Program 1-D Eclipse-City Along China's Ancient Silk Road From
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Kashgar: Lost in the Mists of Time—A Photo Essay
Oh call back yesterday, bid time return. — Shakespeare, Richard II, 3.2 Every student of the Silk Roads has heard of Kashgar, one of the key nodes in the network of routes crisscrossing Afro-Eurasia. A city with an important if, surprisingly, understudied history, Kashgar has also featured in alarming news reports of recent years. The very fabric of its physical remains and the lives of its inhabitants have been rapidly and inexorably altered by government policies that have provoked moral outrage from those who deeply care about the people who have so been affected. That recent history has been amply documented, often with dramatic photographic evidence of the changes. My purpose is not to engage in the same discussion, even if my photos may be related to it. The brief essay at the end here will provide some references and also indicate my indebtedness to colleagues who have generously answered specific questions or provided a few of the images. Unless otherwise speci- fied, the photos are my own. Copyright © 2020 Daniel C. Waugh and holders of rights The Silk Road 18 (2020): 1–62 2 to specified images Copyright © 2020 The Silk Road House As John Berger reminds us (in his response to Susan Sontag’s On Photography, which he quotes): …[U]nlike memory, photographs do not in themselves preserve meaning. They offer appearances— with all the credibility and gravity we normally lend to appearances—prised away from their meaning. Meaning is the result of understanding functions. ‘And functioning takes place in time, and must be explained in time. -
Ecosystem Services Changes Between 2000 and 2015 in the Loess Plateau, China: a Response to Ecological Restoration
RESEARCH ARTICLE Ecosystem services changes between 2000 and 2015 in the Loess Plateau, China: A response to ecological restoration Dan Wu1, Changxin Zou1, Wei Cao2*, Tong Xiao3, Guoli Gong4 1 Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing, China, 2 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, China, 3 Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China, 4 Shanxi Academy of Environmental Planning, Taiyuan, China a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract The Loess Plateau of China is one of the most severe soil and water loss areas in the world. Since 1999, the Grain to Green Program (GTGP) has been implemented in the region. This OPEN ACCESS study aimed to analyze spatial and temporal variations of ecosystem services from 2000 to Citation: Wu D, Zou C, Cao W, Xiao T, Gong G 2015 to assess the effects of the GTGP, including carbon sequestration, water regulation, (2019) Ecosystem services changes between 2000 soil conservation and sand fixation. During the study period, the area of forest land and and 2015 in the Loess Plateau, China: A response grassland significantly expanded, while the area of farmland decreased sharply. Ecosystem to ecological restoration. PLoS ONE 14(1): services showed an overall improvement with localized deterioration. Carbon sequestration, e0209483. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0209483 water regulation and soil conservation increased substantially. Sand fixation showed a decreasing trend mainly because of decreased wind speeds. There were synergies Editor: Debjani Sihi, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, UNITED STATES between carbon sequestration and water regulation, and tradeoffs between soil conserva- tion and sand fixation. -
Optical and Physical Characteristics of the Lowest Aerosol Layers Over the Yellow River Basin
atmosphere Article Optical and Physical Characteristics of the Lowest Aerosol Layers over the Yellow River Basin Miao Zhang 1,*, Jing Liu 2, Muhammad Bilal 3,* , Chun Zhang 1, Feifei Zhao 1, Xiaoyan Xie 4,5 and Khaled Mohamed Khedher 6,7 1 School of Environmental Science and Tourism, Nanyang Normal University, Wolong Road No.1638, Nan Yang 473061, China; [email protected] (C.Z.); zff@nynu.edu.cn (F.Z.) 2 Lingnan College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; [email protected] 3 School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 2100444, China 4 South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; [email protected] 5 College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China 6 Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 7 Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Superieur des Etudes Technologiques, Campus Universitaire Mrezgua, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (M.B.) Received: 17 September 2019; Accepted: 19 October 2019; Published: 22 October 2019 Abstract: Studying the presence of aerosols in different atmospheric layers helps researchers understand their impacts on climate change, air quality, and human health. Therefore, in the present study, the optical and physical properties of aerosol layers over the Yellow River Basin (YERB) were investigated using the CALIPSO Level 2 aerosol layer products from January 2007 to December 2014. The Yellow River Basin was divided into three sub-regions i.e., YERB1 (the plain region downstream of the YERB), YERB2 (the Loess Plateau region in the middle reaches of the YERB), and YERB3 (the mountainous terrain in the upper reaches of the YERB). -
