GLADMAN DEVELOPMENTS LTD

LAND AT STORRIDGE Part of the ES Group WESTBURY WILTSHIRE

Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon SAC pursuant to Regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended)

July 2019 7592.sHRA(2019).vf

ecology solutions for planners and developers

COPYRIGHT

The copyright of this document remains with Ecology Solutions The contents of this document therefore must not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any purpose without the written consent of Ecology Solutions.

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LEGISLATIVE AND PLANNING POLICY BACKGROUND 4

3 SITE LOCATIONS AND BACKGROUND 20

4 CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL / EUROPEAN DESIGNATED SITES 21

5 ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS FOR THE CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL / EUROPEAN DESIGNATED SITES 27

6 AVOIDANCE AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES 44

7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 49

PLANS

PLAN ECO1 Application Site Location in relation to European Designated Sites

PLAN ECO2 Access to Country Parks, Bechstein Woods and Salisbury Plain from the Application Site

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 Wiltshire Council’s Consultation response (6th April 2018)

APPENDIX 2 Flow Diagram from ODPM / Defra Circular

APPENDIX 3 Natura 2000 Standard Data Forms and Citations for European Designated Sites

APPENDIX 4 Nearest Underpinning SSSI Unit Conditions Table

APPENDIX 5 Conservation Objectives for the European designated sites

APPENDIX 6 Supplementary Advice Documents for European designated sites

APPENDIX 7 Extracted Plan 2 from draft Trowbridge Bat Mitigation Strategy

APPENDIX 8 Development Framework Plan (CSA Environmental, September 2017)

Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

1.1.1. Ecology Solutions was commissioned by Gladman Developments Ltd in 2017 to undertake ecological assessment work pursuant to the production of documentation in support of a planning application to be submitted in respect of Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, hereafter referred to as the ‘Application Site’.

1.1.2. Specifically, Ecology Solutions was instructed to assess implications of the Development Proposals on nearby designated sites of European importance, principally Salisbury Plain Special Protection Area (SPA) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC) which is located approximately 3.45km south east of the Application Site and the River Avon SAC which is located approximately 8.36km south of the Application Site.

1.1.3. Other European designated sites are known to be present within the wider vicinity of the Application Site, including the Bath and Bradford On Avon Bats SAC, situated approximately 10.3km to the north of the Application Site at its nearest point. For completeness consideration was also been given to this designated site.

1.1.4. The findings of this assessment work were set out within this ‘Information to enable a Habitats Regulations Assessment’ document, such that the competent authority (in this instance Wiltshire Council) had all the necessary information before it in order to carry out it’s duties in considering the application in line with relevant planning policy and legislation, including specifically The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, as amended (the version of legislation of relevance at the time of submission).

1.1.5. The outline planning application (planning reference: 17/12342/OUT) was submitted on 21st December 2017 for the demolition of number 13 and 14 Storridge Road and the erection of up to 200 dwellings with public open space, landscaping, sustainable drainage system (SuDS) and a vehicular access point from Storridge Road. All matters reserved except for means of access.

1.1.6. A consultation response was received from Wiltshire Council’s ecology officer received on 6th April 2018 that raised concerns with regard to Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford Bats SAC (see Appendix 1).

1.1.7. The application was refused by Wiltshire Council on 6th July 2018 with eight reasons for refusal given. Of which, reason 7 sets out that Wiltshire Council concluded that the development proposals would result in an adverse effect on the integrity on the Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC.

1 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

1.1.8. Reason for refusal 7 is set out below in full:

“7. The Council has screened the proposed development under the Habitats Regulations 2017 and concludes that the submitted ecological survey and assessment and the Shadow Habitats Regulations Assessment is not adequate to support a conclusion of "no likely significant effect" on the Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC. Therefore an appropriate assessment under regulation 63 of the Habitats Regulations is required to determine whether the scheme would lead to an adverse effect on the site's integrity either alone or in- combination with other schemes. The interpretation of the survey results by the applicant is insufficiently precautionary and inconsistent with the interpretation of schemes that have come forward elsewhere in the bat consultation zones. Therefore, the mitigation provided is deemed to be inadequate and unlikely to meet the requirements of the emerging Trowbridge Bat Mitigation Strategy. In light of this, an appropriate assessment undertaken at this time would inevitably conclude there would be an adverse effect on site integrity.

Insufficient information has also been submitted to allow the Council to robustly assess the impact on great crested newts. The pond at the end of Paxman Road is within 225m rather than 280m of the application site, and as it was not possible to undertake surveys of several ponds to the west, a precautionary approach should be taken in relation to the provision of mitigation habitat. Full details should be provided of the approach to the provision of habitat for mitigation / enhancement in order to demonstrate that the provision will be adequate while at the same time achieving other layout requirements.

The proposal would therefore conflict with Core Policy 50 of the Wiltshire Core Strategy and the Council is not satisfied that the proposal would comply with paragraphs 118 and 119 of the NPPF. The Council also submits that it would be unlawful to approve the application in relation to Habitats Regulations 2017.”

1.1.9. In light of issues raised within the consultations and Decision Notice and recent changes to guidance, planning policy, legislation and caselaw a new outline application has been prepared in order to overcome the concerns.

1.1.10. The new outline application is again for the demolition of number 13 and 14 Storridge Road and the erection of up to 200 dwellings with public open space, landscaping, sustainable drainage system (SuDS) and a vehicular access point from Storridge Road. All matters reserved except for means of access.

1.2. Purpose of this Report

1.2.1. FPCR Environment and Design Ltd produced an Ecological Appraisal (October 2017) and undertook update survey and assessment work in 2019 in connection with the Development Proposals. These documents outline the findings of the ecological survey work and

2 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

assessment undertaken at the site. However, a standalone ‘shadow Habitats Regulations Assessment’ has been undertaken by Ecology Solutions in regard of the proximity of the Application Site to International / European designated sites.

1.2.2. Within this document specific regard is had to the tests under Regulation 63(1) of the Habitats Regulations1. Regulation 63(1) is described and considered further in Section 2 of this document.

1.2.3. The proximity of the Application Site to the international / European designated sites is described in detail at Section 3 of this report and is also shown on Plan ECO1.

1.2.4. As part of this assessment, professional judgement has been applied in some instances in order to interpret information. Ecology Solutions’ professional ecologists are qualified to make such judgements where appropriate.

1.2.5. This document assesses the likely significant effects of the Development Proposals associated with the Application Site and where necessary, whether the proposals would give rise to an adverse effect on the Integrity of the designated site as a whole, both alone and in combination with other plans / projects.

1.2.6. The purpose of this report is to provide the Competent Authority with the information required to consider the proposals in line with the test set out in Regulation 63 of the Habitats Regulations. It is the opinion of Ecology Solutions, in the light of all relevant available information, that the development proposals would not adversely affect the integrity of any European designated sites, and as such that consent may be safely granted for the development proposals. The information contained within this report provides all of the detail necessary to enable the Competent Authority to undertake their assessment.

1.3. Application Site Characteristics

1.3.1. The Application Site is located in Westbury, Wiltshire. Existing residential and industrial development is located to the east, south, west and north-west with agricultural fields to the north.

1.3.2. The Application Site itself comprises a single arable field, with residential development to the south and east, plantation woodland and hedgerow to the west beyond which is a trading estate and the northern boundary comprises hedgerow and further arable farmland.

1Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (SI 2017 No. 1012). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/1012/contents/made?view=plain (accessed: 3rd July 2019).

3 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

2. LEGISLATIVE AND PLANNING POLICY BACKGROUND

Legislation and relevant case law

2.1. The proximity of the Application Site to nearby designated sites of European importance means that the EC Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Flora and Fauna (Habitats Directive) and the EC Directive on Wild Birds (Birds Directive) are of relevance. The Directives are transposed in UK legislation through the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017, as amended (‘the Habitats Regulations’).

2.2. The relevant Directives and corresponding UK legislation are discussed below.

Habitats and Birds Directives

2.3. Under the EC Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Flora and Fauna, commonly referred to as the Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC), Member States are required to take special measures to maintain the distribution and abundance of certain priority habitats and species (listed in Annexes I and II of the Directive). In particular, each Member State is required to designate the most suitable sites as SACs. All such SACs will form part of the Natura 2000 network under article 3(1) of the Habitats Directive.

2.4. Article 2(3) sets out that member states have a duty, in exercising their obligations under the Habitats Directive to:

“.. take account of economic, social and cultural requirements and local characteristics.”

2.5. Under the EC Directive on Wild Birds (the Birds Directive) (Council Directive 79/409/EEC), Member States are required to take special measures to conserve the habitats of certain rare species of birds (listed in Annex I of the Directive) and regularly occurring migratory birds. In particular each Member State is required to classify the most suitable areas of such habitats as Special Protection Areas (SPAs). This is designed to protect wild birds, and to provide sufficient diversity of habitats for all species so as to maintain populations at an ecologically sound level. All Bird Directive SPAs will also be part of the Natura 2000 network under article 3(1) of the Habitats Directive

2.6. Thus there is an obligation under the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive for member states to designate sites before turning to measures for their protection.

2.7. Article 6(2) requires member states to take appropriate steps to avoid the deterioration of natural habitats and disturbance of species for which the sites have been designated, in so far as the disturbance could be significant in relation to the objectives of the Directive. Article 6(3) and Article 6(4) require that a plan or project not directly connected with the management of the site, but likely to have a significant effect upon it, either individually or in

4 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

combination with other plans or projects, must be subject to an appropriate assessment of its implications on the site, in view of the sites conservation objectives.

2.8. Having undertaken an appropriate assessment, the competent authority may agree to a plan or project where it can be concluded that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site. In light of a negative assessment on the implications for the integrity of the site, Article 6(4) provides that the plan or project may still proceed where it can be demonstrated that there are no alternatives and there are imperative reasons of over-riding public interest as to why it must proceed. In the event that a plan or project is to proceed on the basis of imperative reasons of over-riding public interest, by direction of Article 6(4), compensatory measures must be put in place to ensure that the overall coherence of the Natura 2000 network is protected.

The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended)

2.9. The Habitats Regulations, transpose the requirements of the Habitats Directive and Birds Directive into UK legislation. The Habitats Regulations aim to protect a network of sites in the UK that have rare or important habitats and species in order to safeguard biodiversity.

2.10. Under the Habitats Regulations, Competent Authorities have a duty to ensure that all the activities they regulate have no adverse effect on the integrity of any of the Natura 2000 sites. Regulation 63 of the Habitats Regulations requires that:

2.11. “63(1) A competent authority, before deciding to undertake, or give any consent, permission or other authorisation for a plan or project, which:-

2.12. (a) is likely to have a significant effect on a European site or a European offshore marine site (either alone or in combination with other plans or projects) and

2.13. (b) is not directly connected with or necessary for the management of the site,

2.14. must make an appropriate assessment of the implications of the plan or project for that site in view of that site’s conservation objectives.

2.15. 63(3) The competent authority must for the purposes of the assessment consult the appropriate nature conservation body and have regard to any representations made by that body within such reasonable time as the authority specifies.

2.16. 63(5) In the light of the conclusions of the assessment, and subject to regulation 64, the authority may agree to the plan or project only after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the European site or the European offshore marine site (as the case may be).

2.17. 63(6) In considering whether a plan or project will adversely affect the integrity of the site, the authority must have regard to the manner in which it

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is proposed to be carried out or to any conditions or restrictions subject to which it proposes that the consent, permission or other authorisation should be given.”

2.18. Regulation 63 of the Habitats Regulations therefore sets out a two-stage process. The first test is to determine whether the plan / project is likely to have a significant effect on the European site, the second test (if applicable) is to determine whether the plan / project will affect the integrity of the European site.

2.19. Some key concepts of the Habitats Directive and Habitats Regulations have been clarified through case law. The most pertinent cases in relation to Development Proposals are the “Waddenzee Judgment” and the Sweetman Cases. These are discussed below.

2.20. Key Case Law

Waddenzee Judgement

2.21. In the ‘Waddenzee’ case the European Court of Justice considered the trigger for ‘Appropriate Assessment’. It decided that an appropriate assessment is required for a plan or project where there is a probability or a risk that it will have a significant effect on the SPA. The Judgement states [at paragraph 3(a)] that:

“…any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the site is to be subject to an appropriate assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site’s conservation objectives if it cannot be excluded, on the basis of objective information, that it will have a significant effect on that site, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects.”

2.22. Hence the need for an appropriate assessment should be determined on a precautionary basis.

2.23. The Judgement gives clarity that the test of ‘likely significant effect’ should also be undertaken in view of the European sites conservation objectives. It is stated at paragraph 3(b) that:

“where a plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of a site is likely to undermine the site’s conservation objectives, it must be considered likely to have a significant effect on that site.”

2.24. Paragraph 4 of the Judgement emphasises the requirement for the appropriate assessment to rely on objective scientific information:

“…an appropriate assessment…implies that, prior to its approval, all the aspects of the plan or project which can, by themselves or in combination with other plans or projects, affect the site's conservation objectives must be identified in the light of the best scientific knowledge in the field. The competent national authorities, taking

6 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

account of the appropriate assessment of the implications…for the site concerned in the light of the site's conservation objectives, are to authorise such an activity only if they have made certain that it will not adversely affect the integrity of that site. That is the case where no reasonable scientific doubt remains as to the absence of such effects.”

Sweetman Case

2.25. Further guidance in relation to the consideration of impacts in the light of the Habitats Regulations is provided in the Sweetman case. The case as set out by the Advocate General considered in detail the test for likely significant effect in paragraphs 50 and 51:

“50. The test which that expert assessment must determine is whether the plan or project in question has ‘an adverse effect on the integrity of the site’, since that is the basis on which the competent national authorities must reach their decision. The threshold at this (the second) stage is noticeably higher than that laid down at the first stage. That is because the question (to use more simple terminology) is not ‘should we bother to check’ (the question at the first stage) but rather ‘what will happen to the site if this plan or project goes ahead; and is that consistent with “maintaining or restoring the favourable conservation status” of the habitat or species concerned’…

51. It is plan, however, that the threshold laid down at this stage of Article 6(3) may not be set too high, since the assessment must be undertaken having rigorous regard to the precautionary principle. That principle applies where there is uncertainty as to the existence or extent of risks. The competent national authorities may grant authorisation to a plan or project only if they are convinced that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned. If doubt remains as to the absence of adverse effects, they must refuse authorisation.”

2.26. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) agreed with the Advocate General’s conclusions, and held:

“40. Authorisation for a plan or project, as referred to in Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive, may therefore be given only on condition that the competent authorities – once all aspects of the plan or project have been identified which can, by themselves or in combination with other plans or projects, affect the conservation objectives of the site concerned, and in the light of the best scientific knowledge in the field – are certain that the plan or project will not have lasting adverse effects on the integrity of that site. That is so where no reasonable scientific doubt remains as to the absence of such effects.”

2.27. Hence a plan or project may be authorised only if no reasonable scientific doubt remains as to the absence of effects. Reasonable scientific doubt will exist if the evidence is not sufficiently conclusive, or if there are gaps in the information.

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People over Wind (Sweetman II) [C323/17]

2.28. This CJEU judgment concerned a Preliminary Ruling in Case C-323/17. A request for a preliminary ruling was made to the CJEU concerning the interpretation of Article 6(3) of Council Directive 92/43/EEC (the Habitats Directive). The request was made in relation to proceedings brought by ‘People Over Wind’, and Mr Peter Sweetman against Coillte Teoranta. The ruling is as follows:

“Article 6(3) of Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora must be interpreted as meaning that, in order to determine whether it is necessary to carry out, subsequently, an appropriate assessment of the implications, for a site concerned, of a plan or project, it is not appropriate, at the screening stage, to take account of the measures intended to avoid or reduce the harmful effects of the plan or project on that site.”

2.29. The ruling from the CJEU, departs from previous domestic jurisprudence (in particular the Dilly Lane Decision), where it was deemed acceptable to include consideration of any mitigation / avoidance measures, which formed an integral part of the plan or project, when considering the first stage of assessment and screening for likely significant effects on a European site (or Ramsar site). In that case, where it could be concluded that no likely significant effect arises there was no recourse to move to Appropriate Assessment and address the Integrity test.

2.30. In view of this ruling from the CJEU, in addressing the test at Regulation 63(1) of the Habitats Regulations, it is necessary to undertake the screening assessment in the absence of any consideration of avoidance or mitigation measures.

ESB Wind Developments (Sweetman III) [Case C‑ 164/17]

2.31. In this case a request for a preliminary ruling was made to the CJEU concerning the interpretation of Articles 6(3) and 6(4) of Council Directive 92/43/EEC (the Habitats Directive). The request was made in relation to proceedings brought by Mr Peter Sweetman and Edel Grace against the decision of An Bord Pleanála (National Planning Appeals Board, Ireland) concerning the latter’s decision to grant ESB Wind Developments Ltd and Coillte permission for a wind farm project within an SPA. The ruling was handed down on 25th July 2018.

2.32. This ruling distinguishes between, for the purpose of the application of Articles 6(3) and 6(4) of the Directive, ‘mitigation’ that consists of measures intended to avoid or reduce harm to the protected site, and measures intended to compensate for any harm (Compensatory measures). It is stated:

“Article 6 of Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora must be interpreted as meaning that, where it is intended to carry out a project

8 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

on a site designated for the protection and conservation of certain species, of which the area suitable for providing for the needs of a protected species fluctuates over time, and the temporary or permanent effect of that project will be that some parts of the site will no longer be able to provide a suitable habitat for the species in question, the fact that the project includes measures to ensure that, after an appropriate assessment of the implications of the project has been carried out and throughout the lifetime of the project, the part of the site that is in fact likely to provide a suitable habitat will not be reduced and indeed may be enhanced may not be taken into account for the purpose of the assessment that must be carried out in accordance with Article 6(3) of the directive to ensure that the project in question will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned; that fact falls to be considered, if need be, under Article 6(4) of the directive.”

2.33. The ruling clarifies (in the context of the specifics of that project) what constitutes mitigation and what should correctly be termed compensation. It confirms that mitigation should be subject to Appropriate Assessment under article 6(3) but that measures designed to compensate for any harm rather than prevent it, cannot be considered under article 6(3) (Appropriate Assessment). In such instances, the proposal must be considered under article 6(4) and thus it cannot be permitted unless there are, “Imperative Reasons of Overriding Public Interest”.

Holohan Judgment

2.34. In the case of Holohan v. An Bord Pleanála the CJEU considered the appropriate assessment procedure to be adopted when considering potential impacts on a European Site. In considering this case, the CJEU ruled, amongst other matters:

a) An appropriate assessment (AA) must catalogue the entirety of the habitat types and species for which a site is protected.

b) It must also identify and examine the implications of the proposed project for the species present on that site and for which that site has not been listed. Additionally, it must examine the implications for habitat types and species outside the boundaries of the protected site, insofar as those implications are liable to affect the site’s Conservation Objectives.

c) Where the competent authority rejects findings of an expert that additional information must be obtained, the Appropriate Assessment must include a detailed statement dispelling all reasonable scientific doubt concerning effects on the protected site.

2.35. This assessment document is fully compliant with the relevant parts of the Holohan Judgment. The qualifying interest features are referred to wherever appropriate (described in detail at paragraphs 3.1 to 3.6 of this assessment report). The relevant information, as submitted to Europe relating to such matters, is included at Annex 2 and referenced where

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appropriate. Consideration has been given to implications for habitats and species located outside of the SPA / SAC, with reference to the site’s Conservation Objectives and the possibility that an adverse effect on the integrity of the site could arise.

Guidance and other Relevant Documents

2.36. Guidance on the interpretation of key terms and concepts contained within the European and UK legislation of relevance to European designated sites is provided through several documents issued by the European Commission and national organisations such as the JNCC and Natural England. This guidance is discussed below.

Natura Standard Data Forms

2.37. A standard reporting format has been developed for Natura 2000 sites (SACs and SPAs) to ensure that the relevant site selection information is reported and stored in a consistent manner which can be easily made available.

2.38. A standard reporting form for SPAs and SACs was developed by the European Commission and published in 1996. The form is used for all sites designated, or proposed to be designated as SPAs and SACs under the relevant Directives, with the information to be stored on a central database.

2.39. Article 4 of the Habitats Directive provides the legal basis for providing the data. Article 4 states that information shall include a map of the site, its name, location, extent and the data resulting from application of the criteria specified in Annex III and that this shall be provided in a format established by the Commission.

2.40. Whilst it is the relevant country agency (i.e. Natural England) that is responsible for designating a site, it is the JNCC who are responsible for collating the lists of European and international designated sites, together with relevant supporting information. The Nature 2000 Data Forms for SPAs and SACs are therefore made available by the JNCC.

2.41. Within the explanatory notes for Natura Standard Data Forms (European Commission 1996) the following “main objectives” of the Natura data form / database are given:

1. “to provide the necessary information to enable the Commission, in partnership with the Member States, to co-ordinate measures to create a coherent NATURA 2000 network and to evaluate its effectiveness for the conservation of Annex I habitats and for the habitats of species listed in Annex II of Council Directive 92/43/EEC as well as the habitats of Annex I bird species and other migratory bird species covered by Council Directive 79/409/EEC.”

2. “to provide information which will assist the Commission in other decision making capacities to ensure that the NATURA 2000

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network is fully considered in other policy areas and sectors of the Commission's activities in particular regional, agricultural, energy, transport and tourism policies.”

3. “to assist the Commission and the relevant committees in choosing actions for funding under LIFE and other financial instruments where data relevant to the conservation of sites, such as ownership and management practice, are likely to facilitate the decision making process.”

4. “to provide a useful forum for the exchange and sharing of information on habitats and species of Community interest to the benefit of all Member States.”

Managing Natura 2000 Sites (European Communities 2000)

2.42. The document entitled “Managing Natura 2000 Sites the provisions of article 6 of the Habitats Directive 92/43/CEE”, published by the European Commission in 2000, provides guidelines to the Member States on the interpretation of certain key concepts used in Article 6 of the Habitats Directive. It should be noted that the section relating to Article 6(4) has subsequently been replaced through the publication of a further guidance document by the European Commission in 2007 entitled “Guidance document on Article 6(4) of the ‘Habitats Directive’, which is considered below under the relevant heading.

2.43. This document states at Section 2.3.3 that conservation measures must correspond to the ecological requirements of the habitats and species present for which the site is designated and that these requirements “involve all the ecological needs necessary to ensure their favourable conservation status”.

2.44. At section 3.5 the guidance states, in relation to deterioration and disturbance of habitats or species:

“Deterioration or disturbance is assessed against the conservation status of species and habitats concerned. At a site level, the maintenance of the favourable conservation status has to be evaluated against the initial conditions provided in the Natura 2000 standard data forms when the site was proposed for selection or designation, according to the contribution of the site to the ecological coherence of the network. This notion should be interpreted in a dynamic way according to the evolution of the conservation status of the habitat or the species.”

2.45. Section 4.4.1 sets out that in determining what may constitute a likely ‘significant’ effect one should take into account the conservation objectives for the site and other relevant baseline information. In the second paragraph of this section of the document it is stated:

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“In this regard, the conservation objectives of a site as well as prior or baseline information about it can be very important in more precisely identifying conservation sensitivities.”

2.46. Section 4.5.3 of the document sets out the duty of member states to provide certain specific information in support of the inclusion of a site within the Natura 2000 network. This information is to be provided in a format specified by the European Commission (the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form).

2.47. A link is drawn between the Standard Data Form and the formation of the sites conservation objectives within the text box at the end of section 4.5.3 of the guidance where it is stated:

“The information provided according to the standard data form established by the Commission forms the basis for a Member State’s establishment of the site’s conservation objectives.”

2.48. With regard to an assessment of the effects of a plan / project on the integrity of a site, the ‘integrity of the site’ is defined at Section 4.6.3 as:

“… the coherence of the site’s ecological structure and function, across the whole area, or the habitats, complex of habitats and / or populations of species for which the site is or will be classified.”

2.49. The guidance is clear, within the text box at the foot of page 39, that an assessment as to the implications of the plan / project on the integrity of the site should be limited to an assessment against the sites conservation objectives:

“The integrity of the site involves its ecological functions. The decision as to whether it is adversely affected should focus on and be limited to the site’s conservation objectives.”

2.50. Section 5 of the document deals with Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive. Note that this section has been expanded upon, and replaced by further guidance issued by the European Commission entitled “Guidance document on Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC” (2007). This document is dealt with below at paragraphs 2.57 – 2.61.

Assessment of Plans and Projects Significantly Affecting Natura 2000 sites- Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (European Commission 2001)

2.51. This document, published by the European Commission in 2001, gives guidance on carrying out and reviewing those assessments required under Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive. It is provided as supplementary guidance and does not over-ride or replace any of that set out within Managing Natura 2000 (European Commission 2000) which as stated at page 6 of the document, “is the starting point for the interpretation of the key terms and phrases contained in the Habitats Directive”. The guidance provided is not mandatory and it is clearly set out that its use is “optional

12 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

and flexible” and that it is for “Member States to determine the procedural requirements deriving from the directive”.

2.52. The guidance sets out the key stages in following the tests contained within the Habitats Directive. Pertinent to this application, stages one and two are relevant. Stage one is the screening stage assessing the likelihood of a plan / project resulting in a significant effect upon the European site. The second comprises the appropriate assessment.

2.53. Section 3.2.4 is concerned with Appropriate Assessment and specifically, the assessment against the conservation objectives of the European Site. Box 9 provides a list of five example conservation objectives for differing broad habitat types. One such example, that for a coastal site, taken from Box 9 is provided below:

“to maintain the status of the European features of this coastal site in favourable condition, allowing for natural change. Features include coastal shingle vegetation and lagoons (within a candidate special area of conservation (SAC), which is also an SPA).”

Internal Guidance to decisions on ‘Site Integrity’: A framework for provision of advice to competent authorities (English Nature 2004)

2.54. Natural England (formerly English Nature) has produced an internal guidance document on the provision of advice to competent authorities regarding the concept of “site integrity” in undertaking an appropriate assessment.

2.55. This guidance sets out a definition for integrity. It states that integrity is considered at the site level and gives the following definition, as taken from PPG9:

“The coherence of its ecological structure and function, across its whole area, that enables it to sustain the habitat, complex of habitats and / or levels of populations of the species for which it was classified”.

2.56. Integrity is further defined within section 3.0 where it is stated that:

“In a dynamic context ‘integrity’ can be considered as a site having a sense of resilience and ability to evolve in ways that are favourable to conservation.”

2.57. The need to maintain, or restore the site to, favourable conservation status is dealt with in the final paragraph of section 3.0. Natural England quotes guidance issued jointly by the Environment Agency, English Nature and Countryside Council for Wales (now Natural Resources Wales).

