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Research Article the Carboniferous Arc of the North Pamir

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Research Article the Carboniferous Arc of the North Pamir GeoScienceWorld Lithosphere Volume 2021, Article ID 6697858, 26 pages https://doi.org/10.2113/2021/6697858 Research Article The Carboniferous Arc of the North Pamir 1 1 2 3 4 Johannes Rembe , Edward R. Sobel , Jonas Kley , Renjie Zhou , Rasmus Thiede , 5 and Jie Chen 1Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm Potsdam, Germany 2Department of Structural Geology and Geodynamics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 3School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia 4Institute for Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany 5State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, X9GJ+RV Chaoyang, Beijing, China Correspondence should be addressed to Johannes Rembe; [email protected] Received 28 October 2020; Accepted 7 January 2021; Published 8 February 2021 Academic Editor: Pierre Valla Copyright © 2021 Johannes Rembe et al. Exclusive Licensee GeoScienceWorld. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). In this study, we investigate the age and geochemical variability of volcanic arc rocks found in the Chinese, Kyrgyz, and Tajik North Pamir in Central Asia. New geochemical and geochronological data together with compiled data from the literature give a holistic view of an early to mid-Carboniferous intraoceanic arc preserved in the northeastern Pamir. This North Pamir volcanic arc complex involves continental slivers in its western reaches and transforms into a Cordilleran-style collision zone with arc- magmatic rocks. These are hosted in part by Devonian to Carboniferous oceanic crust and the metamorphic Kurguvad basement block of Ediacaran age (maximum deposition age) in Tajikistan. We discuss whether a sliver of Carboniferous subduction-related basalts and intruded tonalites close to the Chinese town of Mazar was part of the same arc. LA-ICP-MS U- Pb dating of zircons, together with whole rock geochemistry derived from tonalitic to granodioritic intrusions, reveals a major Visean to Bashkirian intrusive phase between 340 and 320 Ma ago. This clearly postdates Paleozoic arc-magmatic activity in the West Kunlun by ~100 Ma. This observation, along with geochemical evidence for a more pronounced mantle component in the Carboniferous arc-magmatic rocks of the North Pamir, disagrees with the common model of a continuous Kunlun belt from the West Kunlun into the North Pamir. Moreover, Paleozoic oceanic units younger than and west of the Tarim cratonic crust challenge the idea of a continuous cratonic Tarim-Tajik continent beneath the Pamir. 1. Introduction late phase of the India-Asia collision, pushing the Pamir several hundred kilometers toward the north with respect A common model for plate tectonic reconstructions of to Tibet (e.g., Burtman and Molnar [1] and Schwab et al. northern Tibet and the Pamir has been the assumption of a [3]). The Pamir and Tibet formed during the Phanerozoic continuous magmatic belt extending from the West Kunlun as a result of successive accretions of Gondwana-derived into the northern Pamir [1, 2]. However, comparisons crustal blocks. Today, the Pamir and Tibet are part of the between the Paleozoic-early Mesozoic evolution of the poorly India-Asia collision zone—the largest active continental studied North Pamir and the adjacent, well-documented collision. At the longitude of the Pamir, the highest modern West Kunlun belt in northern Tibet reveal significant differ- strain rates are found far to the north, along the Main Pamir ences; these likely explain the different Cenozoic deformation Thrust (MPT) [4, 5]. In contrast, to the east, N-S shortening styles of the adjacent regions. The Pamir orogen is the west- rates within northern Tibet are much smaller [6, 7]; the bulk ward extension of the Tibetan Plateau. A common hypothe- of the convergence is accommodated, along the southern sis is that the Pamir indented into the Tajik-Tarim basin in a margin of Tibet, within the Himalaya. To understand the Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/lithosphere/article-pdf/doi/10.2113/2021/6697858/5292906/6697858.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 2 Lithosphere Cenozoic MPT and hence the difference between Pamir and into the northern reaches of the Hindu Kush/Badakhshan Tibetan deformation styles, it is crucial to understand the region in Afghanistan [32–35]. Oceanic rocks were assigned pre-Cenozoic geologic evolution. to the Kalai Khumb-Oytag basin (KOB), a marginal basin The Pamir has traditionally been subdivided into the of the Paleo-Asian ocean [36]; this has also been named the North, Central, and South Pamir terranes (Figure 1(a)). Kunlun arc [3] or the Pamir arc [33, 37]. Leucocratic granit- The North Pamir terrane was subdivided into the North oids, including tonalites and trondhjemites, are found as Pamir Kunlun, which includes middle Paleozoic basalt, gab- large intrusions within mafic volcanic rocks