The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study
The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 The Silk Roads An ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 International Council of Monuments and Sites 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans 94220 Charenton-le-Pont FRANCE ISBN 978-2-918086-12-3 © ICOMOS All rights reserved Contents STATES PARTIES COVERED BY THIS STUDY ......................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... XI 1 CONTEXT FOR THIS THEMATIC STUDY ........................................................................ 1 1.1 The purpose of the study ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to this study ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Global Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Cultural routes ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Serial transnational World Heritage nominations of the Silk Roads .................................................. 3 1.2.4 Ittingen expert meeting 2010 ........................................................................................................... 3 2 THE SILK ROADS: BACKGROUND, DEFINITIONS -
A Brief Introduction of History and Religious Beliefs of Ancient City Gaochang in Western Regions
World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 4 (4): 125-129, 2014 ISSN 2225-0883 © IDOSI Publications, 2014 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjihc.2014.4.4.442 A Brief Introduction of History and Religious Beliefs of Ancient City Gaochang in Western Regions 12Zhu Guoxiang and Sun Xiaobin 1School of Ethnology and Sociology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China, 550025 2International Cultural Exchange Center, Chinese State Bureau of Cultural Relics, Beijing, China 100081 Abstract: The ancient Gaochang’s four different periods of history was told and then in every historical stage of religious belief situation also made a general list. The Buddhism was the dominant religion, while other religions were believed by the residents in Gaochang at the same time. This belief situation was advocated by the Gaochang’s ruling class and its special geographical location, which made Gaochang the place with different religious culture. Key words: Gaochang History Religions Belief China INTRODCTION Xinjiang officially incorporated into the domain of the Chinese territory. In the 48 B.C, because of the fertile soil Gaochang, built in the 1st Century BC the Han in Jiaohe and its the important position, the government Dynasty, was one of the world's religious cultural sent officials and built barracks in Jiaohe and at the treasure. Gaochang was an important site along the Silk same time set troops in Jiaohe, Gaochang. As for the Road. Gaochang played a key role as a transportation explanation of its name, there is an saying in The Book of hub in western China and it was also one of the ancient Wei Dynasty-GaochangHistor, “Because the terrain was Xinjiang's political, cultural and educational centers. -
7 Days Memories of Xinjiang Tour
[email protected] +86-28-85593923 7 days Memories of Xinjiang tour https://windhorsetour.com/silk-road-tour/xinjiang-highlights-tour Urumqi Turpan Kashgar Tashkorgan Urumqi Vist two popular cities in this Xinjiang highlights tour, Turpan and Kashgar. Drive into the deserts of Turpan to explore the relics left by the ancient civilizations, and enjoy a tranquil hiking along the shore of Karakul Lake in Kashgar. Type Private Duration 7 days Theme Natural scenery Trip code XJT-01 Price From US$ 1,061 per person Itinerary Starting from Urumqi, this Xinjiang Highlights tour provides a memorable experience to two must-see cities, Turpan and Kashgar. Cultural heritages and natural landscapes are balanced in this trip. You will be fascinated by the unique scenery of deserts, lakes, and forests while exploring the past civilizations along the ancient Silk Road. The unique Uyghur culture is yet another a highlight of this tour. Day 01 : Arrive Urumqi Travel along the Silk Road to pursue the unique beauty of this ancient and historically important trade route in the world. Explore the past civilizations which have influenced the culture of China, Central Asia and the west for thousands of years. This memorable Silk Road Xinjiang tour starts in the capital of of this province, Urumqi. Upon arrival at the airport or railway station, be assisted to the downtown hotel by your local driver and guide. Have the day to rest or explore this city on your own. Day 02 : Drive to Turpan - Turpan Sightseeing In the morning, drive to Turpan, an oasis city located in the southeast of Urumqi. -
Dissertation JIAN 2016 Final