2.58. The guidance provides a checklist within section 4.1, for assessing the likelihood of an adverse effect on integrity occurring as a result of the proposed plan / project. It is stated that if the answer to all of the questions posed within the checklist is “yes” then it is reasonable to conclude that

13 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

there will be no adverse effect upon integrity. In the event that one or more of the answers is no, then the guidance suggests a series of further site specific factors, listed at 4.2 – 4.7.

Common Standards Monitoring (JNCC February 2004)

2.59. Common Standards Monitoring is a means by which condition objectives for habitats, species, or other features of designated sites (e.g. SSSIs and SPAs) are set based on key attributes of the features.

2.60. The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and the country Conservation Agencies (e.g. Natural England) developed guidance on the setting and assessing of condition objectives, as required under the Birds and Habitats Directives and set out a framework for this in 1999. This framework is provided in the form of Common Standards Monitoring (CSM) guidance which comprises a suite of documents including an “Introduction to the Guidance Manual on Common Standards Monitoring” and several species / habitat specific documents. The Introduction to the Guidance Manual covers various relevant concepts and terms. It also provides a background to the setting of conservation objectives and sets out the desired approach to setting targets, monitoring, management and reporting on conservation measures in designated sites.

2.61. The Introduction to CSM Guidance and CSM guidance for individual site attributes set out specific criteria regarding the identification of interest features, targets and methods of assessment. There is in-built flexibility and allowances for 'judgements to be made' when assessing, for example, favourable condition.

2.62. It is understood that Natural England applies the Common Standards Monitoring approach to European designated sites through an assessment of the SSSI unit condition. This is undertaken on a cycle of approximately 6 years. The assessment does not relate to the Conservation Objectives of the European site, but provides a tool for tailoring future management of the SSSI such that favourable condition of the interest features can be maintained or restored as appropriate.

National Planning Policy Framework (2018) and ODPM / Defra Circular (ODPM & Defra, 2005)

2.63. Paragraphs 170, 174 and 176 of the National Planning Policy Framework (2019) are of direct relevance. Paragraph 174 is concerned with the hierarchy of international, national and locally designated sites and paragraph 170 states such sites should be protected in “a manner commensurate with their statutory status or identified quality”. Paragraph 176 asserts that Ramsar sites, proposed SPAs, SACs and sites providing compensatory measures for adverse effects on “habitats” sites should be afforded the same level of protection as classified SPAs and designated SACs.

2.64. Guidance on the determination of whether an effect on a European designated site is likely to be significant, together with the scope of

14 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

appropriate assessments and ascertaining the effect on the integrity are provided within the DEFRA Circular (ODPM & DEFRA, 2005). This DEFRA Circular was published in relation to Planning Policy Statement 9 (PPS(9), which was superseded by the National Planning Policy Framework (2012 and 2018). However, the National Planning Policy Framework retained reference to the DEFRA Circular (2005).

2.65. With respect to the significance test, the DEFRA Circular states at paragraph 13 that:

“The decision as to whether an appropriate assessment is necessary should be made on a precautionary basis”.

2.66. The Waddenzee Judgment is specifically referred to at paragraph 13 of the Circular. With regards to the need to undertake an appropriate assessment; this is only required where it is not possible to conclude, on the basis of objective information, that the plan / project will not have a significant effect on the European site, either individually or in combination with other plans / projects.

2.67. Paragraph 14 clarifies that in considering the likely significance of an effect, the decision taker should assess whether the effect would be significant in terms of the sites conservation objectives.

2.68. Paragraph 15 clarifies the importance of assessing the likely significant effect on each of the interest features for which the site is designated.

2.69. Guidance on the scope of an Appropriate Assessment is provided at paragraph 17:

“If the decision-taker concludes that a proposed development (not directly connected with or necessary to the management of a site) is likely to significantly affect a European site, they must make an appropriate assessment of the implications of the proposal for the site in view of the site’s conservation objectives. These relate to each of the interest features for which the site was classified…The scope and content of an appropriate assessment will depend on the nature, location, duration and scale of the proposed project and the interest features of the relevant site. It is important that an appropriate assessment is made in respect of each interest feature for which the site is classified; and for each designation where a site is classified under more than one international obligation…”

2.70. At paragraph 20 the definition of “integrity” for the purpose of interpreting the tests contained within the Habitats Regulations is given as:

“The integrity of a site is the coherence of its ecological structure and function, across its whole area, that enables it to sustain the habitat, complex of habitats and/or the levels of populations of the species for which it was classified.”

15 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

2.71. The DEFRA Circular includes a flow diagram (see Appendix 2) setting out the series of steps competent authorities are required to take in considering proposals affecting internationally designated nature conservation sites. This is based on the information and flow charts given in guidance issued by the European Commission (European Commission Environment DG, 2001).

2.72. The information contained within this report follows the steps outlined in the flow diagram and takes account of the EC guidance on the basis of information currently available on the nature of the development in relation to those Internationally Designated Nature Conservation Sites identified within this assessment. Professional judgement has been applied to interpret this information within the context of the sites’ conservation objectives and the criteria under which they are designated.

Guidance document on Article 6(4) of the ‘Habitats Directive’ (European Commission 2007)

2.73. This document, published by the European Commission in 2007, is intended to provide clarification on key terms / concepts as referred to within “Managing Natura 2000 Sites” and replaces the section on Article 6(4) within that earlier document.

2.74. The Guidance document covers, in particular, the concepts of Alternative Solutions, Imperative Reasons of Overriding Public Interest, Compensation Measures, Overall coherence and the Opinion of the Commission.

2.75. With regard to ensuring the quality of an appropriate assessment, and to define exactly what needs to be compensated, it is stated at Section 1.3 that:

“Assessment procedures of plans or projects likely to affect Natura 2000 sites should guarantee full consideration of all elements contributing to the site integrity and to the overall coherence of the network, both in the definition of the baseline conditions and in the stages leading to identification of potential impacts, mitigation measures and residual impacts. These determine what has to be compensated, both in quality and quantity.”

2.76. The need to use information contained within the Natura Standard Data Form, in tandem with the sites conservation objectives when undertaking an appropriate assessment is specifically referred to (under the second hyphenated point at Section 1.3 on page 5).

2.77. Section 1.3.2 gives guidance on the application of Article 6(4) in respect of reasons of overriding public importance and Section 1.4.1 gives guidance on the application of Article 6(4) in respect of compensatory measures.

16 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

Managing Natura 2000 Sites – The provisions of Article 6 of the habitats Directive 92/43/EEC

2.78. In January 2019 the European Commission published updated guidance in relation to managing Natura 2000 sites, following initial guidance published in 2000 (see above).

2.79. The primary purpose of the revision was to incorporate relevant rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) which have been issued since the initial guidance was published in 2000. It also integrates, into a single document, other relevant European Commission notes / guidance documents. Those key rulings (of the Court of Justice of the EU) and other relevant European Commission notes / guidance are discussed above in this report. The revised guidance provides clarifications of key concepts to Member State, authorities and stakeholders involved in the management of Natura 2000 sites (e.g. SPAs and SACs).

Guidance on the application of the precautionary principle

2.80. As discussed above, relevant case law makes it clear that in applying the relevant tests of the Habitats Regulations, there is a need for certainty, both regarding the nature and extent of predicted effects on integrity and in relation to the effectiveness of any preventative measures relied upon. Furthermore, enshrined within the Habitats Directive and Regulations (though not explicitly set out in either), based upon article 191 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is the need to apply the Precautionary Principle when assessing the risks posed to the integrity of the site/s. If a risk of significant effect to the integrity of a site cannot be excluded on the basis of objective information, then application of the precautionary principle requires no consent to be given for such a project. The Precautionary Principle is not however without limits. It cannot be based on a purely hypothetical approach founded simply on conjecture. A preventive measure, may be taken only if the risk appears nevertheless to be adequately backed up by scientific data available at the time the measure is taken.

2.81. Moreover, the document titled “Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle” (2000) provides useful guidance in relation to the application of the Precautionary Principle in relation to European sites issues. Paragraph 6, sets out the six key matters for consideration when applying the Precautionary Principle. Paragraph 6 states:

“Where action is deemed necessary [emphasis added], measures based on the precautionary principle should be, inter alia:

- proportional to the chosen level of protection, - non-discriminatory in their application, - consistent with similar measures already taken, - based on an examination of the potential benefits and costs of action or lack of action (including, where appropriate and feasible, an economic cost/benefit analysis), - subject to review, in the light of new scientific data, and

17 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

- capable of assigning responsibility for producing the scientific evidence necessary for a more comprehensive risk assessment.”

2.82. Under these bulleted points, the guidance gives specific definitions in relation to each of the above at pages 4 and 5, with further detail provided within section 6.

2.83. In accordance with the Communication from the Commission it is clear that when they are deemed necessary, risk reduction measures should be proportionate and must not aim at zero risk. It is stated at section 6.3.1 of the Communication from the Commission that:

“The measures envisaged must make it possible to achieve the appropriate level of protection. Measures based on the precautionary principle must not be disproportionate to the desired level of protection and must not aim at zero risk, something which rarely exists. However, in certain cases, an incomplete assessment of the risk may considerably limit the number of options available to the risk managers.”

2.84. With reference to not aiming “at zero risk” in applying the precautionary principle, the judgement of the Appeal Court in the case of Morge vs Hampshire County Council [2010] EWCA Civ 608 is relevant. Lord Justice Ward considered what the level of disturbance was required in the Article 12(1)(b) and at paragraph 35 he described the level or risk of threatened habitat and species stating that:

“… It must be certain, that is to say, identifiable. It must be real, not fanciful.”

2.85. This is understood to mean that for the level of risk to be real and identifiable, it must be based upon objective evidence to substantiate the risk. Ecology Solutions does of course note the legal tests as set out within the case law described above and the need for certainty as to the absence of effects (for example). However, as part of the assessment process, in considering the available scientific information it is necessary to assess real (identifiable) risks as opposed to those of a purely hypothetical nature with no scientific grounding.

2.86. It is acknowledged that this case went before the Supreme Court [2011] UKSC 2 where Lord Brown was not in agreement with all parts of Lord Justice Wards’ judgement, but nevertheless did not expressly disagree with paragraph 35.

2.87. The Precautionary Principle, its role in law and policy and its application was subject to review in 20172 for Science for Environment Policy on behalf of the European Commission. The research presented within the review

2Science for Environment Policy (2017) The Precautionary Priniple: decision making under uncertainty. Future Brief 18. Produced for the European Commission DG Environment by the Science Communication Unit, UWE, Bristol. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/science- environment-policy

18 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

shows that the Precautionary Principle is not a fixed rule but is rather a tool to be used when approaching uncertainties as part of the decision making process.

Conservation Objectives

2.88. The Conservation Objectives for SPAs and SACs are published by Natural England. Those for Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC are included at Annex 2. Also included at Annex 2 is a copy of the “Supplementary advice on conserving and restoring site features”, specific to these designated sites and published by Natural England on 10th February 2019.

19 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

3. SITE LOCATIONS AND BACKGROUND

3.1. Salisbury Plain SPA / SAC

3.1.1. The Salisbury Plain SPA/SAC is located approximately 3.45km south east of the Application Site at its closest point.

3.1.2. Salisbury Plain SPA covers an area of 19688.88ha. Salisbury Plain SAC covers an area of 21465.94ha. The relevant Natura 2000 Standard Data Forms for the SPA and SAC are included at Appendix 3.

3.1.3. The Salisbury Plain SPA comprises Salisbury Plain SSSI. The Salisbury Plain SAC comprises Parsonage Down SSSI, Porton Down SSSI and Salisbury Plain SSSI.

3.2. River Avon SAC

3.2.1. The River Avon SAC is located approximately 8.36km south of the Application Site at its closest point.

3.2.2. River Avon SAC covers an area of 416.57ha. The Natura 2000 Standard Data Form for the site is included at Appendix 3.

3.2.3. River Avon SAC comprises Jones's Mill SSSI, Lower Woodford Water Meadows SSSI, Porton Meadows SSSI, River Avon System SSSI and River Till SSSI.

3.3. Bath & Bradford on Avon Bats SAC

3.3.1. The Bath & Bradford on Avon Bats SAC is located approximately 10.5km north west of the Application Site at its closest point.

3.3.2. Bath & Bradford on Avon Bats SAC covers an area of 106.45ha. The Natura 2000 Standard Data Form for the site is included at Appendix 3.

3.3.3. Bath & Bradford on Avon Bats SAC comprises Box Mine SSSI, Brown's Folly SSSI, Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines SSSI and Winsley Mines SSSI.

3.4. There are no other international / European designated sites which are considered to be of relevance to this assessment.

3.5. Relationship between the SPA / SACs and the Application Site

3.5.1. The relationship between the SPA / SACs named above is shown graphically on Plan ECO1.

20 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

4. CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL / EUROPEAN DESIGNATED SITES

Salisbury Plain SPA / SAC

4.1. SPA Qualifying Features

4.1.1. The SPA contains the largest expanse of unimproved chalk downland in north west Europe. It comprises a mosaic of eight NVC community types. The sites also contains small blocks of woodland and scrub.

4.1.2. The Salisbury Plain SAC qualifies under Article 4.1 of EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the Birds Directive) as it regularly supports nationally important populations of Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus (breeding) and Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (non-breeding). It also qualifies as a SPA as it supports nationally important breeding populations of Quail Coturnix coturnix (breeding) and Eurasian Hobby Falco Subbuteo (breeding). Other Annex 1 species occurring in small numbers include Merlin Falco columbarius, Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus and Montagu’s harrier Circus pygargus.

4.2. SAC Qualifying Features

4.2.1. The SAC is considered the largest surviving semi-natural dry grassland in Europe. It supports a variety of grassland communities, including extensive areas of Upright Brome Bromopsis erecta grassland. It is also considered the best remaining example of lowland Juniper scrub on chalk in the UK.

4.2.2. The Salisbury Plain SAC qualifies under Article 4(4) of the Habitats Directive on account of it supporting the Annex I habitats “Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands (Juniper on heaths or calcareous grasslands), semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies: on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (dry grasslands and scrublands on chalk or limestone)” and “semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies: on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (important orchid sites) (dry grasslands and scrublands on chalk or limestone, including important orchid sites)”.

4.2.3. It also qualifies under Article 4(4) on account of it hosting the following Annex II species:

• Marsh Fritillary Euphydryas (Eurodryas, Hypodryas) aurinia

4.2.4. Of the above listed qualifying features semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies: on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (important orchid sites) is noted as an Annex I priority habitat.

21 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

4.3. Condition of SPA/SAC Habitats

4.3.1. Habitat information for each of the management units of the Parsonage Down SSSI, Porton Down SSSI and Salisbury Plain SSSI are given within the ‘condition assessment comment’ of which the closest (Salisbury Plain SSSI) is included at Appendix 4.

4.3.2. Combined there are currently 127 management units. There is a relatively even split between those units considered in favourable condition (61) and in unfavourable, recovering condition (63). One unit is partially destroyed while two have not been assessed.

4.3.3. Only the units within Salisbury Plain SSSI are relevant to the SPA designation. Of these most are considered favourable (54), many unfavourable and recovering (42), with one partially destroyed and two not assessed.

4.3.4. For clarity, the unit in closest proximity to the Application Site (part of Salisbury Plain SSSI) is classified as being in favourable condition.

4.3.5. Favourable condition for the SSSI, or unit thereof, is defined as being when designated feature(s) are being adequately conserved and meeting the mandatory site specific monitoring targets.

4.4. Conservation Objectives

4.4.1. The Habitats Regulations require an assessment to be undertaken “in view of the site’s nature conservation objectives”. Conservation objectives are a statement of the measures required to maintain at, or restore to, favourable conservation status the natural habitats and / or the populations of species of wild fauna and flora for which the site has been selected. The conservation status of a species is defined as favourable when the population, range and natural habitats of the species are stable or increasing. Similarly the conservation status of a habitat is favourable when the range, structure and function, and typical species thereof, are stable or increasing.

4.4.2. The Conservation Objectives for the Salisbury Plain SPA and Salisbury Plain SAC are included at Appendix 5.

4.4.3. Natural England also published draft supplementary advice relating to the Salisbury Plain SAC conservation objectives in February 2017. The document sets out sites attributes considered to “best describe the site’s ecological integrity” and its targets for those attributes. Similar advice is also referenced in the SPA objectives, with the supplementary advice published in October 2017. These are included at Appendix 6.

SAC Targets

4.4.4. The targets include maintaining the extent of qualifying grassland habitat on Salisbury Plain and Porton Down, while undertaking

22 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

restoration at Parsonage Down. The distribution and configuration of the habitat should be maintained across the SAC, while it should be ensured the vegetation communities can be characterised as CG2, CG3, CG4, CG5, CG6 and CG7. The proportion of herb species should be maintained on the whole and restored in places, while a range of specific species are identified for maintenance/restoration and some for limitation. The range and pattern of zonation across vegetation types within the grassland, the properties of underlying soil and the extent, quality and spatial configuration of supporting off-site habitat should all be maintained. Functional connectivity with the wider landscape should be restored, while the habitat’s ability to adapt or evolve to environmental changes should be maintained. Concentration and deposition of air pollutants should be held below certain values. Active and ongoing conservation management is needed, the document says.

4.4.5. Similar targets are set for the Juniper formations, including maintaining the extent, distribution and configuration of the habitat, ensuring the application of CG2, CG3 CG7 and W21d classifications, maintaining the abundance of desirable species. The draft advice requires an appropriate balance between scrub canopy and open field layer is maintained, that juniper is not subject to over-shading, that a population comprising plants of all different life stages is maintained, and the male to female ratio kept below 2:1. Expected patterns of zonation should be maintained, along with areas of disturbed or bare ground commensurate with maintaining or restoring the regenerative potential of the habitat. Similar advice to the grassland habitat applies to the functional connectivity, adaptation and air quality of the juniper habitat.

4.4.6. Regarding the Marsh Fritillary, the targets relate to maintaining appropriate grassland sward conditions and the total extent of habitat on Salisbury Plain and Porton Down, but restoring the extent of habitat on Parsonage Down. They specify the need to maintain an abundance of Devil’s-bit Scabious Succisa pratensis in the supporting grassland, high levels of ground moisture during the summer months, a cattle- dominated grazing regime on core areas. They note the need to maintain the abundance of the marsh fritillary population at specific and varying levels through the SAC – largest in the centre of the site – while maintaining the connectivity of the overall population to its associated meta-populations within and/or outside the site boundary.

SPA Targets

The targets include maintaining the populations of qualifying species. This includes for maintaining or expanding on breeding populations of Stone Curlew, Quail and Hobby. Maintaining the extent, connectivity and distribution of supporting breeding habitats across all necessary stages of a species breeding cycle as well as sheltering and foraging habitats. Maintain management or measures to ensure the structure, function and supporting processes associated with breeding species are secured. Restore pollutant levels to or below Critical Load or

23 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

Levels. Reduce predation and disturbance of qualifying species to protect breeding productivity by predators and Human activity. Human activity is to be restricted during the breeding season within breeding sites.

4.4.7. Targets relating to non-breeding species include the maintenance of population abundance at or above specific levels. Maintenance of habitat extents that are suitable for supporting non-breeding species such as roosting, loafing and feeding areas. Maintain management or measures to ensure the connectivity, structure, function and supporting processes associated with non-breeding species are secured. Restore pollutant levels to or below Critical Load or Levels. Reduce human disturbance of qualifying species to protect breeding productivity by predators and Human activity.

Bath & Bradford on Avon Bats SAC

4.5. SAC Qualifying Features

4.5.1. The SAC comprises networks of caves, mines and man-made tunnels used for hibernation, mating and as a staging post by bats. Other habitats present include calcareous grassland, scrub and woodland. These are used for foraging and navigation by bats.

4.5.2. The Salisbury Plain SAC qualifies under Article 4(4) of the Habitats Directive on account of it hosting the following Annex II species:

• Bechstein’s Myotis bechsteinii • Greater Horseshoe Rhinolophus ferrumequinum • Lesser Horseshoe Rhinolophus hipposideros

4.6. Condition of SAC Habitats

4.6.1. Habitat information for each of the management units of the Box Mine SSSI, Brown's Folly SSSI, Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines SSSI and Winsley Mines SSSI are given within the ‘condition assessment comment’ of which the closest (Winsley Mines SSSI) is included at Appendix 4.

4.6.2. Combined there are currently 24 management units. The majority are considered to be in favourable condition. The remainder (three units) are all considered to be in unfavourable and recovering condition.

4.6.3. For clarity, the unit in closest proximity to the Application Site (comprising all of Winsley Mines SSSI) is classified as being in favourable condition.

4.7. Conservation Objectives

4.7.1. The Conservation Objectives for the Bath & Bradford on Avon Bats SAC are included at Appendix 5.

24 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

4.7.2. Natural England published draft supplementary advice relating to the Bath and Bradford on Avon SAC conservation objectives in March 2019. This is included at Appendix 6.

SAC Targets

4.7.3. The targets set out within the supplementary advice relate to maintenance of bat populations above the baseline size (where this information is available). Maintain the connectivity, distribution and extent of supporting habitat features. Maintain the structural integrity, accessibility and internal conditions of the underground hibernation sites. Restore pollutant levels to or below Critical Load or Levels. Control human disturbance effects at roost sites.

River Avon SAC

4.8. SAC Qualifying Features

4.8.1. The River Avon and its tributaries comprise a lowland river system. There are sections running through chalk, greensand and clay. The system features a mosaic of aquatic habitats.

4.8.2. The River Avon SAC qualifies under Article 4(4) of the Habitats Directive on account of it supporting the Annex I habitats “water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho Batrachion vegetation (Rivers with floating vegetation often dominated by water crowfoot).”

4.8.3. The River Avon SAC qualifies under Article 4(4) of the Habitats Directive on account of it hosting the following Annex II species:

• Bullhead Cottus gobio • Brook Lamprey Lampetra planeri • Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus • Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar • Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail Vertigo moulinsiana

4.9. Condition of SAC Habitats

4.9.1. Habitat information for each of the management units of the Jones's Mill SSSI, Lower Woodford Water Meadows SSSI, Porton Meadows SSSI, River Avon System SSSI and River Till SSSI are given within the ‘condition assessment comment’ of which the closest (River Avon System SSSI) is included at Appendix 4.

4.9.2. Combined there are currently 66 management units. A minority are considered to be in favourable condition (17). More are considered to be unfavourable and recovering (23). The remainder are unfavourable no change (28) or unfavourable and declining (8).

25 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

4.9.3. For clarity, the unit in closest proximity to the Application Site (part of River Avon System SSSI) is classified as being in unfavourable condition (no change).

4.10. Conservation Objectives

4.10.1. The Conservation Objectives for the River Avon SAC are included at Appendix 5.

4.10.2. Natural England published draft supplementary advice relating to the River Avon SAC conservation objectives in March 2019. This is included at Appendix 6.

SAC Targets

4.10.3. The targets set out within the supplementary advice relate to maintenance of riparian habitat and structure, flow, thermal and sediment regime. Maintain the site connectivity. Control invasive non- native species. Restore or maintain qualifying species populations. Maintain sufficient proportions of macrophyte cover. Control pollutants levels entering the aquatic system and natural water chemistry.

26 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

5. ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS FOR THE CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL / EUROPEAN DESIGNATED SITES

5.1. Section 2 of this document sets out the legislation, guidance and case law of relevance to an assessment of the implications of a plan / project on a European site. Having regard to this legislation and supporting guidance it is clear that the assessment is a two stage process, the first being the ‘likely significant effect’ stage, the second being the ‘integrity test’.

5.2. It is clear that the Conservation Objectives of the European site are the most important consideration in determining whether the plan / project will have an adverse effect on the site, including any effects on its integrity. It is evident that there is a clear hierarchical approach to assessing effects on European sites in line with the Habitats Directive / Regulations. The primary test is that against the Conservation Objectives with other considerations following these.

5.3. In line with the above, whilst the qualifying interest features of the site and other baseline information have informed this assessment, the greatest weight has been placed upon the formal conservation objectives for the European site, as set out by Natural England.

5.4. This section includes a description of the potentially significant effects arising from the Development Proposals at the Application Site on the integrity of the SACs and the SPA in the absence of mitigation. The potential effects are assessed within this section in order to address the test under Regulation 63(1) in the first instance.

5.5. In undertaking this assessment, consideration has been given to the best available scientific knowledge. An Appropriate Assessment (if required) could therefore be undertaken consistent with the Waddenzee Judgement, which requires the use of the best scientific knowledge to inform a decision where no reasonable scientific doubt remains as to the presence and / or absence of effects that would adversely affect the integrity of the designated site (see Section 2 above).

Description of Development Proposals

5.6. The outline planning application is for the demolition of number 13 and 14 Storridge Road and the erection of up to 200 dwellings with public open space, landscaping, sustainable drainage system (SuDS) and a vehicular access point from Storridge Road. All matters reserved except for means of access.

Potential Impacts on the Salisbury Plain SPA / SAC in the absence of mitigation

5.7. In view of the reasons for the qualification of Salisbury Plain SPA / SAC, the distance of the Application Site from its nearest parcel and the nature of the Development Proposals, the following pathways for potential significant effects have been ruled out of requiring Habitats Regulations assessment:

27 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

• Effects relating to air quality (e.g. dust deposition) and hydrological impacts, during both the construction and operational phases of the Development Proposals; and • Matters relating to direct ‘land take’ at the SPA / SAC.

5.8. However some potential pathways for significant effects exist and these are considered to be limited to the following:

• Disturbance effects on breeding and wintering birds utilising the SPA through increased recreational use (e.g. walking) during the operational phase of the Development Proposals; and • Damage to qualifying habitats and habitats supporting qualifying species within the SAC through increased recreational use (e.g. walking) during the operational phase of the Development Proposals.

5.9. By way of summary, it is considered that the Development Proposals could, potentially, have a direct effect on the qualifying features of the Salisbury Plain SPA / SAC due to disturbance of breeding and wintering birds, and damage to qualifying habitats and habitats supporting qualifying species, in the absence of appropriate mitigation / avoidance measures. These identified pathways for potential significant effects are discussed in detail below.

Disturbance effects on qualifying bird interest features (SPA)

5.10. Given the distances involved, it is considered that there is potential for new residents associated with the proposed development to access areas of the SPA site (e.g. for recreational purposes), thereby increasing visitor pressure on the site and potentially disturbing birds, including those listed as designating features of the site.

Vulnerability

5.11. The SPA site is designated on account of its breeding and wintering bird species (see Section 4).

Breeding Birds

5.12. The breeding success of bird species, especially ground nesting species (notably Stone Curlew) are known to be sensitive to human disturbance. Activities such as rambling and dog walking, for which Salisbury Plain is popular, are known to be particularly disruptive. Salisbury Plain SPA is designated on account of breeding populations of three bird species, these being; Stone Curlew, Common Quail and Eurasian Hobby. Further consideration is given to the disturbance effects on these species below.