and are dated bro, and felsic plutons, and the North Pamir Karakul-Mazar as Visean to Bashkirian (338–314 Ma [28–31]). These units terrane, which represents a late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic are inferred to represent the remnants of an intraoceanic arc accretionary wedge intruded by felsic plutons [3, 8]. Despite that marks a phase of intraoceanic subduction and the initial strong deformation and fault dissection, the Chinese Gez closure of an ocean basin [29]. Granitoids in NW Afghanistan valley is today the best-studied locality in the North Pamir. also intrude lower Carboniferous marine strata and yield K- The Karakul-Mazar terrane was correlated with the Ar ages between 335 and 360 Ma ([38] cited in [32]).Whether Songpan-Ganzi-Hoh Xil complex of northern Tibet [9], the small occurrence of mafic volcaniclastic rocks and associ- while the North Pamir Kunlun was correlated with the South ated leucogranites of similar age, found in the Mazar tectonic Kunlun terrane of the West Kunlun in Tibet (e.g., [10, 11]). mélange zone [39] east of the town of Mazar (Figure 1(a), The West Kunlun is subdivided into the North and South “East Mazar”), is part of the KOB must be discussed; this Kunlun terranes, divided by the early Paleozoic Kudi suture. would increase the eastward extension of the basin. The North Kunlun corresponds to the margin of the Protero- In this paper, our new geochemical and geochronological zoic Tarim block [12, 13]. This was described from the Kudi data combined with our literature compilation demonstrates section, the best-studied section crossing the North and that the term North Pamir Kunlun is misleading. There is no South Kunlun south of the town of Kargilik [11, 14, 15]. evidence for a lateral continuation of the North Pamir Devo- However, there is little similarity between the North Pamir nian to Carboniferous arc-magmatic sequence into the South Kunlun and the South Kunlun terrane of the West Kunlun. Kunlun. Therefore, herein, we use the term North Pamir arc There is an ongoing debate about how and which units of as previously used by Bazhenov and Burtman [33], rather the Tibetan Plateau/West Kunlun are the along-strike equiva- than the North Pamir Kunlun. lent of units within the Pamir plateau. Two of those seemingly Rock units of the North Pamir arc experienced variable laterally contiguous structures—the Kudi-Oytag ophiolites degrees of greenschist to lower amphibolite facies metamor- and ophiolites along the Tanymas-Jinsha structure—were phic overprint; higher metamorphic units potentially associ- interpreted as the remnants of former suture zones related to ated with Pennsylvanian to Permian subduction processes the closure of the Proto- and Paleo-Tethys [1, 2, 3, 10, 11, might have been identified by Li et al. [40] in the Tajik 16]. Based on this interpreted lateral continuity, estimates of North Pamir arc (see Discussion). Moreover, a nonmeta- the amount of largely Cenozoic northward indentation of morphic sedimentary succession of upper Permian to the Pamir orogen, with respect to the Tibetan Plateau, were Eocene ages overlies Carboniferous rocks in the Chinese made (e.g., more than 300 km by Burtman and Molnar [1], Qimgan valley (Figure 2) and shows no sign of a major 300–400 km by Burtman [17]). Well-documented early Paleo- post-Carboniferous collisional event affecting the NE Pamir. zoic magmatism, of either syn- or postcollisional nature, is Therefore, the Permo-Triassic Qimgan basin [41] formed thought to be related to the closure of the Proto-Tethys along on a fragment of Carboniferous oceanic crust that is now the Kudi suture zone [18–20], which finally closed between situated in the External Pamir and was affected by thin- 440 Ma (monazite U-Pb age of biotite schist from the Saitula skinned deformation in Cenozoic time. group [13]) and 405 Ma (zircon U-Pb age of the A-type North Following the initial observation that the North Pamir Kudi Pluton [14]). This was followed by a Late Permian to arc of the NE Pamir has many similarities with units further Triassic intense magmatic phase related to the subduction west [42] and little in common with the West Kunlun to the of the Paleo-Tethys and the collision of the Central Pamir- east, the aim of this study is to better constrain the age and Qiangtang block with Asia [14, 19, 21–23], culminating in tectonic affinity of the Carboniferous arc-related rocks. the formation of the Tanymas-Jinsha suture zone (Figure 1) Within this contribution, we present new and compiled geo- between 243 Ma (zircon U-Pb age of anatectic Yuqikapa chemical and geochronological data from locations in the pluton [21]) and 190 Ma (metamorphic zircon U-Pb age Tajik, Kyrgyz, and Chinese North Pamir and document that population in amphibolite facies metasediments from they have a common temporal evolution. We compare this Karakul-Mazar accretionary complex [8]). A phase of volca- data with the well-known tectonothermal events recorded nic quiescence has been proposed between the Silurian and in the West Kunlun.
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