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40Ar/39Ar Dating of the Late Cretaceous Jonathan Gaylor

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40Ar/39Ar Dating of the Late Cretaceous Jonathan Gaylor 40Ar/39Ar Dating of the Late Cretaceous Jonathan Gaylor To cite this version: Jonathan Gaylor. 40Ar/39Ar Dating of the Late Cretaceous. Earth Sciences. Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. English. NNT : 2013PA112124. tel-01017165 HAL Id: tel-01017165 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017165 Submitted on 2 Jul 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Paris Sud 11 UFR des Sciences d’Orsay École Doctorale 534 MIPEGE, Laboratoire IDES Sciences de la Terre 40Ar/39Ar Dating of the Late Cretaceous Thèse de Doctorat Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Jonathan GAYLOR Le 11 juillet 2013 devant le jury compose de: Directeur de thèse: Xavier Quidelleur, Professeur, Université Paris Sud (France) Rapporteurs: Sarah Sherlock, Senoir Researcher, Open University (Grande-Bretagne) Bruno Galbrun, DR CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (France) Examinateurs: Klaudia Kuiper, Researcher, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (Pays-Bas) Maurice Pagel, Professeur, Université Paris Sud (France) - 2 - - 3 - Acknowledgements I would like to begin by thanking my supervisor Xavier Quidelleur without whom I would not have finished, with special thanks on the endless encouragement and patience, all the way through my PhD! Thank you all at GTSnext, especially to the directors Klaudia Kuiper, Jan Wijbrans and Frits Hilgen for creating such a great project. Working within this team has been a great pleasure and I have enjoyed tremendously the opportunity to work in such a strong network of professionals. A big thank you to Benjamin Heredia, whom I also owe to finishing my PhD. I thoroughly enjoyed every field trip and discussion we had in the middle of no-where in Canada! Also a big thank you all of the work and data you have provided as part of the joint project. Canada would not of been the same without him. I would also like to thank all of the fellow students on the GTSnext project for providing a great insight into the world of academia. I would also like to thank Diederik Liebrand and Tiffany Rivera for all of the banter on the workshops funded by GTSnext. Special thanks to Christian Zeeden and Anne Fischer for helping me in the Netherlands. A big thank you to all others associated with the GTSnext project, especially Willem Langenberg who helped us forge great contacts with Canadian geologists and without whom we would not of been able to complete the work submitted. Additionally I would like to thank, Arts Sweet, Jack Lerbekmo (deceased) and David Eberth for again helping us locate new field sites suitable for this project. I am especially thankful to Silja Husing whom helped me considerably with my paleomagnetic work at Fort Hoofdjjk and providing such an excellent insight to this interesting topic. Thank you to Roel Elsas for developing such a great mineral separation technique, saving me countless hours in the laboratory. - 4 - I would like to send my thanks to Reishi Takashima and Hiroshi Nishi for involving me in their work and allowing me to understand a new insight in the world of geochronology. Thank you to all of the volcanology team in Bât 504 for helping me with work and helping my transition in France from the UK succeed. Especially to Damien for putting up with me in the office and helping me with all my logistical needs. Thank you to all the other PhD students who have provided many interesting times and have became friends. A big thank you to Kim Ho whom I am extremely grateful for helping me settle in at Paris Sud. Thank you to Sarah Sherlock, Bruno Galbrun and Maurice Pagel for their thoughtful insights. Finally, I would like to finishing thanking my family, my Mum and Dad who were always there encouraging and supporting me. Thanks to all my friends in Paris in particular Steffi, Matt and Liesa for helping me have the best three years of my life. I would also like to thank my home friends especially to Thomas, Louise and Dawes, with thanks also to Wiltshire who constantly supported me. The European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007 2013) under Grant agreement no. [215458] has funded this research. - 5 - - 6 - Contents French Summary 9 I. Introduction 24 I.1. Project Aim 25 I.2. Introduction to the Cretaceous 30 I.3. Introduction to Geochronology 43 II. Standards 49 II.1. Introduction 50 II.2. Fluence Monitors 60 II.3. Methodology 70 II.4. Chosen Monitor 75 II.5. Results 78 II.6. Discussion 85 III. Canada 90 III.1. Overview 91 III.2. Western Interior Basin 92 III.3. Introduction to Foreland Basins 94 III.4. Formation of the Western Interior 96 III.5. Sequence Stratigraphy 98 III.6. Previous Work 102 III.7. Geology of Canada 