5.13. Wiltshire Council produced a report ‘Salisbury Plain SPA - HRA and Mitigation Strategy’3 that assessed the levels of recreational pressure on

3Taylor, J., 2012. Salisbury Plain SPA - HRA and Mitigation Strategy. Wiltshire Council.

28 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

the Plain, implications for development and sets out strategic approach to mitigation. The report cites research undertaken by Liley, Payne and Peat4 that identified access patterns and the visitor catchment areas for Salisbury Plain.

5.14. Further to this work Wiltshire Council have undertaken a review of the HRA and Mitigation Strategy in May 20185. This review includes data from the Stone Curlew monitoring surveys and a Visitor Survey undertaken in 2015.

5.15. The Stone Curlew monitoring surveys between 2012 and 2017 has recorded declines in breeding success within particular years (such as 2013), although declines were associated with cold weather conditions or other such effects and populations were noted to rebound in subsequent years. Across the monitoring period, an overall trend shows a steady increase in the population. Furthermore, the monitoring does appear to indicate that the SPA is not currently experiencing any specific pressures adversely effecting the Stone Curlew population.

5.16. However, the review does go on to state that monitoring has noted factors that may affect the population, amongst those factors noted, recreational disturbance is listed.

5.17. Wiltshire Council commissioned a further visitor study in 2015 with a broadly comparable methodology, although the survey area was extended to include the central and western areas of the Plain that had previously been excluded. The survey was also undertaken to coincide with the Stone Curlew breeding season.

5.18. The 2015 survey found that the eastern plain does have a larger number of visitors, however, the difference was not considered significant across the plains. As such a revised 6.4km catchment area has been assumed for the entirety of Salisbury Plain SPA. The 2015 survey also estimated that approximately 1% of the population within the visitor catchment area are regular visitors Salisbury Plain.

5.19. The Development Proposals will result in additional residential housing within the identified visitor catchment of Salisbury Plain and it is therefore possible that this will lead to an increase the recreational pressure on Salisbury Plain SPA.

Assessment of impacts

5.20. Wiltshire Council’s HRA and Mitigation Strategy review estimates that planned growth will result in an estimated population within the catchment of 39,441 by 2026 (a total additional 394 visits per day by 2026). Existing levels of recreational pressure (from the 2015 survey) are estimated to be

4 Liley, D., Payne, K. & Peat, J. 2007. Access patterns on Salisbury Plain. Unpublished report for Enviros Ltd., Wareham, Dorset. 5Wiltshire Council, 2018, HRA and Mitigation Strategy for Salisbury Plain SPA: in relation to recreational pressure from residential development. Wiltshire Council

29 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

212 visits per day, as such an additional 183 visits per day are expected over the plan period.

5.21. In addition, the HRA review considers additional development within the catchment area, outside of the planned growth. This includes the Army Basing Project (ABP) that proposes to deliver 917 Service Family Accommodation (SFA) (i.e. residential units). This development was considered to result in an additional 38 visits per day to Salisbury Plain SPA. As part of this development a bespoke mitigation strategy designed with the aims of reducing levels of recreational visits to Salisbury Plain. The bespoke strategy included the following measures:

• Revisions to the Stone Curlew management Plan to improve the management and number of Stone Curlew plots within Salisbury Plain; • Preparation of a Recreation Access Action Plan to review existing open spaces and rights of way to identify recreational resources available that avoid / reduce effects on Stone Curlew plots; and • Provide information on responsible access for service personnel and families. This would include information on existing access arrangements and suggested local walking/ running routes based on the results of the above study, alongside information about the environmental sensitivity of the Salisbury Plain training Area and the importance of keeping to existing tracks.

5.22. Wiltshire Council and Natural England agreed that additional visits generated by the proposed SFA would not have an adverse effect on the Salisbury Plain SPA in combination with the Wiltshire Core Strategy. Indeed, it is also considered that these mitigation measures will have the effect of reducing recreational impacts from existing development within the catchment area.

5.23. The proposals are for the construction of up to 200 residential units. The average occupancy rate in Wiltshire is 2.27 people per dwelling, this figure is used within HRA and Mitigation for Salisbury Plain review produced by Wiltshire Council. On this basis, the new development could give rise to 454 additional people. In light of the findings of the HRA and Mitigation review, it can be expected that 1% of these residents would visit Salisbury Plain on a regular basis, totalling an estimated 4.54 visits per day.

5.24. In recognition of the likely increase in visitors to Salisbury Plains and the difficulty in predicting likely effects a precautionary approach has been taken. As part of this precautionary approach a mitigation strategy has been developed by Wiltshire Council relating to Stone Curlew (a designating features of the SPA) to avoid such effects. The strategy is twofold:

1) the continued funding of the Wessex Stone Curlew Project (WSCP) that monitors the distribution of Stone Curlew on the SPA with the findings fed back to land owners / tenants to provide buffers to nest sites thereby preventing displacement.

30 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

2) Funding of quinquennial (every five years) visitor access monitoring on Salisbury Plain to assess the changing distribution of visitor pressure and its relationship to Stone Curlew nesting distributions allowing landowners / tenants to make pre-emptive management plans.

5.25. The Wiltshire Revised Community Infrastructure Levy Regulation 123 List includes the WSCP as a project that may be funded, in whole or in part, by the CIL. As such this element of the mitigation strategy can be secured through CIL payments. However, the visitor access monitoring element is not listed and as such this element of the overall funding may be required in addition, secured through a s106 legal obligation.

5.26. The above mitigation strategy has been devised in relation to Stone Curlew only and further consideration is required of the other qualifying features of the designated site.

5.27. The SPA is also designated on account of its nationally important breeding population of Common Quail that are known6 to utilise downland habitats for breeding, similar to Stone Curlew. As such, breeding Common Quail may be adversely affected by recreational disturbance, similar again to Stone Curlew. The strategy currently in place to mitigate increased recreational disturbance on Stone Curlew, although not directly targeted at Common Quail, will have analogous benefits due to the cross-over in breeding habitats of Common Quail and Stone Curlew.

5.28. The Eurasian Hobby typically breeds in nests of other birds species located in trees. As such the species is far less sensitive to recreational pressure then ground nesting species. Indeed, there are records of Eurasian Hobby successfully nesting in urban areas. A report titled ‘A Review of Disturbance Distances in Selected Bird Species”7 collates a range of evidence relating to disturbance effect on birds. Although the report does not consider Eurasian Hobby specifically it does review information on a number of raptors including falcon species. The review notes that non-ground nesting species are susceptible to disturbance from human activities. However, in relation to a similar species such as Merlin Falco columbarius the review states that like most other raptors, such species are capable of developing a tolerance to relatively high levels of human disturbance when free from direct interference. As it is highly unlikely that any recreational use of Salisbury Plain would involve the direct disturbance of active nests within Eurasian Hobby nest sites, it is considered that the development proposals would have no effects on this species.

Non-breeding Birds

5.29. As well as the breeding species considered above, Salisbury Plain is also designated as a SPA as it supports nationally significant number of non- breeding Hen Harrier. In the UK, Hen Harriers typically breed in upland

6Penny Anderson Associates Ltd. 15th June 2009. Natural England Commissioned Report NECR012: Scientific research into the effects of access on nature conservation: Part 1: access on foot. Natural England. 7 M. Ruddock & D.P. Whitfield. 2007. A Review of Disturbance Distances in Selected Bird Species. A report from Natural Research (Projects) Ltd to Scottish Natural Heritage.

31 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

moors and in autumn disperse from these nest sites into coastal and lowland areas where they over winter.

5.30. During winter, birds are susceptible to adverse effects through disturbance due to food sources being scarcer and efficient use of energy being of heightened importance to survival.

Assessment of impacts

5.31. The review of disturbance distances in selected bird species cited above, discusses such impacts on Hen Harrier. The review cites studies that show that the diversity of species and the abundance of raptors in an area is affected by recreational use with lower densities of raptors in areas near recreational trails. The review also notes observations of Hen Harrier developing tolerance of aircraft and missile use on a military training site, with harriers recorded hunting as near as 60m from explosions.

5.32. The Salisbury Plain SPA supplementary advice document states that on Salisbury Plain, hen harriers roost at dusk in remote areas and there are currently no known issues due to disturbance from the general public or military training.

5.33. Noting that recreational disturbance may have an adverse effect on the areas Hen Harrier use during the non-breeding period, it is considered that the effects would be negligible given the wide availability of habitat within Salisbury Plain SPA that is not accessible for recreational purposes.

Damaging effects on qualifying habitats and species interest features (SAC)

5.34. Similarly, as with the SPA, it is considered that there is potential for new residents associated with the proposed development to access areas of the SAC site (e.g. for recreational purposes), thereby increasing visitor pressure on the site and potentially damaging habitats (e.g. through trampling of ground vegetation or enrichment of soils by dog fouling), including those listed as designating features of the site.

5.35. Furthermore, as one of the qualifying habitats supports a species for which the SAC is also designated (Marsh Fritillary), increased recreation could have implications for the species’ population.

Vulnerability

5.36. The SAC site is designated on account of its dry calcareous grassland and juniper scrub habitats and as it supports a significant population of Marsh Fritillary (see Section 4).

Qualifying habitat features

5.37. Wet habitats and those of low fertility are known to be vulnerable to trampling and eutrophication. Trampling can affect species density and composition, with sensitive species lost and replaced with more tolerant species, thereby changing the characteristic of the habitat itself. The

32 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

magnitude of impacts is associated with the level of use, with heavily trampled areas exhibiting greater levels of damage. Other effects of trampling include soil compaction, erosion and changes to micro climates. However, on well-established paths these impacts are very often localised to the immediate vicinity of the path.

5.38. Dog fouling is understood8 to contribute to nutrient enrichment of infertile habitats through defecation and urination. Dog fouling within sensitive habitats where deposition is high and concentrated can lead to a change in habitat through eutrophication. Dog fouling has the potential to cause vegetation change but the magnitude of any impact is dependent on the spatial distribution, timing and intensity of deposition.

5.39. A number of patterns have been identified in relation to dog fouling. Defecation will normally take place within 10 minutes of a walk from the starting point (e.g. from home if walked to site or from a car park if driven), although this often takes place within the first 2 minutes. Defecation typically occurs in close proximity to pathways and usually within 400m of the site entrance. Furthermore, deposition is concentrated along established foot paths, with only those dog’s off lead and out of their owners close control likely to foul in wider areas.

5.40. Noting this, such recreational impacts on sensitive habitats are generally localised to defined accessible areas with less accessible and undisturbed habitats less likely to be subject to such impacts. Across large expanses of habitats impacts become further diminished.

5.41. Established scrub habitats are far more resilient to the damaging effects of recreational pressure. Indeed, dense scrub planting (most notably thorny or prickly species) is often used to define boundaries and control access. However, young growth in areas that scrubs habitats are spreading into will be subject to similar trampling effects as other more sensitive areas.

Qualifying species feature

5.42. Marsh Fritillary are closely associated with dry calcareous grasslands, within which they spend their entire lifecycle. The butterflies typical foodplant is Devil's-bit Scabious Succisa pratensis and occasionally use Field Scabious Knautia arvensis and Small Scabious Scabiosa columbaria. Eggs are lain within dense grass tussocks where larvae subsequently overwinter before dispersing within surrounding breeding habitat in Spring. Pupae later develop, again within dense grass tussocks.

5.43. On the basis of the significant relationship of Marsh Fritillary with a qualifying habitat present within the SAC it is considered that the potential to damage the habitat through the means described above also presents a means to damage the population of this qualifying species. As such, the impact assessment on the supporting habitat is congruent with that of the qualifying species.

8English Nature Research Reports. 2005. Number 649. Dogs, access and nature conservation. Ken Taylor (Asken Ltd). Penny Anderson (Penny Anderson Associates).

33 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

Assessment of impacts

5.44. No impacts have been identified in relation to recreational impacts on the SAC qualifying features. It is considered that the Development Proposals would not be likely to give rise to a significant effect on the SAC as a result of a potential increase in recreational pressure. As such we suggest that the Competent Authority can hold at the first stage of Regulation 63 (‘likely significant test’) and no Appropriate Assessment is required.

5.45. In any event, as outlined in detail in Section 6 below, the Development Proposals will create walking opportunities within the Application Site. New areas of public open space are to be delivered (3.36 hectares in total including SUDS and play areas), notably in the northern and western parts of the site, thus providing recreational opportunities on-the-doorstep for new residents. Although this provision is not expected to replicate the draw of Salisbury Plain it will however provide a convenient and attractive on the door step open space for day to day recreational use (including dog walking) by local residents.

Potential Impacts on the River Avon SAC in the absence of mitigation

5.46. In view of the reasons for the qualification of the River Avon SAC, the distance between the site, the flood zone of the Application Site (Flood Zone 1), the lack of hydrological connectivity and the nature of the Development Proposals, the following pathways for potential significant effects have been ruled out of requiring Habitats Regulations Assessment:

• Effects relating to air quality (e.g. dust deposition) during both the construction and operational phases of the Development Proposals; and • Hydrological impacts, including sedimentation, scouring and contamination during the construction and or operational phases of the Development Proposals;

5.47. Consideration is given below to potential disturbance effects on qualifying habitat and species features through increased recreational use of the SAC during the operational phase of the Development Proposals.

Disturbance effects on qualifying habitat and species features

5.48. Given the distances involved, it is considered that there is some limited potential for new residents associated with the proposed development to access areas of the SAC (e.g. for recreational purposes), thereby increasing visitor pressure on the site.

Assessment of impacts

5.49. Wiltshire Council have produced a HRA for projects potentially affecting the River Avon SAC9 that states that increased recreational use of the River

9 Wiltshire Council. Habitat regulations Assessment for project potentially affecting the River Avon Special Area of Conservation: Procedure for Wiltshire’s Development Management Teams.

34 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

Avon SAC may lead to damage of river banks and river bed in upper reaches where fish spawning and nurseries are located. The activities highlighted as presenting a risk, include camping and activity centres, although such risk and the actual adverse effects which could arise, are not qualified and no specific mitigation is put forward.

5.50. It is considered that the Development Proposals are not likely to give rise to a significant increase in those recreational activities which may in fact impact on qualifying interest features of the SAC. Activities centred on the river that may affect qualifying habitats and species are considered to be limited to fishing (specifically wading within the river channel) and watersports. However, sites where such fishing is permitted are closely monitored by local angling clubs who are aware of such impacts on fish stocks and manage access accordingly. Water sports centres are also subject to appropriate regulation.

5.51. By way of summary conclusion, it is considered that any effects on the SAC from increased recreational use are de minimus.

Potential Impacts on the Bath and Bradford Avon Bats SAC in the absence of mitigation

5.52. In view of the reasons for the qualification of the Bath and Bradford Avon Bats SAC, the distance of the Application Site from its nearest parcel and the nature of the Development Proposals, the following pathways for potential significant effects have been screened out of requiring further assessment:

• Matters relating to direct ‘land take’ at the SAC; and • Effects relating to air quality (e.g. dust deposition) and pollution impacts, during both the construction and operational phases of the Development Proposals. • Impacts from noise or vibration during construction and operation phases.

5.53. Whilst direct impacts on the SAC have been screened out of requiring assessment, specific consideration has been given to potential effects on bat sps. which may utilise ‘sensitive features’ present within the Application Site itself; i.e. the extent to which the Application Site functions as a ‘core area’ of importance for qualifying features of the SAC. The core areas for Bath and Bradford Avon Bat SAC have been identified within the bat SAC planning guidance for Wiltshire (SACPGW). Core areas are defined as landscapes surrounding known core roost sites that are regularly used for foraging and commuting. The size of core areas is variable depending on the typical foraging behaviour of specific species. The planning guidance sets out the following core areas for relevant species:

i. 4km surrounding Greater Horseshoe core roosts; ii. 2km surrounding Lesser Horseshoe core roosts; and iii. 1.5km surrounding Bechstein’s core roosts;

35 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

5.54. Where habitat features within the Application Site can be deemed to be of importance to the qualifying bat interest features of the SAC, it follows that a significant effect on the SAC could arise in the event that these populations are adversely affected at the site level (e.g. restriction on important foraging resources).

5.55. Taking a precautionary approach where potential impacts cannot be screened out with certainty, the following pathways have been assessed further within this report:

• Direct loss of foraging or commuting habitat for Bechstein’s, Greater Horseshoe and Lesser Horseshoe bats (‘supporting habitat’ for the SAC); and • Disturbance effects on Bechstein’s, Greater Horseshoe and Lesser Horseshoe bats utilising the habitats within the Application Site for commuting or foraging during the operational phase of the Development Proposals (i.e. through increased lighting); and • Recreational disturbance effects on roosting Greater and Lesser Horseshoe and Bechstein’s bats.

5.56. The above pathways have been considered further below in order to inform and assessment against the Integrity test of the Habitats Regulations.

Loss and Disturbance of Bat Foraging and Commuting Habitats

5.57. The range and distribution of Bechstein’s and Horseshoe bat species are much more limited than other UK species, with Bechstein’s bats confined to south-east Wales and south England, Greater Horseshoe bats confined to south-west England and Wales, and Lesser Horseshoe bats confined to Wales, western England and western Ireland. Bechstein’s are closely associated with roost sites in mature deciduous woodlands, namely within trees. Both Horseshoe species are associated with ‘caves’ as roosting sites, although both species, but more predominantly Lesser Horseshoe bats, will also use buildings (including cellars) for roosting purposes.

5.58. Bechstein’s are known to forage within similar habitats as where they roost, as such they rarely recorded outside of deciduous woodland.

5.59. As stated within the English Nature Research Reports No. 658 – ‘Woodland management advice for Bechstein's bat and barbastelle bat’:

“The ideal Bechstein’s bat woodland is an unevenly aged, deciduous woodland with a high number of oaks in the species mix. The woodland would be of a minimum of 40 to 50 hectares in extent and be semi-natural or ancient woodland with a dense mixed species understorey.”

5.60. The report goes on to state that:

“The ideal forage woodland is actually exactly the same as roost woodlands”

36 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

And…

“The standard pattern of foraging within a Bechstein’s bat colony is for the suitable canopy areas within about 1.5 km of the roost”

5.61. Optimal roosting and foraging habitat is therefore synonymous, thereby increasing the sensitivity of known foraging woodlands in relation to the assessment process. Conversely, areas of woodland that are small, do not have a linked canopy to known roost sites, are species poor (notably lacking Oak) or have a poor tree age structure are much less likely to support roosting Bechstein’s or provide significant areas for foraging.

5.62. Greater horseshoe bats are known to travel away from roosting sites to foraging grounds along distinct flight paths. Flight paths radiating in different directions can be used where different foraging areas become available through the season depending on insect prey availability. The majority of flight paths run along the edges of woods, woodland rides or tall hedges, with the bats only occasionally crossing open fields. It has been documented that Greater horseshoe bats will generally not cross gaps of greater than 15 metres although open fields are crossed after dusk on dark nights.

5.63. As stated within the English Nature Research Report No. 174 – ‘The management of feeding areas for greater horseshoe bats’:

“The preferred habitat for foraging from April to September includes areas of mixed semi-natural deciduous woodland and permanent pasture.”

5.64. Optimal foraging habitats will vary throughout the year based on the quality and abundance of prey species (dictated by the life cycles of different insect prey). The most valuable habitats include: Cattle grazed pasture (alone or as part of mixed stock); ancient semi natural woodland; grazed pastures (stock other than cattle); meadows grazed by cattle in the autumn; and other meadows and broadleaved woodland.

5.65. The English Nature publication titled ‘Managing landscapes for the greater horseshoe bat’ states:

“A landscape of permanent pasture and ancient woodland, linked with an abundance of tall bushy hedges, is the ideal habitat for greater horseshoes. This type of landscape provides the bats with both their insect food and the linear features such as woodland edges and hedges which they use as flight paths.”

5.66. With regard to Lesser Horseshoe bats, for foraging this species is reliant upon sheltered, vegetated areas comprising woodland and / or mature hedgerow habitat.

37 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

5.67. Horseshoe bats are known to be more sensitive to impacts arising from increases in artificial lighting than other bat species. On this basis they are sensitive to the provision of new artificial lighting.

5.68. SACPGW provides plans showing the locations of core roosts as well as the associated core area around each roost. In reviewing the plans, the Application Site falls within the core area of one core roost associated with Greater Horseshoe. Although the Application Site does not fall within a core area for Bechstein’s or Lesser Horseshoe, given that these species are listed a qualifying feature of the SAC potential effects on this species are considered further for completeness.

5.69. In reference to theplan showing Bradford-on-Avon Bat SAC core roosts showing Core Areas included within the SACPGW at Plan 2 (see Appendix 7), the Application Site lies approximately 2.5km to the north east of the nearest Greater Horseshoe core roost, thereby falling within the core area of this roost. The nearest Bechstein’s core roost lies approximately 1.8km north east of the Application Site and lies outside the core area for this roost. The nearest Lesser Horseshoe core roost lies approximately 5.8km north east of the Application Site and falls outside the core area for this roost.

5.70. However, the draft Trowbridge Bat Mitigation Strategy defines Bat Habitat Sensitivity Zones. The northern edge of the Application Site crosses over with the boundary of the ‘Medium Risk’ Zone, the remainder of the Application Site falls outside any risk zone. This slight discrepancy on mapping is considered a result of taking measurements of the sensitivity zones from different locations within the woodland (e.g. from a central point or from the site boundary).

5.71. Whilst situated within this core area for Greater Horseshoe, it is noted that the Application Site is separated from the core roost by existing commercial development at Westbury and associated rail networks (which includes extensive lighting).

5.72. In relation to the site, the nearest core roost is for Bechstein’s bat located within Picket and Clanger Wood SSSI, which is a large area of suitable woodland located 1.6km north east of the site. Although, as detailed above and in the Wiltshire Housing Site Allocation Plan Pre-submission draft plan HRA10 (WHSAP) it states:

“Wiltshire Bat Group have established that woodland on the south east of Trowbridge, referred to hereafter as the ‘Green Lane Wood complex’, supports one of the largest populations of breeding Bechstein’s bats in the UK.”

“Surveys also reveal the bats regularly travel considerable distance through the surrounding agricultural landscape to forage and drink beyond previously assumed Core Areas for this population”

10 Wiltshire Housing Site Allocation Plan Pre-submission draft plan, Habitat Regulation Assessment (HRA). June 2017.

38 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

5.73. Therefore, the WHSAP places greater emphasis on the Green Lane Wood complex.

5.74. The draft supplementary advice on conserving and restoring site features for the Bath and Bradford-on-Avon SAC (see Appendix 6) states that “Bechstein’s bats don’t tend to range far from their roosts, generally up to a maximum distance of 1-2.5km, usually closer to 1km”.

5.75. The site lies adjacent to a small area of broadleaved plantation woodland that, when considering the habitat requirements for Bechstein’s, is of low suitability for this species. However, given that Bechstein’s bat are considered likely to use the Application Site, even if at a low level, it cannot be ruled out that this species utilises the offsite woodland as a foraging resource from time to time.

5.76. The core area of nearest Lesser Horseshoe core roost crosses over with that of other core areas for Bechstein’s bats to the north of the Application Site. In addition, there are limited linear features (such as woodlands, hedgerows and treelines) linking the Application Site to the nearest core roosts for any of the three bat species. In many instances this involves crossing busy roads and railway lines.

5.77. As the Application Site falls within a core area for Greater Horseshoe and in proximity to other core areas associated with the SAC, a suite of ecological survey work was undertaken by FPCR to ascertain the level of use of the Application Site by bats for foraging and commuting, as reported in the Ecological Appraisal (FPCR, June 2019). The full results of the survey methodologies and results are included within the Ecological Appraisal by FPCR dated June 2019).

5.78. Survey work that was undertaken at the Application Site included, bat activity surveys, automatic detector surveys and mist net trapping.

5.79. Activity surveys were undertaken monthly between May 2016 to September 2016 with a dusk and dawn transect survey undertaken in September 2016. Automated survey work was undertaken monthly between May 2016 and October 2016. Mist net trapping was undertaken in May 2016, August 2016 and September 2016.

5.80. Further survey work was undertaken in 2019. Activity surveys were undertaken in May 2019 and June 2019. Automated survey work was also undertaken in May 2019 and June 2019.

5.81. Surveys recorded a total of 12 bat species/species groups. The vast majority of bat registrations to be of common bat species (i.e. Common Pipistrelle), with other bats species recorded in much lower numbers.

5.82. Greater Horseshoe bat activity was recorded during the automated surveys, but this was limited. The highest activity was recorded on the western edge of the offsite plantation woodland. Peak activity recorded a total of 37 registrations over 11 nights in May 2016. In May 2019 the activity was far

39 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

lower with a peak count of 1 registration per detector per day was recorded, with 1 registration recorded on four consecutive nights on the eastern site boundary. In June 2019 a peak count of 2 registrations per detector per day was recorded in the north of the site. No registrations were recorded in the east of the site.

5.83. registrations of the Lesser Horseshoe bats were recorded during the automated surveys. Low levels of activity were recorded with peak levels recorded on the eastern edge of the offsite plantation woodland in May 2016 where 27 registrations were recorded over 11 nights. In May 2019 the highest level of activity was recorded a similar location as in 2016, with 13 registrations (of a total count of 24 registrations) of this species recorded adjacent to the off-site woodland. In June 2019 the levels of activity dropped considerably with a total of 6 registrations recorded and a peak count of 3 registrations on one detector on one day (located at the north of the site).

5.84. The results of the bat survey work undertaken suggest that the Application Site is of limit value to both Greater and Lesser Horseshoe bats. Activity was noted to spike in varying locations over different surveys. This irregularity in activity and that the spikes in activity are still considered to be of a low level suggest that small numbers of these species commute through the Application Site on an occasional basis. The Application Site is not considered to be of significance to either of these species.

5.85. Due to the difficulty in separating Bechstein’s Bat from other Myotis species by acoustic analysis it cannot be confidently determined whether the Myotis registration recorded are (or are not) attributable to Bechstein’s Bat. On the recommendation of Natural England, mist netting surveys were undertaken by FPCR to assist in determining the presence / absence of Bechstein’s bat at the Application Site. No bats were caught during the trapping exercise. In addition, Myotis registrations recorded during the surveys were low and the habitats present onsite are considered to be suboptimal for the species. Specifically, Bechstein’s bat are most commonly associated with Ancient Broadleaved woodlands. A habitat suitability assessment was undertaken of the habitats present onsite and those in close proximity to the site. From this assessment it is considered that the Application Site and wider area are of low suitability for this species. However, on a precautionary basis, given the proximity of Application Site to known core roosts and the, albeit limited, connectivity between these sites, it is considered that Bechstein’s Bats may well utilise parts of the Application Site for commuting purposes and utilise adjacent off site woodland for foraging from time to time.