The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Laada Bilaniuk, Chair Ann Anagnost, Chair Stevan Harrell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology © Copyright 2016 Ge Jian University of Washington Abstract The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Laada Bilaniuk Professor Ann Anagnost Department of Anthropology My dissertation is an ethnographic study of the language politics and practices of college- age English language learners in Xinjiang at the historical juncture of China’s capitalist development. In Xinjiang the international lingua franca English, the national official language Mandarin Chinese, and major Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Kazakh interact and compete for linguistic prestige in different social scenarios. The power relations between the Turkic languages, including the Uyghur language, and Mandarin Chinese is one in which minority languages are surrounded by a dominant state language supported through various institutions such as school and mass media. The much greater symbolic capital that the “legitimate language” Mandarin Chinese carries enables its native speakers to have easier access than the native Turkic speakers to jobs in the labor market. Therefore, many Uyghur parents face the dilemma of choosing between maintaining their cultural and linguistic identity and making their children more socioeconomically mobile. The entry of the global language English and the recent capitalist development in China has led to English education becoming market-oriented and commodified, which has further complicated the linguistic picture in Xinjiang. -
Mosques: Demolition Reports Denied
2 | Tuesday, November 17, 2020 HONG KONG EDITION | CHINA DAILY PAGE TWO The Id Kah Mosque, built in 1442 in Kashgar, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, is one of the largest in China. WENG HUAN / FOR CHINA DAILY Mosques: Demolition reports denied From page 1 mosques and for religious activities. nearby communities visit the and hung over the entrance to the Local governments are required to mosque for the five daily prayers. mosque in 1982, but the characters On July 31, Liu Xiaoming, China’s help mosques improve infrastruc- On a Friday, the Muslim holy day, and designs on it faded and were ambassador to the United Kingdom, ture and provide better services to the number exceeds 300. damaged due to exposure to the sun said in an online news conference followers to ensure that freedom of Following urbanization work in and wind. from London that the allegation religious beliefs is fully protected, Xinjiang in recent years, some The imam added: “In 2017, the that a large number of mosques in the spokesman added. worshippers moved to new homes. plaque was repaired together with Xinjiang had been demolished was At their request, the local authori- other facilities at the mosque. It “nothing but a lie”. Leaking roof ties built new mosques or expand- was moved to its current position “The Jiami Mosque in Yecheng In Tuohula township, Wensu ed existing ones to meet demand, and a large canopy was put up to and the Id Kah Mosque in Yutian, county, Aksu prefecture, Ablikim according to Bekri Yaqub, director prevent the plaque being exposed which it was claimed had been dis- Sadiq said he had felt unsafe every of Yanghang Mosque Democratic to the weather. -
Cultural Tourism
The Value of Cultural Accommodation: Preservation, Promotion and Product Mr. Wong Man Kong, Peter Chairman, Culture Resources Development Co Ltd Executive Chairman, China Chamber of Tourism Silk Road Projects UN Silk Road Projects initiated in 1993 with UNESCO, UNDP and WTO (incorporated in UN in 2004) In 1993, Culture Hotel in Dunhuang Since 1995, Culture Hotel & Culture Tourism Hotel Projects Culture Resources Development Co Ltd www.the-silk-road.com ©2014 All copyrights reserved Overland & Maritime Silk Road Japan S. Korea Dunhuang Istanbul Xian Rome Samarkand Shiraz (CHINA) Guangzhou Quanzhou Alexandria Goa Malacca Aden Attractions of Heritage Facilities along the Silk Road in China Suzhou, Jiangsu Province • Silk production first started in Suzhou • Bonsai flourished and spread to Japan Culture Resources Development Co Ltd www.the-silk-road.com All rights reserved ©2014 Attractions of Heritage Facilities along the Silk Road in China Attractions in Suzhou Culture Resources Development Co Ltd www.the-silk-road.com All rights reserved ©2014 Attractions of Heritage Facilities along the Silk Road in China Xidi Village, Anhui Province • Ancient caravans traded silk and other goods in the inland cities • A cultural hub where “Four Treasures of Study” flourished • UNESCO World Heritage Attractions of Heritage Facilities along the Silk Road in China Attractions in Anhui Province Culture Resources Development Co Ltd www.the-silk-road.com All rights reserved ©2014 Attractions of Heritage Facilities along the Silk Road in China Dunhuang, -
Muztagh Ata 7546M
