thereafter, and her desire to see me succeed. My committee members, Drs. Garry McKenzie and Doug Pride, provided meaningful input and suggestions and have been more than helpful throughout the duration of the project. Much of this work leans heavily upon the research of my good friend Dr. Lewis Owen at the University of Cincinnati. The magnitude of his contribution to this project, through chemistry and conversation, cannot be overstated. I must also thank Aron Buffen, Dr. Mary Davis, Natalie Kehrwald, and Shengxue Lei for some informative discussions and, in the case of Mr. Lei, camaraderie and assistance during the search for the Kalagile and Qiaklak Faults, and other adventures in Western China. iii VITA June 29, 1978 .............................................................................Born, Lansing Michigan 2006…................................................B.S. (Honors), University of Wisconsin-Madison 2006-Present......................................................Graduate Research/Teaching Associate The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Geological Sciences iv TABLE OF CONTENTS page Abstract.......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements....................................................................................................... iii Vita..................................................................................................................................iv List of Figures................................................................................................................vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................... vii Introduction.....................................................................................................................1 Geographic Setting..........................................................................................................4 Climatic Setting ..............................................................................................................6 Regional Glaciochronology ..........................................................................................10 Fluvial Terrace Formation ............................................................................................12 Methods.........................................................................................................................14 Wulu Valley Results .....................................................................................................17 Zouba Valley Results....................................................................................................21 Glacial Chronology.......................................................................................................23 Global Climate Records................................................................................................33 Paleoclimatic Implications............................................................................................40 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................45 References Cited ...........................................................................................................49 Appendix: Figures and Tables .....................................................................................59 v LIST OF FIGURES page 1. The Western Himalayas, with Seasonal Air Currents ..............................................59 2. The Chinese Pamir and Study Areas ........................................................................60 3. Compiled Regional Glacial Chronology…................................................................61 4. Wulu Valley..............................................................................................................62 5. Wulu Valley Transect ...............................................................................................63 6. Inheritance Curves- Wulu Valley .............................................................................64 7. Inheritance Curve- Zouba Valley..............................................................................65 8. Inheritance Curves- 2005 Samples ...........................................................................66 9. Zouba Valley.............................................................................................................67 10. Zouba Valley Diagram............................................................................................68 11. Zouba Valley Transect............................................................................................69 12. Terrace Ages with Paleotemperature Curves..........................................................70 13. Compiled Chronology with Hypothetical Monsoon Regression............................71 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1- CRN Data and Results....................................................................................72 vii INTRODUCTION The ability to accurately predict the effects of climate change on hydrologic systems has never been more crucial. Given the recent exponential growth of the human population, current and future water resources may soon be strained beyond their limits by unsustainable demand (Parry et al., 2007). Already, water shortages are threatening the lives and livelihoods of millions worldwide, and in a global warming scenario, it is likely that the extent of the problem will increase (Kundzewicz et al., 2007). However, the exact impact of climate change on freshwater supplies in any one region remains uncertain due to the variability observed in local responses to climatic fluctuations (Cruz et al., 2007). To assess these localized responses and to design mitigation strategies, more data about the past and present climate is needed. Seventy-five percent of the global population lives in the lower latitudes, areas that are subject to highly variable climate oscillations such as El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Asian Monsoon (Thompson, 2000). With respect to water supply, low-latitude glaciers serve as natural buffers against climatic variability by storing and releasing water year-round. This consistent water source is relied upon by billions of people for subsistence and survival. The future of low-latitude glaciers, therefore, has social and political ramifications, in addition to purely scientific importance. General Circulation Models (GCMs) have indicated that low-latitude 1 glaciers may be the first to experience significant mass loss in a global warming scenario (Bradley et al., 2006), and thus climate change increases the need for reliable data regarding these systems. Few regions on earth are more reliant upon glacial runoff than Central Asia and Tibet (Thompson et al., 1997). The Tarim Basin, north of the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most arid places on earth, with some desert areas receiving only 10 mm of precipitation annually (Murzayev, 1971). Yet, glacial meltwater from the ranges that surround the Basin, the Tien Shan, Pamir, and Kunlun Shan, enable it to support a significant population (Qi and Cheng, 1998). Another example is Northern India, where one of the world’s most populous regions lies immediately adjacent to its highest mountain chain: the Himalayas. This region receives up to 80% of its annual precipitation during the summer monsoon period (Bradley et al., 1993), yet the seasonality of this phenomenon is dampened by
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