5.86. Having reviewed the survey data as a whole, it is considered that the western boundary forming the eastern edge of plantation woodland feature is of most value for bats (in general) within the context of the Application Site, providing a commuting route / foraging area for bats species. However, given the absence of any evidence to suggest regular and/or significant use of the vast majority of the Application Site by Bechstein’s, Lesser and Greater Horseshoe bats, it is not considered that the habitats present represent an area of any particular importance, or significant value.

40 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

5.87. As outlined in detail in Section 6 below, a suite of measures are proposed (as an integral part of the plan / project) in order to ensure that commuting and foraging opportunities for bats are maintained. Thus avoiding any adverse effects on the integrity of the SAC.

Recreational Disturbance Effects

5.88. With regard to recreational impacts, while it is well documented that bats roosting underground, in features supported by the SAC including mines, tunnels and caves, are vulnerable to human disturbance1112, recreational impacts to tree roosting species such as Bechstein’s have not been well documented and there is little evidence to suggest that recreational activity in the form of dog-walkers and ramblers utilising the woods during the daytime are likely to have any particular impacts to the value of a woodland utilised as a roost site by this species.

5.89. Table 1 of the Bat SAC planning guidance for Wiltshire13 document, entitled “How a development proposal could affect the designated bat sites”, does not contain any reference to the potential for recreational disturbance to the SAC associated with new developments, the only mention of disturbance within this table is in regard to physical changes to a site.

5.90. Natural England’s own guidance, entitled “Bats: surveys and mitigation for development projects” does not identify human recreational disturbance to roost sites as being a potential concern.

5.91. The Site Improvement Plan for Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats, published by Natural England (April 2015), identifies a number of priorities or issues for the SAC, one of which is entitled, “Direct impact from third party”. This is described within the issues and actions table with identified impacts limited to direct impacts to tunnel, mine and cave entrances within the component SSSI sites. A further identified priority or issue entitled, “Public access/disturbance”, with associated impacts identified limited to short term, one-off events including fire-juggling or bonfires near roost entrances in addition to underground use of aerosols or fuel.

5.92. Furthermore, the Bat Conservation Trust (BCT), the organisation responsible for the production of the Bat Surveys for Professional Ecologists Good Practice Guidelines, a document which represents the adopted best practice by Natural England, does not raise recreational impacts to tree roosting bat species within any of their published documents.

11 Tuttle M.D. (1975), ”Population ecology of the (Gray bat Myotis grisescens): Factors influencing early growth and development”, Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas Vol. 36, 1-24. 12 Agosta S.J. (2002), “Habitat use, diet and roost selection by the Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus) in North America: a case for conserving an abundant species”, Mammal Society: Mammal Review. 32, 179-198. 13 Wiltshire Council. 2015. Bat Special Areas of Conservation (SAC): Planning Guidance for Wiltshire.

41 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

5.93. Notwithstanding the above, the WHSAP states that “Research has shown that increased disturbance can damage such habitat through trampling of vegetation, soil compaction and vandalism”. Recent recreational pressure is detailed for Castlemead residential development located 100m from Green Lane Wood, which is considered easy walking distance of Green Lane Wood. The WHSAP set out the recreational impacts from this development:

5.93.1. “An inspection of Green Lane Wood accompanied by WWT confirmed that visitor access to the wood had increased significantly since construction commenced at both Castlemead and another nearby residential development site North of Green Lane. Damage to ground flora was already apparent and WWT also reported increasing problems with fires, rubbish and vandalism of bat boxes, including some known to be used by the Bechstein’s maternity colony”

5.94. WHSAP indicates that development within easy walking distance to Green Lane Wood will generate the highest proportion of frequent visitors, as well as the highest proportion of visits which lead to direct harm either deliberately or unwittingly through fires and vandalism.

5.95. Based on Natural England research the WHSAP assumes the zone of influence for recreational pressure “to be approximately 2miles/3.2km”.

5.96. The draft Trowbridge Bat Mitigation Strategy includes the Application Site within the ‘Medium Risk’ Bat Recreational Sensitivity Zone.

5.97. The site is located 1.2km from Round Wood, 1.4km from Picket and Clanger Wood, 3.7km from Biss Wood and 4.6km from Green Lane Wood (straight line distance). As such, the site lies beyond the 3.2km zone of influence for recreational pressure (as referenced in the WHSAP) for Biss Wood and Green Lane Wood.

5.98. Round Wood and Picket and Clanger Wood are approximately 2.6km distance by public footpaths (including some limited use of roads), which would likely take approximately 40 minutes to walk. The woods has a central car park of small capacity, which will reduce the possibility of those within the site utilising this wood for recreation but is approximately 2.9km distance by car, which would likely take approximately 7 minutes. The woods are managed by the Woodland Trust with circular walks along clear managed tracks that discourage walkers from entering the more vulnerable parts of the woodland.

5.99. It is not considered that the Application Site is within easy walking distance of Biss Wood. If public footpaths were utilised (although there is limited connectivity and therefore roads would still need to be used) the site is approximately a 4.5km walk. Also, the road towards Biss Wood does not have associated footpaths, which will further reduce the likelihood of people walking to the wood. In addition, Biss Wood does not have a car park, further reducing the possibility of new residents utilising this wood for recreation.

42 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

5.100. Brokerswood Country Park (approximately 1.6km west of the Application Site) and Southwick Country Park (approximately 4km north of the Application Site) are located closer to the site than Biss and Green Lane Woods and have more car parking, therefore it is considered more likely that new residents would utilise these areas of open space for recreation.

5.101. Ecology Solutions’ view is that the evidence does not accept the position that recreational use of woodlands that support the Bechstein’s bat meta- population associated with the SAC is a significant pathway for effects to arise on the designated site. The effects that have been raised are considered to be highly localised in nature and unrelated to the typical recreation activities at such sites.

5.102. Given the above, it is considered that the proposed development will not likely have any recreational impact on the nearby core roosts for Bechstein’s, (with those for Greater Horseshoe and Lesser Horseshoe bats even further distance, and thus also unlikely to be affected).

43 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

6. AVOIDANCE AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

6.1. In order to provide comfort to the Competent Authority, the following package of measures are proposed in relation to the International / European designated sites identified above:

Salisbury Plain SPA

• Measures to reduce additional recreational pressures on the designated sites through walking / dog walking;

Bath and Bradford Avon Bats SAC

• Measures to avoid adverse impacts to foraging and commuting bats (including Bechstein’s and Horseshoe bats); and • Measures to avoid / reduce recreational pressure on sensitive roost sites for bat (Bechstein’s, and Horseshoe bats).

6.2. Each of these key elements are discussed below.

Measures to reduce recreational pressures on designated sites

6.3. Given the small scale of the Development Proposals, the fact that existing access to Salisbury Plain SPA is restricted on its western and central sections, it is considered that the development proposals will not adversely effect the integrity of the designated site. Nonetheless measures are proposed to ensure any perceived effects that could arise are removed.

6.4. The Development Proposals will deliver new informal recreation opportunities ‘on the doorstep’ of new residents. Recreational (including dog walking) opportunities will be created in the form of public open space, with a total of 3.36 hectares of open space (including SUDS and play areas) to be provided as part of the proposed development. These are shown on the plan included at Appendix 8.

6.5. Furthermore, three country parks (Brokerswood Country Park, Southwick Country Park and Westbury Country Park) are present within the local area providing attractive outdoor recreational spaces, further reducing the likelihood of new residents visiting the designated sites for informal recreation (see Plan ECO2).

6.6. New homeowners will be provided with information packs highlighting the sensitivities of nearby European sites, the need to keep dogs on a lead and alternative recreation resources in the local area including the nearby Country Parks.

6.7. As detailed above in section 5 a strategic approach has been taken with regard to recreational disturbance effects on Stone Curlew at Salisbury Plain SPA. The current results from monitoring of the Stone Curlew as part of this strategy has shown that the population is stable and the site is

44 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

meeting its conservation objectives, even in light of increased development within the catchment of the SPA. The strategy is considered to remain effective both for the projected growth and additional housing projects that now mean growth is higher than previously expected.

6.8. Given the small number of additional daily visits potentially generated by the development proposals (estimated to be 4.54) across the expansive site, the observed effectiveness of the mitigation strategy and the lack of direct adverse effects associated with recreational disturbance and Stone Curlew populations (as evident from the monitoring) it is considered that any effect of the development proposals on the SPA would be nugatory.

6.9. However, in delivering the development proposals, the applicant will contribute to the funding of this strategy, by way of CIL contributions (for WSCP) and an s106 agreement (for visitor access monitoring project) if required.

6.10. It is considered that the above measures would negate any perceived potential adverse effect on the integrity of the SPA arising from the Development Proposals due to an increase in recreational pressure.

Measures to avoid adverse impacts to Bechstein’s and Horseshoe bats

6.11. Whilst the bat surveys undertaken at the Application Site identified that the western boundary hedgerow feature is utilised by low numbers of bats including and Horseshoe bats, the surveys did not record any evidence to suggest that the habitats present within the majority of the Application Site are of any particular importance or significant value for relevant bat species.

6.12. The Development Proposals include a suite of mitigation and enhancement measures to avoid potential adverse impacts. These have been developed in reference to the mitigation measures set out within the draft Trowbridge Bat Mitigation Strategy and include:

• The retention and enhancement (though ‘gapping up’ and new tree planting) of the majority of linear habitats within the Application Site, including existing hedgerows and mature trees, and particularly along the northern and western boundaries; • The provision of landscape buffers (10m to 15m in width wherever possible) and areas of open space, particularly along the northern and western boundary, retaining connectivity through the Application Site to the wider landscape; • Measures to control public access in to adjacent offsite woodland through the establishment of dense vegetation including thorny species at the boundaries; • Provision of new attenuation / wetland features in the northern and western parts of the SuDS strategy that also include planting of tree groups to bolster habitat for bat species; and • Commitment to deliver a sensitive lighting strategy (see below).

45 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

6.13. As illustrated on the Development Framework plan (included at Appendix 8), landscaped buffers are to be provided in the northern and western parts of the site. These areas will be a minimum of 10 metres in width. In particular the northern and western boundaries will be enhanced through the provision of a significant number of new trees and shrubs, strengthening these linear features and enhancing their value for commuting bats. Additional tall and dense planting will be planted to the rear of residential areas backing onto the plantation woodland to create a dark corridor for commuting bats. The area of open space in the northern part of the site will also comprise an area of unlit, species rich habitats.

6.14. Habitats to be provided in these areas include species-rich grassland, new tree planting, scrub and new wetland habitats. This will be of benefit to invertebrates, and therefore provide an increase food source for foraging bats. Furthermore, these areas will be managed to promote their value for biodiversity, and in particular foraging bats.

6.15. As a suite of key principles will be taken into consideration in order to ensure that dark corridors are maintained, particularly along the northern and western boundaries of the Application Site. Whilst the final design of the lighting strategy is to be confirmed at the detailed design stage, this will ensure that light levels along these corridors are reduced to below 1 lux, thereby avoiding potential adverse effects on foraging bats. Measures to be adopted may include the use of LED lamps, hoods, cowls and shields (to direct lighting, as required), using new tree and hedgerow planting to act as a barrier to light spill, and the use of Variable Lighting Regimes (VLRs).

6.16. This comprehensive package of measures, including new and enhanced habitat features, will not only ensure that existing opportunities for bats within the Application Site are retained, but that opportunities for these species will be enhanced post-development.

6.17. It is considered that many potential impacts on bats have been ‘designed out’ of the development proposals. Overall, it is considered that the retention of the majority of existing hedgerows (unless unavoidable), together with new / replacement hedgerows planting, provision of areas of public open, (including wide green corridors along all the existing hedgerows) and sensitive / restricted lighting proposals, the promotion of alternative recreational resources (avoiding wood supporting core bat roosts) would avoid any potential significant adverse effects on the SAC through disturbance when the project is considered alone.

6.18. It is therefore considered that the development proposals would not be likely to give rise to a significant effect on the integrity of the SAC, by way of impacts on qualifying bats species. Given the mitigation proposed any residual impacts would also be deemed de minimis. As such, in combination effects are not considered to arise from the proposals. Given this conclusion, the information provided in this document and the mitigation as proposed is deemed sufficient for the Competent Authority to conclude with certainty that the proposals would not result in a significant effect on integrity of the Bath and Bradford-on-Avon SAC either alone or in

46 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

combination with other plans or projects, as required by the Habitat Regulations 2017.

Summary conclusion

6.19. It is considered that, having adopted a precautionary stance, the provision of the package of measures as described above, would avoid any potential significant adverse effects on the integrity of all international / European designated sites, including Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Braford on Avon Bats SAC, when the project is considered alone.

6.20. Having undertaken an assessment of all possible effects on the designated sites as a result of the Development Proposals, in view of the European sites’ Conservation Objectives, it is considered that the plan / project would not be likely to give rise to any adverse effects on site integrity. At worst, the plan / project would give rise to effects which would be classed as de minimis.

Specific consideration of the In-Combination Test

6.21. It is considered by Ecology Solutions that the potential effects identified in relation to the Development Proposals will be avoided or mitigated through the implementation of the measures described above, such that there would be no significant residual adverse effects on the international / European designated sites outlined above when the plan / project is considered alone. Any effects could be considered de minimis and in this light, in combination effects would not be possible.

6.22. Since Development Proposals are scrutinised so carefully by Competent Authorities and the relevant Statutory Authorities (including Natural England) in light of the Habitats Regulations, recent case law and guidance, it is not likely that another plan / project would come forward without appropriate and proportionate mitigation or avoidance measures to off set any perceived deleterious effects on a European designated site. In granting a legally compliant permission / consent for a plan or project, any necessary mitigation / avoidance measures, at an appropriate and proportionate scale must be secured.

6.23. Should proposals for other plans or projects in the local area come forward (e.g. at a later date), then appropriate mitigation measures, which complement those which form an integral part of the Development Proposals, would be necessary in order to ensure that they do not result in a significant effect to the any of the European sites.

6.24. It is also recognised that strategic approaches developed for the purpose of mitigating effects on European sites have been designed to deal specifically with any in-combination effects.

6.25. On the basis that all relevant development proposals (plans / projects) must provide appropriate mitigation / avoidance measures, it is therefore concluded that there would not be any potential significant in-combination

47 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

effects on the international / European designated sites as a result of the Development Proposals.

Summary Conclusion

6.26. Having considered all of the potential significant effects that could arise from the Development Proposals, in light of the avoidance and mitigation measures which form an integral part of the project, Ecology Solutions conclude that the proposals would not be likely to give rise to an adverse effect on the integrity of any international / European designated site when the Development Proposals are considered either alone or in combination with other plans or projects.

48 Land at Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Ecology Solutions Information specific to a Habitats Regulations Assessment 7592.sHRA(2019).vf of the impacts on Salisbury Plain SPA and Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC pursuant to regulation 63 of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) July 2019

7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

7.1. Ecology Solutions has undertaken a detailed assessment of the implications of the Development Proposals on the Salisbury Plain SPA / SAC, River Avon SAC and Bath and Bradford Bats SAC, in view of the European sites conservation objectives.

7.2. The findings of this work are set out within this Information to enable a Habitats Regulations Assessment document, such that the competent authority, in exercising its duties under the Habitats Regulations, has all the necessary information before it to considering the application.

7.3. Assessment under Regulation 63 of the Habitats Regulations is required in this instance, since the Application Site lies in close proximity to these sites. Consideration has also been given (where relevant) to any additional impacts which could arise in relation to the international / European designated sites.

7.4. All potential pathways for significant effects to arise on the SPA / SACs, as a result of the Development Proposals have been fully examined. This assessment has been undertaken with due regard had to relevant legislation, case law and planning decisions and guidance during consultation on the Development Proposals. Relevant information is appended to this document.

7.5. A package of appropriate and proportionate mitigation and enhancement measures is proposed, and these form an integral part of the Development Proposals.

7.6. It has been concluded that there would be no potential likely (adverse) effects on the integrity of the SPA / SACs when the Development Proposals are considered either alone or in combination with other plans/projects, in light of the tests at Regulation 63(1) of the Habitats Regulations.

7.7. As the project alone or in combination would not contribute to an overall adverse impact on the integrity of the international / European sites (in view of the European sites’ Conservation Objectives), the Development Proposals would by definition be acceptable. In those terms the competent authority could legally and safely grant consent for the proposed plan/project.

49

PLANS AND APPENDICES

PLANS

PLAN ECO1

Application Site Location in relation to European Designated Sites

Bath & Bradford on Avon Bats SAC. Located approximately 10.5km north west of the application site at its closest point.

Salisbury Plain SPA/SAC. Located approximately 3.45km south east of the application site Application Site at its closest point.

River Avon SAC. Located approximately 8.36km south of the application site CEM20130000228 7LJ. WR12 Worcestershire, Broadway, Estate, Farncombe House, Farncombe Ltd, Solutions Ecology Copyright. Crown © Office, Stationery s at its closest point. N

KEY: Farncombe House Farncombe Estate | Broadway APPLICATION SITE Worcestershire | WR12 7LJ

RIVER AVON SAC +44(0)1451 870767 [email protected] ecologysolutions.co.uk

SALISBURY PLAIN SPA/SAC Based upon the Ordnance Survey map with permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’ Her of Controller the of permission with map Survey Ordnance the upon Based BATH & BRADFORD ON AVON BATS SAC 7592: LAND AT STORRIDGE WESTBURY, WILTSHIRE

PLAN ECO1: APPLICATION SITE Rev: A LOCATION IN RELATION TO EUROPEAN DESIGNATED SITES July 2019

PLAN ECO2

Access to Country Parks, Bechstein Woods and Salisbury Plain from the Application Site

KEY:

APPLICATION SITE P COUNTRY PARKS BECHSTEIN WOODS SALISBURY PLAIN SPA/SAC CAR JOURNEY ROUTE FOOTPATH ROUTE

P PARKING orcestershire, WR12 7LJ. AL 100044628 AL 7LJ. WR12 orcestershire, Woodlands of value to the meta- population of Bechstein’s Bat as presented on Figure 3 of the Draft Picket and Clanger Wood Trowbridge Bat Mitigation Strategy Southwick Country Park and Round Wood approximately 7.6km from approximately 4.2km from application site by road application site by car and 2.6km on foot P

Westbury Country Park approximately 4km from application site by road

Nearest car park to s Stationery Office, © Crown Copyright. Ecology Solutions Ltd, Farncombe House, Farncombe Estate, Broadway, W Broadway, Estate, Farncombe House, Farncombe Ltd, Solutions Ecology Copyright. Crown © Office, Stationery s Salisbury Plain SPA approximately 5km from application site N

P

Farncombe House Farncombe Estate | Broadway Worcestershire | WR12 7LJ Brokerswood Country Park +44(0)1451 870767 approximately 7km from [email protected]

Based upon the Ordnance Survey map with permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’ Her of Controller the of permission with map Survey Ordnance the upon Based application site by road ecologysolutions.co.uk and 3.6km on foot 7592: LAND AT STORRIDGE ROAD, Salisbury Plain SPA WESTBURY, WILTSHIRE boundary approximately 5.1km from PLAN ECO2: ACCESS TO COUNTRY application site PARKS, BECHSTEIN WOODS AND Rev: A SALISBURY PLAIN FROM July 2019 THE APPLICATION SITE

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

Wiltshire Council’s Consultation response (6th April 2018)

Wiltshire Council Planning Consultation Response

ECOLOGY

Officer name: Louisa Kilgallen CIEEM CEnv

Date: 6 April 2018

Application No: 17/12342/OUT Proposal: Outline planning application for the demolition of number 13 and 14 Storridge Road and the erection of up to 200 dwellings with public open space, landscaping, sustainable drainage system (SuDS) and a vehicular access point from Storridge Road. All matters reserved except for means of access Site Address: Land Off, Storridge Road, Westbury, Wiltshire Case Officer: David Cox

Recommendations:

No Comment Support Support subject to conditions (please set out below) x Object (for reasons set out below) No objections

Matters Considered: Shadow Habitats Regulations Assessment (Ecology Solutions December 2017) Ecological Appraisal, FPCR, November 2017

Habitats Regulations Assessment under s63 of the Habitats Regulations 2017

River Avon SAC The development lies outside the catchment of this SAC therefore there is no mechanism to cause an effect. No further consideration is required for this European Site.

Salisbury Plain SAC The development is located outside the SAC and will not lead to direct loss of calcareous grassland. While recreational pressure could conceivably lead to deterioration of grassland within the SAC, impacts have not been identified from current levels of use and Natural England did not identify this as an issue for the SAC in relation to the Wiltshire Core Strategy1 or any subsequent housing applications. The grassland is relatively robust to walkers due to the scale of the site, free draining nature of the land and low intensity of recreational pressure. Significant effects are unlikely for this European site. Salisbury Plain SPA The HRA to support the Wiltshire Core Strategy identified a mitigation strategy to offset recreational pressure arising from the proposed housing allocations2 and the Council has signed up to a

1 Wiltshire Core Strategy updated Habitats Regulations Assessment, Wiltshire Council. April 2014 2 HRA and Mitigation Strategy for Salisbury Plain SPA, Wiltshire Council, 30 March 2012

Memorandum of Understanding with Natural England to review the strategy’s effectiveness annually. The strategy provides for annual monitoring and advisory work in order to maintain the conditions stone curlews require for breeding together with a visitor access survey every five years. All this work is funded through CIL. The Council is currently in the process of revising the HRA and Mitigation Strategy in the light of the 4 annual reports prepared to date3 and a visitor survey on the plain dated 20154. The latest visitor survey data from the Footprint Ecology 2015 report revises the catchment for visitors to 6.4km around all three areas of the plain and estimates that approximately 1% of the population within the visitor catchment are likely to be regular visitors to the plain. The current development lies well within this 6.4km radius. Since the Wiltshire Core Strategy was adopted, further new residential development has come forward over and above the allocations identified in the strategy. In particular the Army Basing Project (ABP) which includes permissions for new single living accommodation and 917 Service Family Accommodation dwellings all within 4km of the Plain. The HRA for ABP was prepared by DIO (December 2015) and reviewed by the Council which chose to secure a number of bespoke mitigation measures by S106 agreement. As a result the Council concluded there would be no likely significant effect on the SPA. Both HRA’s were accepted by Natural England therefore it may be assumed with a reasonable degree of confidence that the proposed mitigation measures should be effective, and therefore for the purposes of this assessment, I consider that any residual effects which could potentially arise from ABP will be relatively minor.

In addition to ABP, there is projected to be in the order of 1300 dwellings constructed within the 6.4km radius of the plain over and above those anticipated in the adopted Wiltshire Core Strategy. Taking all non ABP housing projected in the Wiltshire Housing Allocation Sites Plan within 6.4km of the plain into account, there will be approximately 260 additional visits to the plain per day by the end of the plan period. Current calculations suggest this will be roughly 1% higher than that predicted at the time the Core Strategy was adopted. This does not include the current application which would generate an additional 4.6 visits per day. All work items stipulated in the Mitigation Strategy has been undertaken and evidence from the reports to date indicates it strategy is proving successful in maintaining stone curlew at a favourable conservation status. The population, in terms of numbers of breeding pairs and productivity, has been maintained well above the conservation target despite poor weather in two recent years and the delivery of approximately half of the housing estimate. For the time being therefore the strategy can be assumed to be effective at mitigating development proposed in the WHASP.

The current application is not included in the WHASP and therefore there is a small risk that the additional visitors it would bring on top of those anticipated in the WHASP may start to exceed a threshold beyond which favourable conservation status cannot be maintained. The key aspect of the Mitigation Strategy is for development to progress steadily in tandem with the programme of monitoring and advice. This enables any tipping point where the population’s fortunes are reversed, to be detected before irrevocable harm is caused and / or further mitigation can be implemented. As this application is for 200 homes within 6.4km of the plain (approximately 3.8km away) I conclude that there is a risk of likely significant effects. A further appropriate assessment would need to consider this application within the context of the likelihood of further unanticipated development coming forward within 6.4km of the plain within the current plan period up to 2026. As Salisbury Plain is unique in terms of the recreational opportunities it provides, the Council does not consider that the mitigation measures identified in section 6 of the Shadow HRA would offset the number of visits to the SPA.

3 Stone-curlew CIL Monitoring Area Report 2014, Stone-curlew CIL Monitoring Area Report 2015, Stone-curlew CIL Monitoring Area Report 2016, Stone-curlew CIL Monitoring Area Report 2017. All prepared by Nick Tomalin, RSPB for Wiltshire Council 4 Salisbury Plain Visitor Survey 2015, Footprint Ecology for Wiltshire Council (2015)

Bath and Bradford on Avon SAC

Since the Council issued its Guidance on the Wiltshire Bat SACs in 20155, a SPD has been adopted by North Somerset Council for the North Somerset and Mendip Bats SAC6. This provides further details on ecological considerations that need to be taken into consideration when assessing impacts on greater and lesser horseshoe bats. Wiltshire Council expects that its own guidance will be updated in due course to take account of relevant information in the SPD as well as other findings that have emerged since 2015 but in the meantime the SPD provides a useful insight into the requirements that planning applications which affect horseshoes should meet.

The Council has accepted an offer by Natural England to work with the Somerset Councils towards a Local Bat Conservation Plan covering the three bat SACs in the West of England. This aims to reduce the burden of regulation on developers by designing strategic landscape scale mitigation and compensation schemes. So far the plan is at the earliest stages and but serves to demonstrate that the Council is keen to work with partners to remove barriers for development in the longer term.

Horseshoe bats

The application site lies within the consultation zone for greater horseshoe bat. This species is a feature of the Bath and Bradford on Avon bat SAC and is sustained by a number of requirements including suitable foraging habitat within several km of maternity roosts, suitable juvenile foraging habitat within the immediate vicinity of maternity roosts, dark conditions, and connecting rural habitat between foraging habitat and roosts. The closest known roost to the site is a maternity/pre-maternity at Westbury Leigh near the railway line. There are several historical records for both greater and lesser horseshoe bats in the vicinity of the application site and automated detectors recorded both species using the site.

Although the level of survey was in line with recommendations in the BCT survey guidelines 2016, given the greater difficulty in detecting horseshoes and the higher levels of survey recommended in the North Somerset SPD, the Council considers the use of the site recorded by FPCR is an underestimate and the significance of the site for horseshoes has been undervalued. All 12 static detectors recorded greater and/or lesser horseshoe bats indicating that the entire perimeter of the site is valuable for these two species. In addition, on a precautionary basis it is assumed that the woodland provides foraging habitat for both species and continued dark access would be required following development.

Bechstein’s bats

The application lies within a couple of miles of Picket and Clanger Woods and Round Wood which are accessible for recreation. These woods, together with Green Lane Wood and Biss Wood in Trowbridge support a breeding population of Bechstein’s bats. The population is functionally linked through ring returns to the SAC and is one of the largest in Britain. As a consequence Natural England has announced it is considering protecting the population through SSSI designation (neither Green Lane nor Biss Wood are designated as SSSI and bats are not a feature of the Picket and Clanger Wood SSSI). A notable characteristic of the maternity colony is the fact it uses a tree located several hundred metres outside the woodlands for roosting during a significant part of the breeding season. In another break from traditionally held views of Bechstein’s habits, individual radio-tracked bats have been shown to travel across open countryside to feed in atypical habitats such as small fragments of recently planted woodland and bats regularly travel a 2-3km radius away from the roost in foraging flights. In light of this, the Council considers that there is a good chance the off-site woodland at this application site is used by one or more Bechstein’s bats for foraging.