Muztagh Ata 7546m Technically easy summit over 7500m Stunning peak with incredible views The remote and diverse city of Kashgar TREK OVERVIEW Muztagh Ata meaning ‘The father of ice mountains’, rises Kunlun mountains to the East and the Tien Shan to the out of China’s vast Taklimakan Desert in the Xinjiang North. The ascent involves establishing three camps en Province of China and provides the opportunity to climb a route above Base Camp, all approached without technical mountain over 7500m with minimal technical difficulty. difficulty. The summit day, although technically For those with the appropriate skills, it is often used as a straightforward, will feel exhausting as a result of the stepping stone to an 8000m peak which could include extreme altitude, so a good level of fitness is essential. Everest. Given a clear day, you will be rewarded with tremendous views of the Pamir, the Karakoram and K2. It lies in the centre of the great mountain ranges of Asia, with the Karakoram to the south, the Pamir to the west, the Participation Statement Adventure Peaks recognises that climbing, hill walking and mountaineering are activities with a danger of personal injury or death. Participants in these activities should be aware of and accept these risks and be responsible for their own actions and involvement. Adventure Travel – Accuracy of Itinerary Although it is our intention to operate this itinerary as printed, it may be necessary to make some changes as a result of flight schedules, climatic conditions, limitations of infrastructure or other operational factors. As a consequence, the order or location of overnight stops and the duration of the day may vary from those outlined. -
Molecular Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Chinese Hami Melon and Its Relationship to the Melon Germplasm from Central and South Asia
J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 80 (1): 52–65. 2011. Available online at www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jjshs1 JSHS © 2011 Molecular Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Chinese Hami Melon and Its Relationship to the Melon Germplasm from Central and South Asia Yasheng Aierken1,2, Yukari Akashi1, Phan Thi Phuong Nhi1, Yikeremu Halidan1, Katsunori Tanaka3, Bo Long4, Hidetaka Nishida1, Chunlin Long4, Min Zhu Wu2 and Kenji Kato1* 1Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan 2Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumuqi 830000, China 3Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan 4Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China Chinese Hami melon consists of the varieties cassaba, chandalak, ameri, and zard. To show their genetic diversity, 120 melon accessions, including 24 accessions of Hami melon, were analyzed using molecular markers of nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes. All Hami melon accessions were classified as the large-seed type with seed length longer than 9 mm, like US and Spanish Inodorus melon. Conomon accessions grown in east China were all the small- seed type. Both large- and small-seed types were in landraces from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Central Asia. Analysis of an SNP in the PS-ID region (Rpl16-Rpl14) and size polymorphism of ccSSR7 showed that the melon accessions consisted of three chloroplast genome types, that is, maternal lineages. Hami melon accessions were T/338 bp type, which differed from Spanish melon and US Honey Dew (T/333 bp type), indicating a different maternal lineage within group Inodorus. -
Along the Silk Route Escorted Group Tour 7 September 2017
Along the Silk Route Escorted Group Tour 7 September 2017 Noodle soup, China We are very proud to have received a number of awards over recent years from The Guardian and Observer, The Telegraph newspaper and Ultratravel magazine, and Wanderlust, as voted by their readers. We are a Which? Recommended Provider achieving the maximum five star rating across all categories and have also won awards with The Sunday Times Travel Magazine and Condé Nast Traveller. Additionally, we have achieved two stars from the Best Company organisation for our great working environment. These awards are widely recognised as being the most respected in the travel industry as they are professional surveys of the publications’ readerships. With over 500 travel companies for you to choose from in the UK alone, we hope you find these awards are an additional reassurance of the quality of service you can expect from Audley. Contents Introduction to tour ______________________________ 4 Day by day summary of Along the Silk Route arrangements__ 6 Price _________________________________________ 9 Why travel with us? ______________________________ 10 Introduction to the region _________________________ 11 Photographs of the region __________________________ 18 Your itinerary in detail ____________________________ 20 Accommodation information ________________________ 44 Charity support _________________________________ 51 General information ______________________________ 52 Terms and conditions _____________________________ 55 4 Introduction to our Along the Silk Route tour • Introduction to our Along the Silk Route group tour Following in the footsteps of the great traders and explorers of old, this grand tour takes you along the route of the ancient Silk Road through western China and over the high passes into Central Asia to the fabled khanates of Bukhara and Samarkand.