103 III.8. Horseshoe Canyon Formation 113 IV. The Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary 123 IV.1. Introduction 124 IV.2. Geological Setting 127 IV.3. Samples and Methods 131 IV.4. Discussion 141 IV.5. Conclusion 145 V. The Campanian Maastrichtian Boundary 148 V.1. Introduction 149 V.2. Geological Setting 152 V.3. Samples and Methods 154 V.4. Discussion 163 V.5. Conclusion 171 - 7 - VI. Japan 173 VI.1. Introduction 174 VI.2. Geological Setting 175 VI.3. Previous Work 187 VI.4. Sample Localities 194 VI.5. Analytical Techniques 196 VI.6. Discussion 208 VI.7. Conclusion 212 VII. Conclusions 214 VIII. References 218 Appendices 242 Appendices A (Chapter II) 242 Appendices B (Chapter IV) 245 Appendices C (Chapter V) 261 Appendices D (Chapter VI) 272 - 8 - Résumé Dans le cadre du projet européen GTS Next, nous proposons de calibrer l'échelle des temps du Crétacé Supérieur (66-100 Ma) en utilisant la méthode de datation 40Ar/39Ar sur des minéraux de haute température (sanidine) extraits de cendres volcaniques. L’objectif de cette approche est de contraindre, au cycle d'excentricité de 405 ka le plus proche, les séries sédimentaires européennes de référence du Crétacé aux séries étudiées dans le cadre de ce travail. Cette corrélation pourra être effectuée pour les séries présentant une cyclicité bien définie reliée aux variations des paramètres orbitaux de la Terre. La meilleure approche pour acquérir des âges de très haute résolution et de haute qualité pour le Crétacé Supérieur est d’utiliser les cendres volcaniques riches en silice du bassin du Western Interior (WIB; Amérique du Nord), qui se trouvent intercalées dans les successions sédimentaires marines peu profondes. Ce projet nécessite une approche multi-disciplinaire incluant l’utilisation des techniques de datation par isotopes radiogéniques, associées aux méthodes magnétostratigraphique, chimiostratigraphique et cyclostratigraphique. Le Crétacé, subdivisé en deux époques (Crétacé Supérieur et Crétacé Inférieur), est caractérisé par son climat à effet de serre, par un niveau des mers élevé (150 m plus élevé que les niveaux actuels; Frakes et al, 1999) et par des événements anoxiques globaux. Il se termine brusquement autour de 66 Ma à la limite correspondant à l'extinction massive du Crétacé / Tertiaire (ou plus précisément, Crétacé / Paléogène) incluant la disparition des dinosaures. Durant le Crétacé, le supercontinent Pangée a poursuivi sa dislocation pour former les continents d'aujourd'hui. Ce processus, associé à une hausse du volcanisme sous-marin et du taux d’expansion du plancher océanique au niveau des dorsales, contribue à une augmentation des émissions de CO2 (1700 ppm) conduisant par effet de serre aux températures maximales observées au milieu du Crétacé (Seller, 2005). Le Crétacé, riche en faune marine et terrestre a préservé de nombreux fossiles de vertébrés, mammifères et dinosaures, témoins de cette période, importante et intéressante à étudier pour notre compréhension du système climatique dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique global. Pour cette raison, il est important de contraindre précisément les âges de ces événements et de leurs limites. - 9 - Des enregistrements marins européens, bien contraints par leur contenu en fossiles, ont permis d’élaborer des interprétations cyclostratigraphic précises des derniers 125 Myr. De nombreux travaux, tels que Obradovitch (1993), Gradstein et al. (2004; 2012), ont permis de mettre en place une échelle des temps à haute résolution temporelle. Cependant, certaines parties de l’échelle des temps ne sont pas fixes mais plutôt contraintes par des durées relatives flottantes dues à l’utilisation de séries d’origine géographique différentes dont la corrélation paléontologique est délicate. Cette échelle doit donc être calibrée par des âges absolus pour déterminer avec précision l'histoire géologique, environnementale et climatique globale du Crétacé. En Europe, l’un des principaux problèmes est l’absence de matériel permettant de déterminer l’âge des limites d’étages des principales inversions ou paléomagnétiques. La majorité des coupes stratigraphiques dédiées à l'étude cyclostratigraphique sont principalement situées en Italie, au sud-est de la France et de l'Angleterre. Malheureusement, les couches de tuf volcanique sont trop altérées et les minéraux à basse température (glauconite) montrent des âges radiométriques sous-estimés pour le Crétacé inférieur (Fiet et al., 2006), suggérant un délais important dans la formation des glauconites et donc dans la fermeture du chronomètre K-Ar. La majorité des âges de la plus récente échelles des temps géologiques (GTS2012; Gradstein et al., 2012) a été calculée en utilisant une courbe d'ajustement des âges 40Ar/39Ar d’Obradovitch (1993), recalculés par rapport à des standards re-calibrés (Kuiper et al., 2008).
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