5 Bat Special Areas of Conservation. Wiltshire Council, 2015 6 North Somerset and Mendip Bats Special Area of Conservation: Guidance on Development. Supplementary Planning Document, adopted 18 January 2015

Manual surveys confirmed that mainly the south eastern and south western perimeters of the site are used by Myotis sp but it is difficult to interpret the static results as the two statics were moved to a different location each month. On a precautionary basis, the Myotis records are assumed to include Bechstein’s and this species could be foraging in any of the perimeter hedgerows and crossing the open part of the site.

Bat Mitigation The strategic allocation for 2500 dwellings at Aston Park has undergone a lengthy HRA process to ensure that adverse effects will be addressed. Further development proposed at Trowbridge is being delayed as a strategy is developed to support the Wiltshire Housing Allocation Sites Plan and ensure that adequate and co-ordinated mitigation is provided to offset the in-combination effects of recreational pressure at a landscape scale. While the strategy is targeted at securing development in Trowbridge, it will also consider implications for the wider area including Westbury and other SAC species. The mitigation is expected to encompass, as a minimum, the need for new planting to offset losses to foraging and contributions to a monitoring scheme. It may also include contributions towards offsite recreational facilities. The Strategy will explore the most appropriate funding mechanism whether this is through S106 or CIL.

Two developments, each of 300 dwellings have recently been permitted on the north side of Westbury and this has resulted in the housing allocations in the Core Strategy for Westbury to be exceeded by over 500 dwellings. The current application would lead to further exceedance before these two developments have been occupied and the outcome of their recreational effects assessed.

The development has put forward the following mitigation for bats which I have annotated in brackets to indicate the shortcomings for this HRA.

• Retention and enhancement of the majority of existing hedgerows and trees, particularly along the north and western boundaries (10m wide and therefore potentially adequate to buffer lighting but no information about the effects of public access inside the woodlands and how these could be controlled) • Provision of landscape buffers particularly along the northern and eastern boundaries (less than 10m wide and therefore potentially not wide enough to buffer impacts to hedgerows. Parameters plan needed to demonstrate that all mitigation features will be retained in the public domain) • Retention of connectivity through the application site to the wider landscape (broken by road crossings and therefore potentially not preferred by SAC bats) • Provision of wetland features in the north and west of the site (no significant area of woodland planting to offset loss) • Delivery of a sensitive lighting strategy (no parameters plan to indicate areas which will be kept below 0.5 lux) • An area of open space of 3.69 ha (not large nor interesting enough to compete with local woodlands, particularly Picket and Clanger Woods)

Until the strategy for bat mitigation at Trowbridge is complete, the Council is adopting a precautionary approach to mitigation and it is clear from the above that proposals for the current application are insufficient for the Council to be able to conclude that the development would not lead to adverse effects on the Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC.

HRA conclusion

The Council has assessed this development under the Habitats Regulations 2017 and concluded it would be likely to give rise to significant effects on the River Avon SAC or the Salisbury Plain SAC either alone or in-combination with other plans and projects.

However it is not possible to conclude, beyond reasonable scientific doubt that adverse effects would be avoided for Bath and Bradford on Avon Bats SAC alone and in-combination with other plans and projects. In addition, likely significant effects have been identified for the Salisbury Plain SPA in- combination with other plans and projects and therefore further assessment is required to determine whether adverse effects could occur.

In light of this conclusion, I advise that it would be unlawful for the Council to permit this application.

Great Crested Newts I note the development lies 225m away from the pond at the end of Paxman’s Road which has confirmed records of great crested newts from 2012 and an eDNA survey from 2017. As a greenfield site, the development site therefore has a reasonable prospect of being used by this species during its terrestrial phase. Great crested newts are declining in Wiltshire and due emphasis will need to be placed on ensuring that any population is not compromised by development in the long term. The Council is working with partners to identify whether it will be feasible to secure strategic solutions for great crested newt mitigation in the future. This application needs to address the specific risk of newts traversing the application site to gain access to the woodland and ponds further afield.

APPENDIX 2

Flow Diagram from ODPM / Defra Circular

APPENDIX 3

Natura 2000 Standard Data Forms and Citations for European Designated Sites

NATURA 2000 – STANDARD DATA FORM

Special Protection Areas under the EC Birds Directive.

Each Natura 2000 site in the United Kingdom has its own Standard Data Form containing site-specific information. The data form for this site has been generated from the Natura 2000 Database submitted to the European Commission on the following date:

22/12/2015

The information provided here, follows the officially agreed site information format for Natura 2000 sites, as set out in the Official Journal of the European Union recording the Commission Implementing Decision of 11 July 2011 (2011/484/EU).

The Standard Data Forms are generated automatically for all of the UK’s Natura 2000 sites using the European Environment Agency’s Natura 2000 software. The structure and format of these forms is exactly as produced by the EEA’s Natura 2000 software (except for the addition of this coversheet and the end notes). The content matches exactly the data submitted to the European Commission.

Please note that these forms contain a number of codes, all of which are explained either within the data forms themselves or in the end notes.

Further technical documentation may be found here http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Natura_2000/reference_portal

As part of the December 2015 submission, several sections of the UK’s previously published Standard Data Forms have been updated. For details of the approach taken by the UK in this submission please refer to the following document: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Natura2000_StandardDataForm_UKApproach_Dec2015.pdf

More general information on Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in the United Kingdom is available from the SPA home page on the JNCC website. This webpage also provides links to Standard Data Forms for all SPAs in the UK.

Date form generated by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee 25 January 2016.

http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/

NATURA 2000 - STANDARD DATA FORM For Special Protection Areas (SPA), Proposed Sites for Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and for Special Areas of Conservation (SAC)

SITE UK9011102

SITENAME Salisbury Plain

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SITE IDENTIFICATION 2. SITE LOCATION 3. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION 4. SITE DESCRIPTION 5. SITE PROTECTION STATUS AND RELATION WITH CORINE BIOTOPES 6. SITE MANAGEMENT

1. SITE IDENTIFICATION

1.1 Type 1.2 Site code Back to top A UK9011102

1.3 Site name

Salisbury Plain

1.4 First Compilation date 1.5 Update date 1993-11 2015-12

1.6 Respondent:

Name/Organisation: Joint Nature Conservation Committee Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House City Road Peterborough Address: PE1 1JY Email:

1.7 Site indication and designation / classification dates

Date site classified as SPA: 1993-11

Regulations 12A and 13-15 of the Conservation Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, National legal reference of SPA (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/490/contents/made) designation as amended by The Conservation of Habitats and Species (Amendment) Regulations 2011 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/625/contents/made).

2. SITE LOCATION

Back to top 2.1 Site-centre location [decimal degrees]:

Longitude Latitude -1.886388889 51.25388889

2.2 Area [ha]: 2.3 Marine area [%] 19715.99 0.0

2.4 Sitelength [km]: 0.0

2.5 Administrative region code and name

NUTS level 2 code Region Name

UKK1 Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area UKJ3 Hampshire and Isle of Wight

2.6 Biogeographical Region(s)

(100.0 Atlantic %)

3. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Back to top 3.2 Species referred to in Article 4 of Directive 2009/147/EC and listed in Annex II of Directive 92/43/EEC and site evaluation for them

Species Population in the site Site assessment

Scientific G Code S NP T Size Unit Cat. D.qual. A|B|C|D A|B|C Name

Min Max Pop. Con. Iso. Glo.

Burhinus B A133 r 24 24 p G B B oedicnemus

Circus B A082 w 5 5 i G C C cyaneus

Coturnix B A113 r 19 19 i G A C coturnix

Falco B A099 r 6 6 p G C C subbuteo

Group: A = Amphibians, B = Birds, F = Fish, I = Invertebrates, M = Mammals, P = Plants, R = Reptiles S: in case that the data on species are sensitive and therefore have to be blocked for any public access enter: yes NP: in case that a species is no longer present in the site enter: x (optional) Type: p = permanent, r = reproducing, c = concentration, w = wintering (for plant and non-migratory species use permanent) Unit: i = individuals, p = pairs or other units according to the Standard list of population units and codes in accordance with Article 12 and 17 reporting (see reference portal) Abundance categories (Cat.): C = common, R = rare, V = very rare, P = present - to fill if data are deficient (DD) or in addition to population size information Data quality: G = 'Good' (e.g. based on surveys); M = 'Moderate' (e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation); P = 'Poor' (e.g. rough estimation); VP = 'Very poor' (use this category only, if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made, in this case the fields for population size can remain empty, but the field "Abundance categories" has to be filled in)

4. SITE DESCRIPTION

Back to top 4.1 General site character

Habitat class % Cover

N16 4.0 N10 9.3 N19 3.7 N15 8.3 N17 1.0 N14 15.6 N23 1.3 N09 56.8

Total Habitat Cover 99.99999999999999

Other Site Characteristics 1 Terrestrial: Soil & Geology:basic,neutral,clay,nutrient-poor,limestone,nutrient-rich2 Terrestrial: Geomorphology and landscape:lowland,hilly,escarpment,valley,slope

4.2 Quality and importance ARTICLE 4.1 QUALIFICATION (79/409/EEC)During the breeding season the area regularly supports:Burhinus oedicnemus (Western Europe - breeding)14.5% of the GB breeding populationCount, as at 1997Over winter the area regularly supports:Circus cyaneus0.7% of the GB populationCount, as at 1993ARTICLE 4.2 QUALIFICATION (79/409/EEC)During the breeding season the area regularly supports:Coturnix coturnix20% of the population in Great BritainCount, as at 1986Falco subbuteo1.2% of the population in Great BritainCount, as at 1990

4.3 Threats, pressures and activities with impacts on the site

The most important impacts and activities with high effect on the site

Negative Impacts Positive Impacts Threats Activities, Pollution Pollution inside/outside and inside/outside Rank management (optional) Rank (optional) [i|o|b] pressures [i|o|b] [code] [code] [code] [code] H A04 I H H04 B H A06 I H M02 B H A02 I Rank: H = high, M = medium, L = low Pollution: N = Nitrogen input, P = Phosphor/Phosphate input, A = Acid input/acidification, T = toxic inorganic chemicals, O = toxic organic chemicals, X = Mixed pollutions i = inside, o = outside, b = both

4.5 Documentation Conservation Objectives - the Natural England links below provide access to the Conservation Objectives (and other site-related information) for its terrestrial and inshore Natura 2000 sites, including conservation advice packages and supporting documents for European Marine Sites within English waters and for cross-border sites. See also the 'UK Approach' document for more information (link via the JNCC website).

Link(s): http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/6490068894089216

http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Natura2000_StandardDataForm_UKApproach_Dec2015.pdf

http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/3212324

5. SITE PROTECTION STATUS (optional)

Back to top 5.1 Designation types at national and regional level:

Code Cover [%] Code Cover [%] Code Cover [%]

UK04 100.0

6. SITE MANAGEMENT

Back to top 6.1 Body(ies) responsible for the site management:

Organisation: Natural England Address: Email:

6.2 Management Plan(s): An actual management plan does exist:

Yes

No, but in preparation

X No

6.3 Conservation measures (optional) For available information, including on Conservation Objectives, see Section 4.5. EXPLANATION OF CODES USED IN THE NATURA 2000 STANDARD DATA FORMS

The codes in the table below are also explained in the official European Union guidelines for the Standard Data Form. The relevant page is shown in the table below.

1.1 Site type CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Designated Special Protection Area 53 SAC (includes candidates Special Areas of Conservation, Sites of Community Importance and B 53 designated SAC) C SAC area the same as SPA. Note in the UK Natura 2000 submission this is only used for Gibraltar 53

3.1 Habitat representativity CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent 57 B Good 57 C Significant 57 D Non-significant presence 57

3.1 Habitat code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO 1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time 57 1130 Estuaries 57 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide 57 1150 Coastal lagoons 57 1160 Large shallow inlets and bays 57 1170 Reefs 57 1180 Submarine structures made by leaking gases 57 1210 Annual vegetation of drift lines 57 1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks 57 1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts 57 1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand 57 1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae) 57 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) 57 1340 Inland salt meadows 57 1420 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi) 57 2110 Embryonic shifting dunes 57 2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria ("white dunes") 57 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("grey dunes") 57 2140 Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum 57 2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) 57 2160 Dunes with Hippopha• rhamnoides 57 2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salicion arenariae) 57 2190 Humid dune slacks 57 21A0 Machairs (* in Ireland) 57 2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp. 57 2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands 57 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae) 57 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of 3130 57 the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea 3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp. 57 3150 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition - type vegetation 57 CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO 3160 Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds 57 3170 Mediterranean temporary ponds 57 3180 Turloughs 57 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion 3260 57 vegetation 4010 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix 57 4020 Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix 57 4030 European dry heaths 57 4040 Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagans 57 4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths 57 4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub 57 5110 Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes (Berberidion p.p.) 57 5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands 57 6130 Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae 57 6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands 57 6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands 57 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (* 6210 57 important orchid sites) Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in 6230 57 Continental Europe) 6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae) 57 6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels 57 6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) 57 6520 Mountain hay meadows 57 7110 Active raised bogs 57 7120 Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration 57 7130 Blanket bogs (* if active bog) 57 7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs 57 7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion 57 7210 Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae 57 7220 Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) 57 7230 Alkaline fens 57 7240 Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae 57 8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani) 57 8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) 57 8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 57 8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 57 8240 Limestone pavements 57 8310 Caves not open to the public 57 8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves 57 Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer (Quercion 9120 57 robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion) 9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests 57 9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli 57 9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines 57 9190 Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur on sandy plains 57 91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles 57 91C0 Caledonian forest 57 91D0 Bog woodland 57 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion 91E0 57 albae) 91J0 Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles 57

3.1 Relative surface CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A 15%-100% 58 B 2%-15% 58 C < 2% 58

3.1 Conservation status habitat CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent conservation 59 B Good conservation 59 C Average or reduced conservation 59

3.1 Global grade habitat CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent value 59 B Good value 59 C Significant value 59

3.2 Population (abbreviated to ‘Pop.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A 15%-100% 62 B 2%-15% 62 C < 2% 62 D Non-significant population 62

3.2 Conservation status species (abbreviated to ‘Con.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent conservation 63 B Good conservation 63 C Average or reduced conservation 63

3.2 Isolation (abbreviated to ‘Iso.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Population (almost) Isolated 63 B Population not-isolated, but on margins of area of distribution 63 C Population not-isolated within extended distribution range 63

3.2 Global Grade (abbreviated to ‘Glo.’ Or ‘G.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent value 63 B Good value 63 C Significant value 63

3.3 Assemblages types CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO WATR Non breeding waterfowl assemblage UK specific code SBA Breeding seabird assemblage UK specific code BBA Breeding bird assemblage (applies only to sites classified pre 2000) UK specific code

4.1 Habitat class code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO N01 Marine areas, Sea inlets 65 N02 Tidal rivers, Estuaries, Mud flats, Sand flats, Lagoons (including saltwork basins) 65 N03 Salt marshes, Salt pastures, Salt steppes 65 N04 Coastal sand dunes, Sand beaches, Machair 65 N05 Shingle, Sea cliffs, Islets 65 N06 Inland water bodies (Standing water, Running water) 65 N07 Bogs, Marshes, Water fringed vegetation, Fens 65 N08 Heath, Scrub, Maquis and Garrigue, Phygrana 65 N09 Dry grassland, Steppes 65 N10 Humid grassland, Mesophile grassland 65 N11 Alpine and sub-Alpine grassland 65 N14 Improved grassland 65 N15 Other arable land 65 N16 Broad-leaved deciduous woodland 65 N17 Coniferous woodland 65 N19 Mixed woodland 65 N21 Non-forest areas cultivated with woody plants (including Orchards, groves, Vineyards, Dehesas) 65 N22 Inland rocks, Screes, Sands, Permanent Snow and ice 65 N23 Other land (including Towns, Villages, Roads, Waste places, Mines, Industrial sites) 65 N25 Grassland and scrub habitats (general) 65 N26 Woodland habitats (general) 65

4.3 Threats code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A01 Cultivation 65 A02 Modification of cultivation practices 65 A03 Mowing / cutting of grassland 65 A04 Grazing 65 A05 Livestock farming and animal breeding (without grazing) 65 A06 Annual and perennial non-timber crops 65 A07 Use of biocides, hormones and chemicals 65 A08 Fertilisation 65 A10 Restructuring agricultural land holding 65 A11 Agriculture activities not referred to above 65 B01 Forest planting on open ground 65 B02 Forest and Plantation management & use 65 B03 Forest exploitation without replanting or natural regrowth 65 B04 Use of biocides, hormones and chemicals (forestry) 65 B06 Grazing in forests/ woodland 65 B07 Forestry activities not referred to above 65 C01 Mining and quarrying 65 C02 Exploration and extraction of oil or gas 65 C03 Renewable abiotic energy use 65 D01 Roads, paths and railroads 65 D02 Utility and service lines 65 D03 Shipping lanes, ports, marine constructions 65 D04 Airports, flightpaths 65 D05 Improved access to site 65 E01 Urbanised areas, human habitation 65 E02 Industrial or commercial areas 65 CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO E03 Discharges 65 E04 Structures, buildings in the landscape 65 E06 Other urbanisation, industrial and similar activities 65 F01 Marine and Freshwater Aquaculture 65 F02 Fishing and harvesting aquatic ressources 65 Hunting and collection of wild animals (terrestrial), including damage caused by game (excessive density), and taking/removal of terrestrial animals (including collection of insects, reptiles, F03 65 amphibians, birds of prey, etc., trapping, poisoning, poaching, predator control, accidental capture (e.g. due to fishing gear), etc.) F04 Taking / Removal of terrestrial plants, general 65 F05 Illegal taking/ removal of marine fauna 65 F06 Hunting, fishing or collecting activities not referred to above 65 G01 Outdoor sports and leisure activities, recreational activities 65 G02 Sport and leisure structures 65 G03 Interpretative centres 65 G04 Military use and civil unrest 65 G05 Other human intrusions and disturbances 65 H01 Pollution to surface waters (limnic & terrestrial, marine & brackish) 65 H02 Pollution to groundwater (point sources and diffuse sources) 65 H03 Marine water pollution 65 H04 Air pollution, air-borne pollutants 65 H05 Soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges) 65 H06 Excess energy 65 H07 Other forms of pollution 65 I01 Invasive non-native species 65 I02 Problematic native species 65 I03 Introduced genetic material, GMO 65 J01 Fire and fire suppression 65 J02 Human induced changes in hydraulic conditions 65 J03 Other ecosystem modifications 65 K01 Abiotic (slow) natural processes 65 K02 Biocenotic evolution, succession 65 K03 Interspecific faunal relations 65 K04 Interspecific floral relations 65 K05 Reduced fecundity/ genetic depression 65 L05 Collapse of terrain, landslide 65 L07 Storm, cyclone 65 L08 Inundation (natural processes) 65 L10 Other natural catastrophes 65 M01 Changes in abiotic conditions 65 M02 Changes in biotic conditions 65 U Unknown threat or pressure 65 XO Threats and pressures from outside the Member State 65

5.1 Designation type codes CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO UK00 No Protection Status 67 UK01 National Nature Reserve 67 UK02 Marine Nature Reserve 67 UK04 Site of Special Scientific Interest (UK) 67

NATURA 2000 – STANDARD DATA FORM

Special Areas of Conservation under the EC Habitats Directive (includes candidate SACs, Sites of Community Importance and designated SACs).

Each Natura 2000 site in the United Kingdom has its own Standard Data Form containing site-specific information. The data form for this site has been generated from the Natura 2000 Database submitted to the European Commission on the following date:

22/12/2015

The information provided here, follows the officially agreed site information format for Natura 2000 sites, as set out in the Official Journal of the European Union recording the Commission Implementing Decision of 11 July 2011 (2011/484/EU).

The Standard Data Forms are generated automatically for all of the UK’s Natura 2000 sites using the European Environment Agency’s Natura 2000 software. The structure and format of these forms is exactly as produced by the EEA’s Natura 2000 software (except for the addition of this coversheet and the end notes). The content matches exactly the data submitted to the European Commission.

Please note that these forms contain a number of codes, all of which are explained either within the data forms themselves or in the end notes.

Further technical documentation may be found here http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Natura_2000/reference_portal

As part of the December 2015 submission, several sections of the UK’s previously published Standard Data Forms have been updated. For details of the approach taken by the UK in this submission please refer to the following document: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Natura2000_StandardDataForm_UKApproach_Dec2015.pdf

More general information on Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in the United Kingdom is available from the SAC home page on the JNCC website. This webpage also provides links to Standard Data Forms for all SACs in the UK.

Date form generated by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee 25 January 2016.

http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/

NATURA 2000 - STANDARD DATA FORM For Special Protection Areas (SPA), Proposed Sites for Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and for Special Areas of Conservation (SAC)

SITE UK0012683

SITENAME Salisbury Plain

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SITE IDENTIFICATION 2. SITE LOCATION 3. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION 4. SITE DESCRIPTION 5. SITE PROTECTION STATUS AND RELATION WITH CORINE BIOTOPES 6. SITE MANAGEMENT

1. SITE IDENTIFICATION

1.1 Type 1.2 Site code Back to top B UK0012683

1.3 Site name

Salisbury Plain

1.4 First Compilation date 1.5 Update date 1996-01 2015-12

1.6 Respondent:

Name/Organisation: Joint Nature Conservation Committee Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House City Road Peterborough Address: PE1 1JY Email:

Date site proposed as SCI: 1996-01

Date site confirmed as SCI: 2004-12

Date site designated as SAC: 2005-04

Regulations 11 and 13-15 of the Conservation of Habitats National legal reference of SAC and Species Regulations 2010 designation: (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/490/contents/made).

2. SITE LOCATION

Back to top 2.1 Site-centre location [decimal degrees]:

Longitude Latitude -1.889444444 51.24583333

2.2 Area [ha]: 2.3 Marine area [%] 21465.94 0.0

2.4 Sitelength [km]: 0.0

2.5 Administrative region code and name

NUTS level 2 code Region Name

UKK1 Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area UKJ3 Hampshire and Isle of Wight

2.6 Biogeographical Region(s)

(100.0 Atlantic %)

3. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Back to top 3.1 Habitat types present on the site and assessment for them

Annex I Habitat types Site assessment

Cover Cave Data Code PF NP A|B|C|D A|B|C [ha] [number] quality

Relative Representativity Conservation Global Surface

4030 D

5130 412.15 G A A A A

6210 X 20328.25 G B A A A

PF: for the habitat types that can have a non-priority as well as a priority form (6210, 7130, 9430) enter "X" in the column PF to indicate the priority form. NP: in case that a habitat type no longer exists in the site enter: x (optional) Cover: decimal values can be entered Caves: for habitat types 8310, 8330 (caves) enter the number of caves if estimated surface is not available. Data quality: G = 'Good' (e.g. based on surveys); M = 'Moderate' (e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation); P = 'Poor' (e.g. rough estimation)

3.2 Species referred to in Article 4 of Directive 2009/147/EC and listed in Annex II of Directive 92/43/EEC and site evaluation for them Species Population in the site Site assessment

Scientific G Code S NP T Size Unit Cat. D.qual. A|B|C|D A|B|C Name

Min Max Pop. Con. Iso. Glo.

Euphydryas (Eurodryas, I 1065 p P DD B B C B Hypodryas) aurinia

Gentianella P 1654 p P DD D anglica

Triturus A 1166 p P DD D cristatus

Group: A = Amphibians, B = Birds, F = Fish, I = Invertebrates, M = Mammals, P = Plants, R = Reptiles S: in case that the data on species are sensitive and therefore have to be blocked for any public access enter: yes NP: in case that a species is no longer present in the site enter: x (optional) Type: p = permanent, r = reproducing, c = concentration, w = wintering (for plant and non-migratory species use permanent) Unit: i = individuals, p = pairs or other units according to the Standard list of population units and codes in accordance with Article 12 and 17 reporting (see reference portal) Abundance categories (Cat.): C = common, R = rare, V = very rare, P = present - to fill if data are deficient (DD) or in addition to population size information Data quality: G = 'Good' (e.g. based on surveys); M = 'Moderate' (e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation); P = 'Poor' (e.g. rough estimation); VP = 'Very poor' (use this category only, if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made, in this case the fields for population size can remain empty, but the field "Abundance categories" has to be filled in)

4. SITE DESCRIPTION

Back to top 4.1 General site character

Habitat class % Cover

N09 94.7 N23 0.4 N16 0.4 N10 0.9 N08 1.9 N14 0.9 N17 0.4 N19 0.4

Total Habitat Cover 100

Other Site Characteristics 1 Terrestrial: Soil & Geology:neutral,basic,limestone,nutrient-poor,sedimentary2 Terrestrial: Geomorphology and landscape:escarpment,slope,valley,lowland

4.2 Quality and importance Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslandsfor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies: on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)5% of which is considered to be the priority sub-type: ?important orchid sites?.for which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.Euphydryas (Eurodryas, Hypodryas) auriniafor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.

4.3 Threats, pressures and activities with impacts on the site

The most important impacts and activities with high effect on the site

Negative Impacts Positive Impacts Threats Activities, Pollution Pollution inside/outside and inside/outside Rank management (optional) Rank (optional) [i|o|b] pressures [i|o|b] [code] [code] [code] [code] H A04 I H M02 B H A02 I H K04 I H D05 I H A04 I H A06 I Rank: H = high, M = medium, L = low Pollution: N = Nitrogen input, P = Phosphor/Phosphate input, A = Acid input/acidification, T = toxic inorganic chemicals, O = toxic organic chemicals, X = Mixed pollutions i = inside, o = outside, b = both

4.5 Documentation Conservation Objectives - the Natural England links below provide access to the Conservation Objectives (and other site-related information) for its terrestrial and inshore Natura 2000 sites, including conservation advice packages and supporting documents for European Marine Sites within English waters and for cross-border sites. See also the 'UK Approach' document for more information (link via the JNCC website).

Link(s): http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Natura2000_StandardDataForm_UKApproach_Dec2015.pdf

http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/6490068894089216

http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/3212324

5. SITE PROTECTION STATUS (optional)

Back to top 5.1 Designation types at national and regional level:

Code Cover [%] Code Cover [%] Code Cover [%]

UK04 100.0 UK01 0.9

6. SITE MANAGEMENT

Back to top 6.1 Body(ies) responsible for the site management:

Organisation: Natural England Address: Email:

6.2 Management Plan(s): An actual management plan does exist:

Yes

No, but in preparation

X No 6.3 Conservation measures (optional) For available information, including on Conservation Objectives, see Section 4.5. EXPLANATION OF CODES USED IN THE NATURA 2000 STANDARD DATA FORMS

The codes in the table below are also explained in the official European Union guidelines for the Standard Data Form. The relevant page is shown in the table below.

1.1 Site type CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Designated Special Protection Area 53 SAC (includes candidates Special Areas of Conservation, Sites of Community Importance and B 53 designated SAC) C SAC area the same as SPA. Note in the UK Natura 2000 submission this is only used for Gibraltar 53

3.1 Habitat representativity CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent 57 B Good 57 C Significant 57 D Non-significant presence 57

3.1 Habitat code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO 1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time 57 1130 Estuaries 57 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide 57 1150 Coastal lagoons 57 1160 Large shallow inlets and bays 57 1170 Reefs 57 1180 Submarine structures made by leaking gases 57 1210 Annual vegetation of drift lines 57 1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks 57 1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts 57 1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand 57 1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae) 57 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) 57 1340 Inland salt meadows 57 1420 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi) 57 2110 Embryonic shifting dunes 57 2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria ("white dunes") 57 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("grey dunes") 57 2140 Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum 57 2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) 57 2160 Dunes with Hippopha• rhamnoides 57 2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salicion arenariae) 57 2190 Humid dune slacks 57 21A0 Machairs (* in Ireland) 57 2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp. 57 2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands 57 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae) 57 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of 3130 57 the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea 3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp. 57 3150 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition - type vegetation 57 CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO 3160 Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds 57 3170 Mediterranean temporary ponds 57 3180 Turloughs 57 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion 3260 57 vegetation 4010 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix 57 4020 Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix 57 4030 European dry heaths 57 4040 Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagans 57 4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths 57 4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub 57 5110 Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes (Berberidion p.p.) 57 5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands 57 6130 Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae 57 6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands 57 6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands 57 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (* 6210 57 important orchid sites) Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in 6230 57 Continental Europe) 6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae) 57 6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels 57 6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) 57 6520 Mountain hay meadows 57 7110 Active raised bogs 57 7120 Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration 57 7130 Blanket bogs (* if active bog) 57 7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs 57 7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion 57 7210 Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae 57 7220 Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) 57 7230 Alkaline fens 57 7240 Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae 57 8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani) 57 8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) 57 8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 57 8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 57 8240 Limestone pavements 57 8310 Caves not open to the public 57 8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves 57 Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer (Quercion 9120 57 robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion) 9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests 57 9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli 57 9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines 57 9190 Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur on sandy plains 57 91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles 57 91C0 Caledonian forest 57 91D0 Bog woodland 57 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion 91E0 57 albae) 91J0 Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles 57

3.1 Relative surface CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A 15%-100% 58 B 2%-15% 58 C < 2% 58

3.1 Conservation status habitat CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent conservation 59 B Good conservation 59 C Average or reduced conservation 59

3.1 Global grade habitat CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent value 59 B Good value 59 C Significant value 59

3.2 Population (abbreviated to ‘Pop.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A 15%-100% 62 B 2%-15% 62 C < 2% 62 D Non-significant population 62

3.2 Conservation status species (abbreviated to ‘Con.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent conservation 63 B Good conservation 63 C Average or reduced conservation 63

3.2 Isolation (abbreviated to ‘Iso.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Population (almost) Isolated 63 B Population not-isolated, but on margins of area of distribution 63 C Population not-isolated within extended distribution range 63

3.2 Global Grade (abbreviated to ‘Glo.’ Or ‘G.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent value 63 B Good value 63 C Significant value 63

3.3 Assemblages types CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO WATR Non breeding waterfowl assemblage UK specific code SBA Breeding seabird assemblage UK specific code BBA Breeding bird assemblage (applies only to sites classified pre 2000) UK specific code

4.1 Habitat class code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO N01 Marine areas, Sea inlets 65 N02 Tidal rivers, Estuaries, Mud flats, Sand flats, Lagoons (including saltwork basins) 65 N03 Salt marshes, Salt pastures, Salt steppes 65 N04 Coastal sand dunes, Sand beaches, Machair 65 N05 Shingle, Sea cliffs, Islets 65 N06 Inland water bodies (Standing water, Running water) 65 N07 Bogs, Marshes, Water fringed vegetation, Fens 65 N08 Heath, Scrub, Maquis and Garrigue, Phygrana 65 N09 Dry grassland, Steppes 65 N10 Humid grassland, Mesophile grassland 65 N11 Alpine and sub-Alpine grassland 65 N14 Improved grassland 65 N15 Other arable land 65 N16 Broad-leaved deciduous woodland 65 N17 Coniferous woodland 65 N19 Mixed woodland 65 N21 Non-forest areas cultivated with woody plants (including Orchards, groves, Vineyards, Dehesas) 65 N22 Inland rocks, Screes, Sands, Permanent Snow and ice 65 N23 Other land (including Towns, Villages, Roads, Waste places, Mines, Industrial sites) 65 N25 Grassland and scrub habitats (general) 65 N26 Woodland habitats (general) 65

4.3 Threats code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A01 Cultivation 65 A02 Modification of cultivation practices 65 A03 Mowing / cutting of grassland 65 A04 Grazing 65 A05 Livestock farming and animal breeding (without grazing) 65 A06 Annual and perennial non-timber crops 65 A07 Use of biocides, hormones and chemicals 65 A08 Fertilisation 65 A10 Restructuring agricultural land holding 65 A11 Agriculture activities not referred to above 65 B01 Forest planting on open ground 65 B02 Forest and Plantation management & use 65 B03 Forest exploitation without replanting or natural regrowth 65 B04 Use of biocides, hormones and chemicals (forestry) 65 B06 Grazing in forests/ woodland 65 B07 Forestry activities not referred to above 65 C01 Mining and quarrying 65 C02 Exploration and extraction of oil or gas 65 C03 Renewable abiotic energy use 65 D01 Roads, paths and railroads 65 D02 Utility and service lines 65 D03 Shipping lanes, ports, marine constructions 65 D04 Airports, flightpaths 65 D05 Improved access to site 65 E01 Urbanised areas, human habitation 65 E02 Industrial or commercial areas 65 CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO E03 Discharges 65 E04 Structures, buildings in the landscape 65 E06 Other urbanisation, industrial and similar activities 65 F01 Marine and Freshwater Aquaculture 65 F02 Fishing and harvesting aquatic ressources 65 Hunting and collection of wild animals (terrestrial), including damage caused by game (excessive density), and taking/removal of terrestrial animals (including collection of insects, reptiles, F03 65 amphibians, birds of prey, etc., trapping, poisoning, poaching, predator control, accidental capture (e.g. due to fishing gear), etc.) F04 Taking / Removal of terrestrial plants, general 65 F05 Illegal taking/ removal of marine fauna 65 F06 Hunting, fishing or collecting activities not referred to above 65 G01 Outdoor sports and leisure activities, recreational activities 65 G02 Sport and leisure structures 65 G03 Interpretative centres 65 G04 Military use and civil unrest 65 G05 Other human intrusions and disturbances 65 H01 Pollution to surface waters (limnic & terrestrial, marine & brackish) 65 H02 Pollution to groundwater (point sources and diffuse sources) 65 H03 Marine water pollution 65 H04 Air pollution, air-borne pollutants 65 H05 Soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges) 65 H06 Excess energy 65 H07 Other forms of pollution 65 I01 Invasive non-native species 65 I02 Problematic native species 65 I03 Introduced genetic material, GMO 65 J01 Fire and fire suppression 65 J02 Human induced changes in hydraulic conditions 65 J03 Other ecosystem modifications 65 K01 Abiotic (slow) natural processes 65 K02 Biocenotic evolution, succession 65 K03 Interspecific faunal relations 65 K04 Interspecific floral relations 65 K05 Reduced fecundity/ genetic depression 65 L05 Collapse of terrain, landslide 65 L07 Storm, cyclone 65 L08 Inundation (natural processes) 65 L10 Other natural catastrophes 65 M01 Changes in abiotic conditions 65 M02 Changes in biotic conditions 65 U Unknown threat or pressure 65 XO Threats and pressures from outside the Member State 65

5.1 Designation type codes CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO UK00 No Protection Status 67 UK01 National Nature Reserve 67 UK02 Marine Nature Reserve 67 UK04 Site of Special Scientific Interest (UK) 67

EC Directive 92/43 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora Citation for Special Area of Conservation (SAC)

Name: Salisbury Plain Unitary Authority/County: Hampshire, Wiltshire SAC status: Designated on 1 April 2005 Grid reference: SU077497 SAC EU code: UK0012683 Area (ha): 21438.10 Component SSSI: Parsonage Down SSSI, Porton Down SSSI, Salisbury Plain SSSI Site description: Salisbury Plain in central southern England is believed to be the largest surviving semi- natural dry grassland in Europe and is therefore the most important site for this habitat in the UK. It supports extensive examples of upright brome Bromopsis erecta grassland, the most widespread calcareous grassland in the UK, with significant areas of Avenula pubescens grassland and the rare sheep’s-fescue – mouse-ear-hawkweed – wild thyme Festuca ovina – Hieracium pilosella – Thymus praecox grassland. The wider site supports the largest UK population of the nationally scarce burnt orchid Orchis ustulata, together with significant populations of green-winged orchid Orchis morio and frog orchid Coeloglossum viride, both uncommon orchids associated with calcareous grassland. Salisbury Plain represents Juniperus communis formations near the southern edge of the habitat’s range on chalk in southern England, where it is particularly rare. This site is the best remaining example in the UK of lowland juniper scrub on chalk. The juniper is juxtaposed with extensive semi-natural dry grassland and chalk heath. Other scrub habitat has developed recently by invasion of open chalk grassland, some areas containing few typical shrub species and others with the southern mixed scrub type, enriched by roses Rosa spp., wild privet Ligustrum vulgare, dogwood Cornus sanguinea, wayfaring tree Viburnum lantana and other species characteristic of the type. Salisbury Plain also supports an important population of marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia on dry calcareous grassland with large sub-populations breeding on chalk grassland. Qualifying habitats: The site is designated under article 4(4) of the Directive (92/43/EEC) as it hosts the following habitats listed in Annex I:  Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands. (Juniper on heaths or calcareous grasslands)  Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies: on calcareous substrates (Festuco- Brometalia). (Dry grasslands and scrublands on chalk or limestone)  Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies: on calcareous substrates (Festuco- Brometalia) (important orchid sites). (Dry grasslands and scrublands on chalk or limestone, including important orchid sites)* Qualifying species: The site is designated under article 4(4) of the Directive (92/43/EEC) as it hosts the following species listed in Annex II:  Marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas (Eurodryas, Hypodryas) aurinia

Annex I priority habitats are denoted by an asterisk (*). Salisbury Plain SAC UK0012683 Compilation date: May 2005 Version: 1 Designation citation Page 1 of 2

Salisbury Plain SAC UK0012683 Compilation date: May 2005 Version: 1 Designation citation Page 2 of 2

NATURA 2000 – STANDARD DATA FORM

Special Areas of Conservation under the EC Habitats Directive (includes candidate SACs, Sites of Community Importance and designated SACs).

Each Natura 2000 site in the United Kingdom has its own Standard Data Form containing site-specific information. The data form for this site has been generated from the Natura 2000 Database submitted to the European Commission on the following date:

22/12/2015

The information provided here, follows the officially agreed site information format for Natura 2000 sites, as set out in the Official Journal of the European Union recording the Commission Implementing Decision of 11 July 2011 (2011/484/EU).

The Standard Data Forms are generated automatically for all of the UK’s Natura 2000 sites using the European Environment Agency’s Natura 2000 software. The structure and format of these forms is exactly as produced by the EEA’s Natura 2000 software (except for the addition of this coversheet and the end notes). The content matches exactly the data submitted to the European Commission.

Please note that these forms contain a number of codes, all of which are explained either within the data forms themselves or in the end notes.

Further technical documentation may be found here http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Natura_2000/reference_portal

As part of the December 2015 submission, several sections of the UK’s previously published Standard Data Forms have been updated. For details of the approach taken by the UK in this submission please refer to the following document: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Natura2000_StandardDataForm_UKApproach_Dec2015.pdf

More general information on Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in the United Kingdom is available from the SAC home page on the JNCC website. This webpage also provides links to Standard Data Forms for all SACs in the UK.

Date form generated by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee 25 January 2016.

http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/

NATURA 2000 - STANDARD DATA FORM For Special Protection Areas (SPA), Proposed Sites for Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and for Special Areas of Conservation (SAC)

SITE UK0013016

SITENAME River Avon

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SITE IDENTIFICATION 2. SITE LOCATION 3. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION 4. SITE DESCRIPTION 5. SITE PROTECTION STATUS AND RELATION WITH CORINE BIOTOPES 6. SITE MANAGEMENT

1. SITE IDENTIFICATION

1.1 Type 1.2 Site code Back to top B UK0013016

1.3 Site name

River Avon

1.4 First Compilation date 1.5 Update date 1998-03 2015-12

1.6 Respondent:

Name/Organisation: Joint Nature Conservation Committee Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House City Road Peterborough Address: PE1 1JY Email:

Date site proposed as SCI: 1998-03

Date site confirmed as SCI: 2004-12

Date site designated as SAC: 2005-04

Regulations 11 and 13-15 of the Conservation of Habitats National legal reference of SAC and Species Regulations 2010 designation: (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/490/contents/made).

2. SITE LOCATION

Back to top 2.1 Site-centre location [decimal degrees]:

Longitude Latitude -1.823333333 51.10388889

2.2 Area [ha]: 2.3 Marine area [%] 416.57 0.0

2.4 Sitelength [km]: 0.0

2.5 Administrative region code and name

NUTS level 2 code Region Name

UKK2 Dorset and Somerset UKJ3 Hampshire and Isle of Wight UKK1 Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area

2.6 Biogeographical Region(s)

(100.0 Atlantic %)

3. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Back to top 3.1 Habitat types present on the site and assessment for them

Annex I Habitat types Site assessment

Cover Cave Data Code PF NP A|B|C|D A|B|C [ha] [number] quality

Relative Representativity Conservation Global Surface

3260 395.74 G A B B A

7230 8.33 M D

91E0 X 4.17 M D

PF: for the habitat types that can have a non-priority as well as a priority form (6210, 7130, 9430) enter "X" in the column PF to indicate the priority form. NP: in case that a habitat type no longer exists in the site enter: x (optional) Cover: decimal values can be entered Caves: for habitat types 8310, 8330 (caves) enter the number of caves if estimated surface is not available. Data quality: G = 'Good' (e.g. based on surveys); M = 'Moderate' (e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation); P = 'Poor' (e.g. rough estimation)

3.2 Species referred to in Article 4 of Directive 2009/147/EC and listed in Annex II of Directive 92/43/EEC and site evaluation for them

Species Population in the site Site assessment

Scientific G Code S NP T Size Unit Cat. D.qual. A|B|C|D A|B|C Name

Min Max Pop. Con. Iso. Glo.

Austropotamobius I 1092 p V DD D pallipes

F 1163 Cottus gobio p C DD C A C B

F 1096 Lampetra planeri p C DD C B C B

M 1355 Lutra lutra p R DD D

Petromyzon F 1095 p P DD C B C B marinus

F 1106 Salmo salar p 501 1000 i M C C C B

Vertigo I 1016 p P DD B B C A moulinsiana

Group: A = Amphibians, B = Birds, F = Fish, I = Invertebrates, M = Mammals, P = Plants, R = Reptiles S: in case that the data on species are sensitive and therefore have to be blocked for any public access enter: yes NP: in case that a species is no longer present in the site enter: x (optional) Type: p = permanent, r = reproducing, c = concentration, w = wintering (for plant and non-migratory species use permanent) Unit: i = individuals, p = pairs or other units according to the Standard list of population units and codes in accordance with Article 12 and 17 reporting (see reference portal) Abundance categories (Cat.): C = common, R = rare, V = very rare, P = present - to fill if data are deficient (DD) or in addition to population size information Data quality: G = 'Good' (e.g. based on surveys); M = 'Moderate' (e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation); P = 'Poor' (e.g. rough estimation); VP = 'Very poor' (use this category only, if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made, in this case the fields for population size can remain empty, but the field "Abundance categories" has to be filled in)

4. SITE DESCRIPTION

Back to top 4.1 General site character

Habitat class % Cover

N06 95.0 N16 1.0 N08 2.0 N07 2.0

Total Habitat Cover 100

Other Site Characteristics 1 Terrestrial: Soil & Geology:clay,neutral,basic,limestone,nutrient-rich,alluvium2 Terrestrial: Geomorphology and landscape:island,valley,floodplain,lowland

4.2 Quality and importance Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetationfor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.Petromyzon marinusfor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.Lampetra planerifor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.Salmo salarfor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.Cottus gobiofor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.Vertigo moulinsianafor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.

4.3 Threats, pressures and activities with impacts on the site

The most important impacts and activities with high effect on the site

Negative Impacts Positive Impacts Threats Activities, Pollution Pollution inside/outside and inside/outside Rank management (optional) Rank (optional) [i|o|b] pressures [i|o|b] [code] [code] [code] [code] H A04 I H M02 B H A06 I H H02 B H A02 I H J02 B H B02 I Rank: H = high, M = medium, L = low Pollution: N = Nitrogen input, P = Phosphor/Phosphate input, A = Acid input/acidification, T = toxic inorganic chemicals, O = toxic organic chemicals, X = Mixed pollutions i = inside, o = outside, b = both

4.5 Documentation Conservation Objectives - the Natural England links below provide access to the Conservation Objectives (and other site-related information) for its terrestrial and inshore Natura 2000 sites, including conservation advice packages and supporting documents for European Marine Sites within English waters and for cross-border sites. See also the 'UK Approach' document for more information (link via the JNCC website).

Link(s): http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Natura2000_StandardDataForm_UKApproach_Dec2015.pdf

http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/6490068894089216

http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/3212324

5. SITE PROTECTION STATUS (optional)

Back to top 5.1 Designation types at national and regional level:

Code Cover [%] Code Cover [%] Code Cover [%]

UK04 99.8 UK00 0.2

6. SITE MANAGEMENT

Back to top 6.1 Body(ies) responsible for the site management:

Organisation: Natural England Address: Email:

6.2 Management Plan(s): An actual management plan does exist:

Yes

No, but in preparation X No

6.3 Conservation measures (optional) For available information, including on Conservation Objectives, see Section 4.5. EXPLANATION OF CODES USED IN THE NATURA 2000 STANDARD DATA FORMS

The codes in the table below are also explained in the official European Union guidelines for the Standard Data Form. The relevant page is shown in the table below.

1.1 Site type CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Designated Special Protection Area 53 SAC (includes candidates Special Areas of Conservation, Sites of Community Importance and B 53 designated SAC) C SAC area the same as SPA. Note in the UK Natura 2000 submission this is only used for Gibraltar 53

3.1 Habitat representativity CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent 57 B Good 57 C Significant 57 D Non-significant presence 57

3.1 Habitat code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO 1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time 57 1130 Estuaries 57 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide 57 1150 Coastal lagoons 57 1160 Large shallow inlets and bays 57 1170 Reefs 57 1180 Submarine structures made by leaking gases 57 1210 Annual vegetation of drift lines 57 1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks 57 1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts 57 1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand 57 1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae) 57 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) 57 1340 Inland salt meadows 57 1420 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi) 57 2110 Embryonic shifting dunes 57 2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria ("white dunes") 57 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("grey dunes") 57 2140 Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum 57 2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) 57 2160 Dunes with Hippopha• rhamnoides 57 2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salicion arenariae) 57 2190 Humid dune slacks 57 21A0 Machairs (* in Ireland) 57 2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp. 57 2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands 57 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae) 57 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of 3130 57 the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea 3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp. 57 3150 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition - type vegetation 57 CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO 3160 Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds 57 3170 Mediterranean temporary ponds 57 3180 Turloughs 57 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion 3260 57 vegetation 4010 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix 57 4020 Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix 57 4030 European dry heaths 57 4040 Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagans 57 4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths 57 4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub 57 5110 Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes (Berberidion p.p.) 57 5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands 57 6130 Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae 57 6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands 57 6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands 57 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (* 6210 57 important orchid sites) Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in 6230 57 Continental Europe) 6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae) 57 6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels 57 6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) 57 6520 Mountain hay meadows 57 7110 Active raised bogs 57 7120 Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration 57 7130 Blanket bogs (* if active bog) 57 7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs 57 7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion 57 7210 Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae 57 7220 Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) 57 7230 Alkaline fens 57 7240 Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae 57 8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani) 57 8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) 57 8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 57 8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 57 8240 Limestone pavements 57 8310 Caves not open to the public 57 8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves 57 Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer (Quercion 9120 57 robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion) 9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests 57 9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli 57 9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines 57 9190 Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur on sandy plains 57 91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles 57 91C0 Caledonian forest 57 91D0 Bog woodland 57 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion 91E0 57 albae) 91J0 Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles 57

3.1 Relative surface CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A 15%-100% 58 B 2%-15% 58 C < 2% 58

3.1 Conservation status habitat CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent conservation 59 B Good conservation 59 C Average or reduced conservation 59

3.1 Global grade habitat CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent value 59 B Good value 59 C Significant value 59

3.2 Population (abbreviated to ‘Pop.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A 15%-100% 62 B 2%-15% 62 C < 2% 62 D Non-significant population 62

3.2 Conservation status species (abbreviated to ‘Con.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent conservation 63 B Good conservation 63 C Average or reduced conservation 63

3.2 Isolation (abbreviated to ‘Iso.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Population (almost) Isolated 63 B Population not-isolated, but on margins of area of distribution 63 C Population not-isolated within extended distribution range 63

3.2 Global Grade (abbreviated to ‘Glo.’ Or ‘G.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent value 63 B Good value 63 C Significant value 63

3.3 Assemblages types CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO WATR Non breeding waterfowl assemblage UK specific code SBA Breeding seabird assemblage UK specific code BBA Breeding bird assemblage (applies only to sites classified pre 2000) UK specific code

4.1 Habitat class code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO N01 Marine areas, Sea inlets 65 N02 Tidal rivers, Estuaries, Mud flats, Sand flats, Lagoons (including saltwork basins) 65 N03 Salt marshes, Salt pastures, Salt steppes 65 N04 Coastal sand dunes, Sand beaches, Machair 65 N05 Shingle, Sea cliffs, Islets 65 N06 Inland water bodies (Standing water, Running water) 65 N07 Bogs, Marshes, Water fringed vegetation, Fens 65 N08 Heath, Scrub, Maquis and Garrigue, Phygrana 65 N09 Dry grassland, Steppes 65 N10 Humid grassland, Mesophile grassland 65 N11 Alpine and sub-Alpine grassland 65 N14 Improved grassland 65 N15 Other arable land 65 N16 Broad-leaved deciduous woodland 65 N17 Coniferous woodland 65 N19 Mixed woodland 65 N21 Non-forest areas cultivated with woody plants (including Orchards, groves, Vineyards, Dehesas) 65 N22 Inland rocks, Screes, Sands, Permanent Snow and ice 65 N23 Other land (including Towns, Villages, Roads, Waste places, Mines, Industrial sites) 65 N25 Grassland and scrub habitats (general) 65 N26 Woodland habitats (general) 65

4.3 Threats code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A01 Cultivation 65 A02 Modification of cultivation practices 65 A03 Mowing / cutting of grassland 65 A04 Grazing 65 A05 Livestock farming and animal breeding (without grazing) 65 A06 Annual and perennial non-timber crops 65 A07 Use of biocides, hormones and chemicals 65 A08 Fertilisation 65 A10 Restructuring agricultural land holding 65 A11 Agriculture activities not referred to above 65 B01 Forest planting on open ground 65 B02 Forest and Plantation management & use 65 B03 Forest exploitation without replanting or natural regrowth 65 B04 Use of biocides, hormones and chemicals (forestry) 65 B06 Grazing in forests/ woodland 65 B07 Forestry activities not referred to above 65 C01 Mining and quarrying 65 C02 Exploration and extraction of oil or gas 65 C03 Renewable abiotic energy use 65 D01 Roads, paths and railroads 65 D02 Utility and service lines 65 D03 Shipping lanes, ports, marine constructions 65 D04 Airports, flightpaths 65 D05 Improved access to site 65 E01 Urbanised areas, human habitation 65 E02 Industrial or commercial areas 65 CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO E03 Discharges 65 E04 Structures, buildings in the landscape 65 E06 Other urbanisation, industrial and similar activities 65 F01 Marine and Freshwater Aquaculture 65 F02 Fishing and harvesting aquatic ressources 65 Hunting and collection of wild animals (terrestrial), including damage caused by game (excessive density), and taking/removal of terrestrial animals (including collection of insects, reptiles, F03 65 amphibians, birds of prey, etc., trapping, poisoning, poaching, predator control, accidental capture (e.g. due to fishing gear), etc.) F04 Taking / Removal of terrestrial plants, general 65 F05 Illegal taking/ removal of marine fauna 65 F06 Hunting, fishing or collecting activities not referred to above 65 G01 Outdoor sports and leisure activities, recreational activities 65 G02 Sport and leisure structures 65 G03 Interpretative centres 65 G04 Military use and civil unrest 65 G05 Other human intrusions and disturbances 65 H01 Pollution to surface waters (limnic & terrestrial, marine & brackish) 65 H02 Pollution to groundwater (point sources and diffuse sources) 65 H03 Marine water pollution 65 H04 Air pollution, air-borne pollutants 65 H05 Soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges) 65 H06 Excess energy 65 H07 Other forms of pollution 65 I01 Invasive non-native species 65 I02 Problematic native species 65 I03 Introduced genetic material, GMO 65 J01 Fire and fire suppression 65 J02 Human induced changes in hydraulic conditions 65 J03 Other ecosystem modifications 65 K01 Abiotic (slow) natural processes 65 K02 Biocenotic evolution, succession 65 K03 Interspecific faunal relations 65 K04 Interspecific floral relations 65 K05 Reduced fecundity/ genetic depression 65 L05 Collapse of terrain, landslide 65 L07 Storm, cyclone 65 L08 Inundation (natural processes) 65 L10 Other natural catastrophes 65 M01 Changes in abiotic conditions 65 M02 Changes in biotic conditions 65 U Unknown threat or pressure 65 XO Threats and pressures from outside the Member State 65

5.1 Designation type codes CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO UK00 No Protection Status 67 UK01 National Nature Reserve 67 UK02 Marine Nature Reserve 67 UK04 Site of Special Scientific Interest (UK) 67

EC Directive 92/43 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora Citation for Special Area of Conservation (SAC)

Name: River Avon Unitary Authority/County: Wiltshire, Hampshire, Dorset SAC status: Designated on 1 April 2005 Grid reference: SU124339 SAC EU code: UK0013016 Area (ha): 498.24 Component SSSI: Jones’ Mill SSSI, Lower Woodford Water Meadows SSSI, Porton Meadows SSSI, River Avon System SSSI, River Till SSSI Site description: The Avon and its tributaries comprise a large, lowland river system. It includes sections running through chalk, greensand and clay, with transitions between them.. Five aquatic Ranunculus species occur in the river system, but stream water-crowfoot Ranunculus penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans and river water-crowfoot R. fluitans are the main dominants. Some winterbourne reaches, where pond water-crowfoot R. peltatus is the dominant water- crowfoot species, are included in the SAC. There is an extensive population of Desmoulin’s whorl snail Vertigo moulinsiana along the margins and associated wetlands of the Rivers Avon, Bourne and Wylye. The River Avon system has a mosaic of aquatic habitats that support a diverse fish community. The bullhead Cottus gobio is an important component of this community, particularly in the tributaries. A healthy, stable population of brook lamprey Lampetra planeri occurs in the main river and a number of tributaries. The main river, and in particular its tributaries, provides beds of gravel for spawning and extensive areas of fine silt for juveniles to burrow into. There are also excellent examples of the features that the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus needs for survival, including areas of sand and gravel in the middle to lower reaches of the river where the species is known to spawn. The Avon also supports Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations typical of a high-quality chalk stream, unaffected by the introduction of genetic stock of non-native origin. The excellent mosaic of aquatic habitats includes extensive areas of gravels essential for spawning and growth of juvenile fry. Qualifying habitats: The site is designated under article 4(4) of the Directive (92/43/EEC) as it hosts the following habitats listed in Annex I:  Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho- Batrachion vegetation. (Rivers with floating vegetation often dominated by water- crowfoot) Qualifying species: The site is designated under article 4(4) of the Directive (92/43/EEC) as it hosts the following species listed in Annex II:  Bullhead Cottus gobio  Brook lamprey Lampetra planeri  Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus  Atlantic salmon Salmo salar  Desmoulin’s whorl snail Vertigo moulinsiana

River Avon SAC UK0013016 Compilation date: May 2005 Version: 1 Designation citation Page 1 of 2

River Avon SAC UK0013016 Compilation date: May 2005 Version: 1 Designation citation Page 2 of 2

NATURA 2000 – STANDARD DATA FORM

Special Areas of Conservation under the EC Habitats Directive (includes candidate SACs, Sites of Community Importance and designated SACs).

Each Natura 2000 site in the United Kingdom has its own Standard Data Form containing site-specific information. The data form for this site has been generated from the Natura 2000 Database submitted to the European Commission on the following date:

22/12/2015

The information provided here, follows the officially agreed site information format for Natura 2000 sites, as set out in the Official Journal of the European Union recording the Commission Implementing Decision of 11 July 2011 (2011/484/EU).

The Standard Data Forms are generated automatically for all of the UK’s Natura 2000 sites using the European Environment Agency’s Natura 2000 software. The structure and format of these forms is exactly as produced by the EEA’s Natura 2000 software (except for the addition of this coversheet and the end notes). The content matches exactly the data submitted to the European Commission.

Please note that these forms contain a number of codes, all of which are explained either within the data forms themselves or in the end notes.

Further technical documentation may be found here http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Natura_2000/reference_portal

As part of the December 2015 submission, several sections of the UK’s previously published Standard Data Forms have been updated. For details of the approach taken by the UK in this submission please refer to the following document: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Natura2000_StandardDataForm_UKApproach_Dec2015.pdf

More general information on Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in the United Kingdom is available from the SAC home page on the JNCC website. This webpage also provides links to Standard Data Forms for all SACs in the UK.

Date form generated by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee 25 January 2016.

http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/

NATURA 2000 - STANDARD DATA FORM For Special Protection Areas (SPA), Proposed Sites for Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and for Special Areas of Conservation (SAC)

SITE UK0012584

SITENAME Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SITE IDENTIFICATION 2. SITE LOCATION 3. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION 4. SITE DESCRIPTION 5. SITE PROTECTION STATUS AND RELATION WITH CORINE BIOTOPES 6. SITE MANAGEMENT

1. SITE IDENTIFICATION

1.1 Type 1.2 Site code Back to top B UK0012584

1.3 Site name

Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats

1.4 First Compilation date 1.5 Update date 1996-01 2015-12

1.6 Respondent:

Name/Organisation: Joint Nature Conservation Committee Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House City Road Peterborough Address: PE1 1JY Email:

Date site proposed as SCI: 1996-01

Date site confirmed as SCI: 2004-12

Date site designated as SAC: 2005-04

Regulations 11 and 13-15 of the Conservation of Habitats National legal reference of SAC and Species Regulations 2010 designation: (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/490/contents/made).

2. SITE LOCATION

Back to top 2.1 Site-centre location [decimal degrees]:

Longitude Latitude -2.238611111 51.4175

2.2 Area [ha]: 2.3 Marine area [%] 106.45 0.0

2.4 Sitelength [km]: 0.0

2.5 Administrative region code and name

NUTS level 2 code Region Name

UKK1 Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area

2.6 Biogeographical Region(s)

(100.0 Atlantic %)

3. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Back to top 3.1 Habitat types present on the site and assessment for them

Annex I Habitat types Site assessment

Cover Cave Data Code PF NP A|B|C|D A|B|C [ha] [number] quality

Relative Representativity Conservation Global Surface

6210 2.01 G D

PF: for the habitat types that can have a non-priority as well as a priority form (6210, 7130, 9430) enter "X" in the column PF to indicate the priority form. NP: in case that a habitat type no longer exists in the site enter: x (optional) Cover: decimal values can be entered Caves: for habitat types 8310, 8330 (caves) enter the number of caves if estimated surface is not available. Data quality: G = 'Good' (e.g. based on surveys); M = 'Moderate' (e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation); P = 'Poor' (e.g. rough estimation)

3.2 Species referred to in Article 4 of Directive 2009/147/EC and listed in Annex II of Directive 92/43/EEC and site evaluation for them

Species Population in the site Site assessment

Scientific G Code S NP T Size Unit Cat. D.qual. A|B|C|D A|B|C Name Min Max Pop. Con. Iso. Glo.

Myotis M 1323 p 20 20 i G C C C A bechsteini

Rhinolophus M 1304 p 251 500 i M B A C B ferrumequinum

Rhinolophus M 1303 p 251 500 i M C A C C hipposideros

Group: A = Amphibians, B = Birds, F = Fish, I = Invertebrates, M = Mammals, P = Plants, R = Reptiles S: in case that the data on species are sensitive and therefore have to be blocked for any public access enter: yes NP: in case that a species is no longer present in the site enter: x (optional) Type: p = permanent, r = reproducing, c = concentration, w = wintering (for plant and non-migratory species use permanent) Unit: i = individuals, p = pairs or other units according to the Standard list of population units and codes in accordance with Article 12 and 17 reporting (see reference portal) Abundance categories (Cat.): C = common, R = rare, V = very rare, P = present - to fill if data are deficient (DD) or in addition to population size information Data quality: G = 'Good' (e.g. based on surveys); M = 'Moderate' (e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation); P = 'Poor' (e.g. rough estimation); VP = 'Very poor' (use this category only, if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made, in this case the fields for population size can remain empty, but the field "Abundance categories" has to be filled in)

4. SITE DESCRIPTION

Back to top 4.1 General site character

Habitat class % Cover

N16 41.0 N23 55.0 N08 4.0

Total Habitat Cover 100

Other Site Characteristics 1 Terrestrial: Soil & Geology:limestone,neutral,nutrient-poor,basic,sedimentary2 Terrestrial: Geomorphology and landscape:valley,lowland,hilly,caves,crags/ledges

4.2 Quality and importance Rhinolophus ferrumequinumfor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.Rhinolophus hipposiderosfor which the area is considered to support a significant presence.Myotis bechsteinifor which this is considered to be one of the best areas in the United Kingdom.

4.3 Threats, pressures and activities with impacts on the site

The most important impacts and activities with high effect on the site

Negative Impacts Positive Impacts Threats Activities, Pollution Pollution inside/outside and inside/outside Rank management (optional) Rank (optional) [i|o|b] pressures [i|o|b] [code] [code] [code] [code] H A02 I H G01 I H A04 I H J03 B HU O H E06 B H A02 I Rank: H = high, M = medium, L = low Pollution: N = Nitrogen input, P = Phosphor/Phosphate input, A = Acid input/acidification, T = toxic inorganic chemicals, O = toxic organic chemicals, X = Mixed pollutions i = inside, o = outside, b = both

4.5 Documentation Conservation Objectives - the Natural England links below provide access to the Conservation Objectives (and other site-related information) for its terrestrial and inshore Natura 2000 sites, including conservation advice packages and supporting documents for European Marine Sites within English waters and for cross-border sites. See also the 'UK Approach' document for more information (link via the JNCC website).

Link(s): http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Natura2000_StandardDataForm_UKApproach_Dec2015.pdf

http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/6490068894089216

http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/3212324

5. SITE PROTECTION STATUS (optional)

Back to top 5.1 Designation types at national and regional level:

Code Cover [%] Code Cover [%] Code Cover [%]

UK04 100.0

6. SITE MANAGEMENT

Back to top 6.1 Body(ies) responsible for the site management:

Organisation: Natural England Address: Email:

6.2 Management Plan(s): An actual management plan does exist:

Yes

No, but in preparation

X No

6.3 Conservation measures (optional) For available information, including on Conservation Objectives, see Section 4.5. EXPLANATION OF CODES USED IN THE NATURA 2000 STANDARD DATA FORMS

The codes in the table below are also explained in the official European Union guidelines for the Standard Data Form. The relevant page is shown in the table below.

1.1 Site type CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Designated Special Protection Area 53 SAC (includes candidates Special Areas of Conservation, Sites of Community Importance and B 53 designated SAC) C SAC area the same as SPA. Note in the UK Natura 2000 submission this is only used for Gibraltar 53

3.1 Habitat representativity CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent 57 B Good 57 C Significant 57 D Non-significant presence 57

3.1 Habitat code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO 1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time 57 1130 Estuaries 57 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide 57 1150 Coastal lagoons 57 1160 Large shallow inlets and bays 57 1170 Reefs 57 1180 Submarine structures made by leaking gases 57 1210 Annual vegetation of drift lines 57 1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks 57 1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts 57 1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand 57 1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae) 57 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) 57 1340 Inland salt meadows 57 1420 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi) 57 2110 Embryonic shifting dunes 57 2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria ("white dunes") 57 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("grey dunes") 57 2140 Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum 57 2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) 57 2160 Dunes with Hippopha• rhamnoides 57 2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salicion arenariae) 57 2190 Humid dune slacks 57 21A0 Machairs (* in Ireland) 57 2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp. 57 2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands 57 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae) 57 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of 3130 57 the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea 3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp. 57 3150 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition - type vegetation 57 CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO 3160 Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds 57 3170 Mediterranean temporary ponds 57 3180 Turloughs 57 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion 3260 57 vegetation 4010 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix 57 4020 Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix 57 4030 European dry heaths 57 4040 Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagans 57 4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths 57 4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub 57 5110 Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes (Berberidion p.p.) 57 5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands 57 6130 Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae 57 6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands 57 6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands 57 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (* 6210 57 important orchid sites) Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in 6230 57 Continental Europe) 6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae) 57 6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels 57 6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) 57 6520 Mountain hay meadows 57 7110 Active raised bogs 57 7120 Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration 57 7130 Blanket bogs (* if active bog) 57 7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs 57 7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion 57 7210 Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae 57 7220 Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) 57 7230 Alkaline fens 57 7240 Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae 57 8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani) 57 8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) 57 8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 57 8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 57 8240 Limestone pavements 57 8310 Caves not open to the public 57 8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves 57 Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer (Quercion 9120 57 robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion) 9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests 57 9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli 57 9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines 57 9190 Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur on sandy plains 57 91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles 57 91C0 Caledonian forest 57 91D0 Bog woodland 57 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion 91E0 57 albae) 91J0 Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles 57

3.1 Relative surface CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A 15%-100% 58 B 2%-15% 58 C < 2% 58

3.1 Conservation status habitat CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent conservation 59 B Good conservation 59 C Average or reduced conservation 59

3.1 Global grade habitat CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent value 59 B Good value 59 C Significant value 59

3.2 Population (abbreviated to ‘Pop.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A 15%-100% 62 B 2%-15% 62 C < 2% 62 D Non-significant population 62

3.2 Conservation status species (abbreviated to ‘Con.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent conservation 63 B Good conservation 63 C Average or reduced conservation 63

3.2 Isolation (abbreviated to ‘Iso.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Population (almost) Isolated 63 B Population not-isolated, but on margins of area of distribution 63 C Population not-isolated within extended distribution range 63

3.2 Global Grade (abbreviated to ‘Glo.’ Or ‘G.’ in data form) CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A Excellent value 63 B Good value 63 C Significant value 63

3.3 Assemblages types CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO WATR Non breeding waterfowl assemblage UK specific code SBA Breeding seabird assemblage UK specific code BBA Breeding bird assemblage (applies only to sites classified pre 2000) UK specific code

4.1 Habitat class code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO N01 Marine areas, Sea inlets 65 N02 Tidal rivers, Estuaries, Mud flats, Sand flats, Lagoons (including saltwork basins) 65 N03 Salt marshes, Salt pastures, Salt steppes 65 N04 Coastal sand dunes, Sand beaches, Machair 65 N05 Shingle, Sea cliffs, Islets 65 N06 Inland water bodies (Standing water, Running water) 65 N07 Bogs, Marshes, Water fringed vegetation, Fens 65 N08 Heath, Scrub, Maquis and Garrigue, Phygrana 65 N09 Dry grassland, Steppes 65 N10 Humid grassland, Mesophile grassland 65 N11 Alpine and sub-Alpine grassland 65 N14 Improved grassland 65 N15 Other arable land 65 N16 Broad-leaved deciduous woodland 65 N17 Coniferous woodland 65 N19 Mixed woodland 65 N21 Non-forest areas cultivated with woody plants (including Orchards, groves, Vineyards, Dehesas) 65 N22 Inland rocks, Screes, Sands, Permanent Snow and ice 65 N23 Other land (including Towns, Villages, Roads, Waste places, Mines, Industrial sites) 65 N25 Grassland and scrub habitats (general) 65 N26 Woodland habitats (general) 65

4.3 Threats code CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO A01 Cultivation 65 A02 Modification of cultivation practices 65 A03 Mowing / cutting of grassland 65 A04 Grazing 65 A05 Livestock farming and animal breeding (without grazing) 65 A06 Annual and perennial non-timber crops 65 A07 Use of biocides, hormones and chemicals 65 A08 Fertilisation 65 A10 Restructuring agricultural land holding 65 A11 Agriculture activities not referred to above 65 B01 Forest planting on open ground 65 B02 Forest and Plantation management & use 65 B03 Forest exploitation without replanting or natural regrowth 65 B04 Use of biocides, hormones and chemicals (forestry) 65 B06 Grazing in forests/ woodland 65 B07 Forestry activities not referred to above 65 C01 Mining and quarrying 65 C02 Exploration and extraction of oil or gas 65 C03 Renewable abiotic energy use 65 D01 Roads, paths and railroads 65 D02 Utility and service lines 65 D03 Shipping lanes, ports, marine constructions 65 D04 Airports, flightpaths 65 D05 Improved access to site 65 E01 Urbanised areas, human habitation 65 E02 Industrial or commercial areas 65 CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO E03 Discharges 65 E04 Structures, buildings in the landscape 65 E06 Other urbanisation, industrial and similar activities 65 F01 Marine and Freshwater Aquaculture 65 F02 Fishing and harvesting aquatic ressources 65 Hunting and collection of wild animals (terrestrial), including damage caused by game (excessive density), and taking/removal of terrestrial animals (including collection of insects, reptiles, F03 65 amphibians, birds of prey, etc., trapping, poisoning, poaching, predator control, accidental capture (e.g. due to fishing gear), etc.) F04 Taking / Removal of terrestrial plants, general 65 F05 Illegal taking/ removal of marine fauna 65 F06 Hunting, fishing or collecting activities not referred to above 65 G01 Outdoor sports and leisure activities, recreational activities 65 G02 Sport and leisure structures 65 G03 Interpretative centres 65 G04 Military use and civil unrest 65 G05 Other human intrusions and disturbances 65 H01 Pollution to surface waters (limnic & terrestrial, marine & brackish) 65 H02 Pollution to groundwater (point sources and diffuse sources) 65 H03 Marine water pollution 65 H04 Air pollution, air-borne pollutants 65 H05 Soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges) 65 H06 Excess energy 65 H07 Other forms of pollution 65 I01 Invasive non-native species 65 I02 Problematic native species 65 I03 Introduced genetic material, GMO 65 J01 Fire and fire suppression 65 J02 Human induced changes in hydraulic conditions 65 J03 Other ecosystem modifications 65 K01 Abiotic (slow) natural processes 65 K02 Biocenotic evolution, succession 65 K03 Interspecific faunal relations 65 K04 Interspecific floral relations 65 K05 Reduced fecundity/ genetic depression 65 L05 Collapse of terrain, landslide 65 L07 Storm, cyclone 65 L08 Inundation (natural processes) 65 L10 Other natural catastrophes 65 M01 Changes in abiotic conditions 65 M02 Changes in biotic conditions 65 U Unknown threat or pressure 65 XO Threats and pressures from outside the Member State 65

5.1 Designation type codes CODE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO UK00 No Protection Status 67 UK01 National Nature Reserve 67 UK02 Marine Nature Reserve 67 UK04 Site of Special Scientific Interest (UK) 67

EC Directive 92/43 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora Citation for Special Area of Conservation (SAC)

Name: Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats Unitary Authority/County: Bath and North East Somerset, Wiltshire SAC status: Designated on 1 April 2005 Grid reference: ST834688 SAC EU code: UK0012584 Area (ha): 107.16 Component SSSI: Box Mine SSSI, Brown’s Folly SSSI, Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines SSSI, Winsley Mines SSSI Site description: This site comprises extensive networks of caves, mines and man-made tunnels which are used by bats for hibernation, mating and as a staging post prior to dispersal. It also includes areas of calcareous grassland, scrub and woodland which are used as feeding and commuting habitat by the bats. Qualifying species: The site is designated under article 4(4) of the Directive (92/43/EEC) as it hosts the following species listed in Annex II:  Bechstein’s bat Myotis bechsteinii  Greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum  Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros

Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats SAC UK0012584 Compilation date: May 2005 Version: 1 Designation citation Page 1 of 1

APPENDIX 4

Nearest Underpinning SSSI Unit Conditions Table

APPENDIX 5

Conservation Objectives for the European designated sites

European Site Conservation Objectives for Salisbury Plain Special Protection Area Site Code: UK9011102

With regard to the SPA and the individual species and/or assemblage of species for which the site has been classified (the ‘Qualifying Features’ listed below), and subject to natural change;

Ensure that the integrity of the site is maintained or restored as appropriate, and ensure that the site contributes to achieving the aims of the Wild Birds Directive, by maintaining or restoring;

 The extent and distribution of the habitats of the qualifying features  The structure and function of the habitats of the qualifying features  The supporting processes on which the habitats of the qualifying features rely  The population of each of the qualifying features, and,  The distribution of the qualifying features within the site.

This document should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Supplementary Advice document, which provides more detailed advice and information to enable the application and achievement of the Objectives set out above.

Qualifying Features:

A082 Circus cyaneus; Hen harrier (Non-breeding) A099 Falco subbuteo; Eurasian hobby (Breeding) A113 Coturnix coturnix; Common quail (Breeding) A133 Burhinus oedicnemus; Stone-curlew (Breeding)

Explanatory Notes: European Site Conservation Objectives

These Conservation Objectives are those referred to in the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (the “Habitats Regulations”) and Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive. They must be considered when a competent authority is required to make a ‘Habitats Regulations Assessment’ including an Appropriate Assessment, under the relevant parts of this legislation.

These Conservation Objectives and the accompanying Supplementary Advice (where this is available) will also provide a framework to inform the management of the European Site under the provisions of Articles 4(1) and 4(2) of the Wild Birds Directive, and the prevention of deterioration of habitats and significant disturbance of its qualifying features required under Article 6(2) of the Habitats Directive.

These Conservation Objectives are set for each bird feature for a Special Protection Area (SPA). Where the objectives are met, the site will be considered to exhibit a high degree of integrity and to be contributing to achieving the aims of the Wild Birds Directive.

Publication date: 30 June 2014 (Version 2). This document updates and replaces an earlier version dated 29 May 2012 to reflect Natural England’s Strategic Standard on European Site Conservation Objectives 2014. Previous references to additional features identified in the 2001 UK SPA Review have also been removed.

European Site Conservation Objectives for Salisbury Plain Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0012683

With regard to the SAC and the natural habitats and/or species for which the site has been designated (the ‘Qualifying Features’ listed below), and subject to natural change;

Ensure that the integrity of the site is maintained or restored as appropriate, and ensure that the site contributes to achieving the Favourable Conservation Status of its Qualifying Features, by maintaining or restoring;

 The extent and distribution of qualifying natural habitats and habitats of qualifying species  The structure and function (including typical species) of qualifying natural habitats  The structure and function of the habitats of qualifying species  The supporting processes on which qualifying natural habitats and the habitats of qualifying species rely  The populations of qualifying species, and,  The distribution of qualifying species within the site.

This document should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Supplementary Advice document, which provides more detailed advice and information to enable the application and achievement of the Objectives set out above.

Qualifying Features:

H5130. Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands; Juniper on heaths or calcareous grasslands H6210. Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies: on calcareous substrates (Festuco- Brometalia) (important orchid sites); Dry grasslands and scrublands on chalk or limestone (important orchid sites)* S1065. Euphydryas (Eurodryas, Hypodryas) aurinia; Marsh fritillary butterfly

* denotes a priority natural habitat or species (supporting explanatory text on following page)

* Priority natural habitats or species

Some of the natural habitats and species listed in the Habitats Directive and for which SACs have been selected are considered to be particular priorities for conservation at a European scale and are subject to special provisions in the Directive and the Habitats Regulations. These priority natural habitats and species are denoted by an asterisk (*) in Annex I and II of the Directive. The term ‘priority’ is also used in other contexts, for example with reference to particular habitats or species that are prioritised in UK Biodiversity Action Plans. It is important to note however that these are not necessarily the priority natural habitats or species within the meaning of the Habitats Directive or the Habitats Regulations.

Explanatory Notes: European Site Conservation Objectives

These Conservation Objectives are those referred to in the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (the “Habitats Regulations”) and Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive. They must be considered when a competent authority is required to make a ‘Habitats Regulations Assessment’, including an Appropriate Assessment, under the relevant parts of this legislation.

These Conservation Objectives and the accompanying Supplementary Advice (where available) will also provide a framework to inform the measures needed to conserve or restore the European Site and the prevention of deterioration or significant disturbance of its qualifying features as required by the provisions of Article 6(1) and 6(2) of the Directive.

These Conservation Objectives are set for each habitat or species of a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Where the objectives are met, the site will be considered to exhibit a high degree of integrity and to be contributing to achieving Favourable Conservation Status for that species or habitat type at a UK level. The term ‘favourable conservation status’ is defined in Article 1 of the Habitats Directive.

Publication date: 30 June 2014 – version 2. This document updates and replaces an earlier version dated 29 May 2012 to reflect Natural England’s Strategic Standard on European Site Conservation Objectives 2014.

European Site Conservation Objectives for River Avon Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0013016

With regard to the SAC and the natural habitats and/or species for which the site has been designated (the ‘Qualifying Features’ listed below), and subject to natural change;

Ensure that the integrity of the site is maintained or restored as appropriate, and ensure that the site contributes to achieving the Favourable Conservation Status of its Qualifying Features, by maintaining or restoring;

 The extent and distribution of qualifying natural habitats and habitats of qualifying species  The structure and function (including typical species) of qualifying natural habitats  The structure and function of the habitats of qualifying species  The supporting processes on which qualifying natural habitats and the habitats of qualifying species rely  The populations of qualifying species, and,  The distribution of qualifying species within the site.

This document should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Supplementary Advice document, which provides more detailed advice and information to enable the application and achievement of the Objectives set out above.

Qualifying Features:

H3260. Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho- Batrachion vegetation; Rivers with floating vegetation often dominated by water-crowfoot S1016. Vertigo moulinsiana; Desmoulin`s whorl snail S1095. Petromyzon marinus; Sea lamprey S1096. Lampetra planeri; Brook lamprey S1106. Salmo salar; Atlantic salmon S1163. Cottus gobio; Bullhead

Explanatory Notes: European Site Conservation Objectives

These Conservation Objectives are those referred to in the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (the “Habitats Regulations”) and Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive. They must be considered when a competent authority is required to make a ‘Habitats Regulations Assessment’, including an Appropriate Assessment, under the relevant parts of this legislation.

These Conservation Objectives and the accompanying Supplementary Advice (where available) will also provide a framework to inform the measures needed to conserve or restore the European Site and the prevention of deterioration or significant disturbance of its qualifying features as required by the provisions of Article 6(1) and 6(2) of the Directive.

These Conservation Objectives are set for each habitat or species of a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Where the objectives are met, the site will be considered to exhibit a high degree of integrity and to be contributing to achieving Favourable Conservation Status for that species or habitat type at a UK level. The term ‘favourable conservation status’ is defined in Article 1 of the Habitats Directive.

Publication date: 30 June 2014 – version 2. This document updates and replaces an earlier version dated 29 May 2012 to reflect Natural England’s Strategic Standard on European Site Conservation Objectives 2014.

European Site Conservation Objectives for Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0012584

With regard to the SAC and the natural habitats and/or species for which the site has been designated (the ‘Qualifying Features’ listed below), and subject to natural change;

Ensure that the integrity of the site is maintained or restored as appropriate, and ensure that the site contributes to achieving the Favourable Conservation Status of its Qualifying Features, by maintaining or restoring;

 The extent and distribution of the habitats of qualifying species  The structure and function of the habitats of qualifying species  The supporting processes on which the habitats of qualifying species rely  The populations of qualifying species, and,  The distribution of qualifying species within the site.

This document should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Supplementary Advice document, which provides more detailed advice and information to enable the application and achievement of the Objectives set out above.

Qualifying Features:

S1303. Rhinolophus hipposideros; Lesser horseshoe bat S1304. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Greater horseshoe bat S1323. Myotis bechsteinii; Bechstein`s bat

Explanatory Notes: European Site Conservation Objectives

These Conservation Objectives are those referred to in the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (the “Habitats Regulations”) and Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive. They must be considered when a competent authority is required to make a ‘Habitats Regulations Assessment’, including an Appropriate Assessment, under the relevant parts of this legislation.

These Conservation Objectives and the accompanying Supplementary Advice (where available) will also provide a framework to inform the measures needed to conserve or restore the European Site and the prevention of deterioration or significant disturbance of its qualifying features as required by the provisions of Article 6(1) and 6(2) of the Directive.

These Conservation Objectives are set for each habitat or species of a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Where the objectives are met, the site will be considered to exhibit a high degree of integrity and to be contributing to achieving Favourable Conservation Status for that species or habitat type at a UK level. The term ‘favourable conservation status’ is defined in Article 1 of the Habitats Directive.

Publication date: 30 June 2014 – version 2. This document updates and replaces an earlier version dated 29 May 2012 to reflect Natural England’s Strategic Standard on European Site Conservation Objectives 2014.

APPENDIX 6

Supplementary Advice Documents for European designated sites

European Site Conservation Objectives: Supplementary Advice on Conserving and Restoring Site Features

Salisbury Plain Special Protection Area (SPA) Site Code: UK9011102

Photo: Hen harrier by Rob Zweers

Date of Publication: 27 October 2017

Page 1 of 23

About this document

This document provides Natural England’s supplementary advice for the European Site Conservation Objectives relating to Salisbury Plain SPA. This advice should therefore be read together with the SPA Conservation Objectives available here.

Where this site overlaps with other European Site(s), you should also refer to the separate European Site Conservation Objectives and Supplementary Advice (where available) provided for those sites.

You should use the Conservation Objectives, this Supplementary Advice and any case-specific advice given by Natural England, when developing, proposing or assessing an activity, plan or project that may affect this site.

This Supplementary Advice to the Conservation Objectives presents attributes which are ecological characteristics of the designated species and habitats within a site. The listed attributes are considered to be those that best describe the site’s ecological integrity and which, if safeguarded, will enable achievement of the Conservation Objectives. Each attribute has a target which is either quantified or qualitative depending on the available evidence. The target identifies as far as possible the desired state to be achieved for the attribute.

The tables provided below bring together the findings of the best available scientific evidence relating to the site’s qualifying features, which may be updated or supplemented in further publications from Natural England and other sources. The local evidence used in preparing this supplementary advice has been cited. The references to the national evidence used are available on request. Where evidence and references have not been indicated, Natural England has applied ecological knowledge and expert judgement. You may decide to use other additional sources of information.

In many cases, the attribute targets shown in the tables indicate whether the current objective is to ‘maintain’ or ‘restore’ the attribute. This is based on the best available information, including that gathered during monitoring of the feature’s current condition. As new information on feature condition becomes available, this will be added so that the advice remains up to date.

The targets given for each attribute do not represent thresholds to assess the significance of any given impact in Habitats Regulations Assessments. You will need to assess this on a case-by-case basis using the most current information available.

Some, but not all, of these attributes can also be used for regular monitoring of the actual condition of the designated features. The attributes selected for monitoring the features, and the standards used to assess their condition, are listed in separate monitoring documents, which will be available from Natural England.

These tables do not give advice about SSSI features or other legally protected species which may also be present within the European Site.

If you have any comments or queries about this Supplementary Advice document please contact your local Natural England adviser or email [email protected]

Page 2 of 23

About this site

European Site information

Name of European Site Salisbury Plain Special Protection Area (SPA)

Location Wiltshire

Site Maps The designated boundary of this site can be viewed here on the MAGIC website

Designation Date November 1993

Qualifying Features See section below

Designation Area 19,715.99 ha

Designation Changes None

Feature Condition Status Details of the feature condition assessments made at this site can be found using Natural England’s Designated Sites System

Names of component Sites of Salisbury Plain Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)

Relationship with other The boundary of this SPA coincides with Salisbury Plain SSSI and European or International Site part of Salisbury Plain Special Area of Conservation. designations

Site background and geography

Salisbury Plain SPA is located in central Wiltshire, within the Salisbury Plain and West Wiltshire Downs National Character Area, in southern England.

Salisbury Plain is an extensive and open rolling chalk plateau cut by the Hampshire Avon and tributaries. The soils are generally alkaline and free-draining, apart from places with overlying clay-with flints and long-term rainwater leaching and lessivage, which are more acidic.

The main broad habitat type is chalk grassland, with some plantation and ancient woodland being present. Juniper scrub is significant at the eastern end of Salisbury Plain. Salisbury Plain is part of a wider military training area (‘SPTA’).

Of particular note is the breeding population of stone-curlew dependent upon the extensive areas of open grassland. Sizeable populations of raptors also overwinter, feeding on small birds and mammals.

Page 3 of 23

About the qualifying features of the SPA

The following section gives you additional, site-specific information about this SPA’s qualifying features. These are the individual species of wild birds listed on Annex I of the European Wild Birds Directive, and/or the individual regularly-occurring migratory species, and/or the assemblages (groups of different species occurring together) of wild birds for which the SPA was classified for.

Qualifying individual species listed in Annex I of the Wild Birds Directive (Article 4.1)

During the breeding season the SPA regularly supports:

• Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus.

At the time of its classification in 1993, the SPA supported 10% of the British breeding population.

The stone-curlew’s main supporting habitats in or close to the SPA are lowland calcareous grassland, semi-improved and improved grassland, and arable. The RSPB (Wessex Stone-curlew Project – annual reports) classify breeding sites as either on ‘semi-natural habitat’ (downland, disturbed ground within semi-natural habitat, and specially created habitat with at least 50% of its perimeter adjacent to semi- natural grassland) or ‘farmland’ (specially created habitat within arable farmland or within a crop).

Within the SPA, stone-curlews breed mainly on cultivated plots within grassland, also some scrapes and other areas disturbed by military training. Active breeding sites are distributed across a large part of The East, and around the perimeter of The Centre and The West – plus one site in the interior of The West.

Outside of the SPA, there is a wide spread of active breeding sites, both within the wider military training area (SPTA) and beyond, especially to the east and south of Salisbury Plain.

Roosts, in autumn, occur on the designated area and within the wider training area, at locations including Bourne Bottom, Cross Country Driver Training Area, Lidbury, Upavon Down, Down Farm and Enford/Lavington Folly.

During the non-breeding season the SPA regularly supports:

• Hen harrier Circus cyaneus

At the time of its classification in 1993, the SPA supported 1% of the British non-breeding population.

The hen harrier’s main supporting habitats in or close to the SPA are lowland calcareous grassland, semi-improved and improved grassland, and arable – all open landscape habitats.

The main focus of the winter roosts are on The Centre, at Ell Barrow, Rushall Down, Charlton Down and Compton Down, at the heads of dry chalk valleys or along ridges separating them. Winter roosts also occur on The West (Knapp Down, New Zealand Farm Camp) and The East (Lower and West Everleigh Downs) (Wiltshire Ornithological Society - records). They tend to forage over a much wider area, over the military training area and adjacent farmland, especially weedy winter stubbles that attract flocks of small birds. They have been recorded as far north as the Marlborough Downs. Analyses of pellets found that the winter diet is small passerines, especially skylarks and linnets, and small mammals, with a switch to rabbit and brown hare young in spring (Wiltshire Ornithological Society, 2007).

Qualifying individual species not listed in Annex I of the Wild Birds Directive (Article 4.2)

During the breeding season the SPA regularly supports:

• Hobby Falco subbuteo

Page 4 of 23

At the time of its classification in 1993, the SPA supported 1% of the British breeding population.

The hobby occurs on this SPA as a nationally important breeding population of a regularly occurring migratory species. This small falcon arrives in Britain during April each year to breed and returns to its wintering grounds in Africa during September/October.

Within or close to the SPA, it nests in small woods (e.g. Everleigh Ashes, outside of the SPA) or more isolated copses, with Scots pine and Douglas fir being favoured trees (Wiltshire Ornithological Society - records). They always use the old nests of other species, usually carrion crow and raven. The hobby feeds on insects and small birds, usually caught on the wing.

During the breeding season the SPA regularly supports:

• Common Quail Coturnix coturnix

At the time of its classification in 1993, the SPA supported approximately 20% of the British breeding population.

The common quail occurs as a nationally important breeding population of a regularly occurring migratory species not listed in Annex 1. It is the UK's only migrant gamebird.

Within or close to the SPA, the quail nests and feeds in chalk grassland and arable land, particularly meadow-like wild grasslands and winter cereals, with a vegetation structure that allows good movement with protection from avian predators and with a source of insect food (Wiltshire Ornithological Society, 2007). The quail feeds on seeds and insects on the ground.

References:

ASH D., L. WADE, J. SWAIN AND T. CROUTER., 2014. A progress report and management plan for stone-curlew, Salisbury Plain Training Area. Defence Infrastructure Organisation, December 2014.

NATURAL ENGLAND, 2017. Salisbury Plain SSSI Integrated Site Assessment 2014-15. Natural England, March 2017.

NATURAL ENGLAND. 2015. Salisbury Plain SSSI Breeding Bird Survey 2015. Thomson Ecology for Natural England.

RSPB. Wessex Stone-curlew Project - annual reports. Available at https://www.rspb.org.uk/our- work/conservation/conservation-projects/details/212603-wessex-stonecurlew-project

STANBURY A. et al. 2000. Breeding bird survey of Salisbury Plain Training Area. 2000. Defence Estates, RSPB.

STANBURY A. et al. 2005. Breeding Bird Survey of the Army Training Estate of Salisbury Plain 2005. Defence Estates, RSPB

WILTSHIRE ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2007. Birds of Wiltshire. WOS, Devizes.

Page 5 of 23

Site-specific seasonality of SPA features The table below highlights in grey those months in which significant numbers of each mobile qualifying feature are most likely to be present at the SPA during a typical calendar year. This table is provided as a general guide only. Unless otherwise indicated, the months shown below are primarily based on information relating to the general months of occurrence of the feature in the UK. Where site-based evidence is available and has been used to indicate below that significant numbers of the feature are typically present at this SPA outside of the general period, the site-specific references have been added to indicate this.

Applicants considering projects and plans scheduled in the periods highlighted in grey would benefit from early consultation with Natural England given the greater scope for there to be likely significant effects that require consideration of mitigation to minimise impacts to qualifying bird features during the principal periods of site usage by those features. The months which are not highlighted in grey are not ones in which the features are necessarily absent, rather that features may be present in less significant numbers in typical years. Furthermore, in any given year, features may occur in significant numbers in months in which typically they do not. Thus, applicants should not conclude that projects or plans scheduled in months not highlighted in grey cannot have a significant effect on the features. There may be a lower likelihood of significant effects in those months which nonetheless will also require prior consideration.

Any assessment of potential impacts on the features must be based on up-to-date count data and take account of population trends evident from these data and any other available information. Additional site-based surveys may be required.

Feature Season Period Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Site-specific references where available Hen harrier Non-breeding Winter WOS

Hobby Breeding Summer BTO

“ Non-breeding Passage

Quail Breeding Summer

“ Non-breeding Passage

Stone-curlew Breeding Summer RSPB “ Non-breeding Passage

Guide to terms: Breeding – present on a site during the normal breeding period for that species Non-breeding - present on a site outside of the normal breeding period for that species (includes passage and winter periods). Summer – the period generally from April to July inclusive Passage - the periods during the autumn and spring when migratory birds are moving between breeding areas and wintering areas. These periods are not strictly defined but generally include the months of July – October inclusive (autumn passage) and March – April inclusive (spring passage). Winter - the period generally from November to February inclusive.

Page 6 of 23

Table 1: Supplementary Advice for Breeding Qualifying Features: A133 Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus; A099 Hobby Falco subbuteo and A113 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Breeding Population Stone curlew: Maintain This will sustain the site’s population and ensures it contributes to a viable local, RSPB Wessex population abundance the size of the breeding national and bio-geographic population. Stone-curlew stone-curlew population Project reports, at or above a mean of Due to the mobility of birds and the dynamic nature of population change, the from 1995 and on- 15 pairs, whilst avoiding target-value given for the abundance of this feature is considered to be the going. deterioration from its minimum standard for conservation/restoration measures to achieve. This current level as minimum-value may be revised where there is evidence to show that a population’s STANBURY A. et indicated by the latest size has significantly changed as a result of natural factors or management al. 2000 Breeding mean peak count or measures and has been stable at or above a new level over a considerable period bird survey of equivalent. (generally at least 10 years). The values given here may also be updated in future Salisbury Plain to reflect any strategic objectives which may be set at a national level for this Training Area. Note that two sets of feature. Defence Estates, figures for breeding RSPB. pairs are maintained in Given the likely fluctuations in numbers over time, any impact-assessments should other documents, for the focus on the current abundance of the site’s population, as derived from the latest STANBURY A. et SPA area and the wider known or estimated level established using the best available data. This advice al. 2005 Breeding Salisbury Plain Training accords with the obligation to avoid deterioration of the site or significant Bird Survey of the Area. disturbance of the species for which the site is classified, and seeks to avoid plans Army Training or projects that may affect the site giving rise to the risk of deterioration. Estate of Salisbury Quail: Maintain the size Plain 2005, of the breeding quail Similarly, where there is evidence to show that a feature has historically been more Defence Estates, population at a level abundant than the stated minimum target and its current level, the ongoing capacity RSPB which is above 19 of the site to accommodate the feature at such higher levels in future should also be individuals (count from taken into account. NATURAL 1986, SPA data sheet ENGLAND 2015 2006), whilst avoiding Maintaining or restoring bird abundance depends on the suitability of the site. Salisbury Plain deterioration from its However, factors affecting suitability can also determine other demographic rates of SSSI Breeding Bird current level as birds using the site including survival (dependent on factors such as body condition Survey 2015, indicated by the latest which influences the ability to breed or make foraging and / or migration Thomson Ecology, mean peak count or movements) and breeding productivity. Natural England. equivalent. Adverse anthropogenic impacts on either of these rates may precede changes in Wiltshire Hobby: Maintain the population abundance (e.g. by changing proportions of birds of different ages) but Ornithological size of the breeding eventually may negatively affect abundance. These rates can be measured or Society records. population at six estimated to inform judgements of likely impacts on abundance targets. Unless

Page 7 of 23

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) breeding pairs, whilst otherwise stated, the population size will be that measured using standard methods EUROPEAN avoiding deterioration such as peak mean counts or breeding surveys. This value is also provided COMMISSION from its current level as recognising there will be inherent variability as a result of natural fluctuations and 2009 European indicated by the latest margins of error during data collection. Union Management mean peak count or Plan 2009-11 equivalent. Whilst we will endeavour to keep these values as up to date as possible, local Common quail Natural England staff can advise on whether the figures stated are the best Coturnix coturnix available. Technical Report - 2009 – 032.

There were 36 singing quails recorded by a Breeding Bird Survey 2000, and 86 records, as ‘additional bird records’, BBS 2005. Population estimate of 74 on the SSSI, BBS 2015. The common quail shows considerable year-to-year fluctuations in population size.

Supporting Extent and Maintain the extent, Conserving or restoring the extent of supporting habitats and their range will be key PYWELL et al habitat (both distribution of distribution and to maintaining the site's ability and capacity to support the SPA population. 1998. Ecological within and supporting availability of suitable survey of Salisbury outside the breeding habitat which supports The information available on the extent and distribution of supporting habitat used Plain Training Area SPA): extent habitat breeding stone-curlew by the feature may be approximate depending to the nature, age and accuracy of 1996-7. NERC and for all necessary stages data collection. This target will apply to any supporting habitat which is known to contract report to distribution of its breeding cycle occur outside the site boundary. MoD, DEO. (courtship, nesting, feeding) The total SPA area is 19,689.91 ha, which includes some site fabric e.g. improved PYWELL et al. grassland, arable, plantations, training features and hard standings; whilst built-up 2006. Assessing Maintain the extent, areas are excluded. Within the SPA, the main habitat used by stone-curlews is floristic change on distribution and chalk grassland which covers: Salisbury Plain availability of suitable between 1996 and habitat which supports 1993: 12,933 ha 2004. Defence breeding Quail for all 1996/7: 13,247.86 ha Estates, English necessary stages of its 2003/4: 14,391.57ha Nature. breeding cycle (courtship, nesting, Within the SPA and wider SPTA, stone-curlews use 35 managed plots and scrapes, RSPB Wessex feeding) plus bare ground caused by military training, spring crops and game crops. Stone-curlew Project annual Objectives in DIO’s management plan are to: get more birds breeding on the western reports. Maintain the extent, part of SPTA to link with eastern colonies; and: increase the number of pairs on SPTA distribution and Centre so that a higher percentage breeds in areas where there is less disturbance from Check Stanbury for training. Page 8 of 23

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) availability of suitable distribution map habitat which supports The common quail systematically chooses open land, usually without hedges or breeding Hobby for all trees. It prefers cover which, although dense enough to provide protection, allows BIRDLIFE necessary stages of its fluid movement. Quail nest on the ground, in a scrape with grassy material, INTERNATIONAL breeding cycle amongst herbaceous vegetation or grasses. They are omnivorous, eating mainly 2016 Coturnix (courtship, nesting, seeds of grasses, weeds and grain, also other vegetable matter, and ground- coturnix. The IUCN feeding) dwelling invertebrates e.g. molluscs, arachnids, arthropods. Over the three breeding Red List of birds surveys on the Plain, quail have been recorded at a low density across the Threatened SPA, with no particular focus on specific areas. Species 2016.

There are currently c.1,058 ha hectares of woodland on the SPA, which is 5.4% of EUROPEAN the SPA area, and a total of c.2,196 ha on the whole Salisbury Plain Training Area COMMISSION (SPTA), which are widely scattered apart from the more open Central Impact Area. 2009 European More than half of this is relatively recent, although no further planting took place on Union Management the SSSI/SPA area after it was designated in 1993. Plan 2009-11 Common quail Coturnix coturnix Technical Report - 2009 – 032.

Supporting Conservation Maintain management Active and ongoing conservation management is often needed to protect, maintain DEFENCE habitat (both measures or other measures or restore this feature at this site. Other measures may also be required, and in INFRASTRUCTUR within and (whether within and/or some cases, these measures may apply to areas outside of the designated site E outside the outside the site boundary in order to achieve this target. ORGANISATION. SPA): function/ boundary as Super Unit supporting appropriate) necessary Further details about the necessary conservation measures for this site can be Management Plans process to maintain the provided by Natural England. This information will typically be found within, where 2010-2015, April structure, function applicable, supporting documents such as Natura 2000 Site Improvement Plan, Site 2011 and/or the supporting Management Strategies or Plans, the Views about Management Statement for the processes associated underpinning SSSI and/or management agreements. with breeding Stone ASH D., L. WADE, curlew, Hobby and Quail See DIO’s progress report and management plan from 2014. Conservation J. SWAIN AND T. and their supporting measures on this SPA for stone curlew include: CROUTER. A habitats. progress report and Maintaining breeding plots through cultivation and weed control; ensuring grazing management plan takes place around plots; managing and adjusting the distribution of plots as for stone-curlew, appropriate; maintain ploughing consents, with 50% in spring crops; control Salisbury Plain predators, especially foxes; and mark vulnerable plots with ‘ground-nesting birds’ Training Area. signs. Spraying (alone) is a potential method in areas of ground ordnance. Defence

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Infrastructure Organisation, December 2014.

NATURAL ENGLAND, 2014. Site Improvement Plan for Salisbury Plain (SIP209). http://publications.n aturalengland.org.u k/publication/53842 36060114944 Supporting Predation Reduce predation and This will ensure that breeding productivity (number of chicks per pair) and survival ASH D., L. WADE, habitat (both disturbance of breeding are sustained at rates that maintain or restore the abundance of the feature. As J. SWAIN AND T. within and stone curlews and quail ground-nesting birds, stone curlews are particularly vulnerable to predation. CROUTER. A outside the caused by native and progress report and SPA): non-native predators. Impacts to breeding productivity can result directly from predation of eggs, chicks, management plan predation juveniles and adults, and also from significant disturbance. The presence of for stone-curlew, predators can influence bird behaviours, such as abandonment of nest sites or Salisbury Plain reduction of effective feeding. Training Area. Defence Where evidence suggests predator management is required, measures can include Infrastructure their exclusion through fencing and scaring or by direct control. Any such measures Organisation, must consider the legal protection of some predators, as well as the likely effects of December 2014. such control on other qualifying features. TAYLOR, A., On Salisbury Plain, foxes and badgers appear to be the main predators of stone- ADAMS, N, ASH, curlews, probably at night, with Corvids less of a problem. In some cases, managed D. (2009) Report plots have been re-located in order to reduce predation e.g. away from badger into the causes of setts. The recent report and management plan includes an objective to control stone-curlew and predators, especially foxes, and a small-scale trial in co-operation with the military lapwing nest shoots was undertaken – but it was decided that culling was not an option due to predation on the scale of the Plain. Otherwise no specific measures are in place. Salisbury Plain April – July 2009, unpublished internal report, RSPB and Defence Estates.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available)

Supporting Air quality Maintain concentrations The structure and function of the habitats which support this SPA feature may be habitat (both and deposition of air sensitive to changes in air quality. Exceeding critical values for air pollutants may within and pollutants at or below result in changes to the chemical status of its habitat substrate, accelerating or outside the the site-relevant Critical damaging plant growth, altering vegetation structure and composition and thereby SPA): function/ Load or Level values affecting the quality and availability of nesting, feeding or roosting habitats. supporting given for the features of process the SPA on the Air Critical Loads and Levels are thresholds below which such harmful effects on Pollution Information sensitive UK habitats will not occur to a noteworthy level, according to current levels System of scientific understanding. There are critical levels for ammonia (NH3), oxides of (www.apis.ac.uk). nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and critical loads for nutrient nitrogen deposition and acid deposition.

It is recognised that achieving this target may be subject to the development, availability and effectiveness of abatement technology and measures to tackle diffuse air pollution, within realistic timescales.

Supporting Vegetation Stone curlew: Maintain The height, cover, variation and composition of vegetation are often important See the list of habitat (both characteristics the proportion of short characteristics of habitats supporting this feature which enable successful nesting, references on p. 5 within and (<5 to 10 cm) vegetation rearing, concealment and roosting. outside the and bare ground within SPA): structure nesting areas (<30% Many bird species will have specific requirements that conservation measures will bare or sparsely aim to maintain, for others such requirements will be less clear. Activities that may vegetated). directly or indirectly affect the vegetation of supporting habitats and modify these characteristics may adversely affect the feature. Quail: Maintain areas of medium to tall On Salisbury Plain, stone-curlews nest mainly on cultivated plots, also on bare vegetation (30-100 cm), ground caused by military training activities. together with some open ground, as the dominant feature of nesting areas.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Supporting Food Stone curlew: Maintain The availability of an abundant food supply is critically important for successful See the list of habitat (both availability the distribution, breeding, adult fitness and survival and the overall sustainability of the population. references on p. 5 within and within abundance and As a result, inappropriate management and direct or indirect impacts which may outside the supporting availability of key prey affect the distribution, abundance and availability of prey may adversely affect the SPA): function/ habitat items (e.g. beetles, population. supporting grasshoppers, flies, process earthworm, snails, The stone-curlew’s preferred feeding habitats are short grassland, both semi-natural slugs) at prey sizes and improved, spring tillage, pig fields and manure heaps. Past research has preferred by stone demonstrated the importance of vegetation structure for foraging. On Salisbury curlew. Plain SPA, the chalk grassland tends to be relatively long, therefore maintaining grazing close to the breeding plots must be viewed as important. The wider Quail: Maintain the surrounds, still within the wider military training area, are largely semi and improved distribution, abundance grassland, and arable, with scattered plantations. and availability of key prey items (e.g. beetles, ants, earwigs, crickets) at prey sizes preferred by quail, and maintain a high cover/abundance of food plants preferred by quail (e.g. chickweeds, sand-spurreys and hemp-nettles)

Hobby: Maintain the distribution, abundance and availability of key prey items e.g. small birds, moths, flying ants, beetles and dragonflies are preferred by hobby.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Supporting Landscape Stone curlew: Maintain This feature is known to favour large areas of open terrain, largely free of See the list of habitat (both the area of open and obstructions, in and around its nesting, roosting and feeding areas. Often there is a references on p. 5 within and unobstructed terrain need to maintain an unobstructed line of sight within nesting, feeding or roosting outside the within and around habitat to detect approaching predators, or to ensure visibility of displaying JOHNSTON, A SPA): structure nesting, roosting and behaviour. (2009) feeding sites. Demographic An open landscape may also be required to facilitate movement of birds between analysis of the Hobby: Maintain a high the SPA and any off-site supporting habitat. impact of proportion of open and conservation action unobstructed terrain Stone-curlew: on Salisbury Plain, the scrub management programme is prioritising on Stone Curlew whilst retaining mature avoidance of encroachment onto chalk grassland and so maintaining the open populations. PhD trees in woodland, small landscape. The proximity of scrub/woodland cover to nests is important as it can thesis, Cambridge. clumps and as isolated harbour predators and this influences nest site selection; although some low individuals. herbaceous cover is desirable for feeding and when chicks have hatched. Breeding plot locations must also avoid steep or even moderate slopes, as this restricts visibility.

Hobby: Salisbury Plain, both the SPA and wider military training area, is primarily an open, chalk grassland landscape. There are currently c.1,058 ha hectares of woodland on the SPA, which is 5.4% of the SPA area, and a total of c.2,196 ha on the Salisbury Plain Training Area (SPTA), which are widely scattered apart from the more open Central Impact Area. More than half of this is relatively recent, although no further planting took place on the SSSI/SPA area, after it was designated in 1993. The plantations play an important role in creating a realistic training environment, providing cover, concealment and shelter. They provide nesting sites for hobby and some other birds; however, also fragment the landscape and habitats, with potential ecological consequences.

Supporting Connectivity Maintain the safe The ability of the feature to safely and successfully move to and from feeding and ASH D., L. WADE, habitat (both with passage of stone- roosting areas is critical to their breeding success and to the adult fitness and J. SWAIN AND T. within and supporting curlews moving between survival. This target will apply within the site boundary and where birds regularly CROUTER. A outside the habitats nesting, roosting and move to and from off-site habitat where this is relevant. progress report and SPA): function/ feeding areas. management plan supporting On Salisbury Plain, a large proportion of the breeding sites lie within the SPA, plus for stone-curlew, process some on the wider military training area and many further afield especially Salisbury Plain surrounding the eastern end, including two RSPB reserves. Defence Infrastructure Training Area. Organisation’s management plan suggests that stone-curlew sub-populations on Defence the Plain are able to support their corresponding local areas, as follows: Infrastructure Organisation,

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) SPTA West: an area in an arc south west bordering the Wylye Valley and on to December 2014. Martin Down. SPTA Centre (northern edge): this can help in colonisation north to the Marlborough Downs (north of Pewsey Downs NNR), early signs of which have begun to be demonstrated. SPTA Centre (south): the Woodford Valley area. SPTA East: this can support the downs north-east towards Newbury and south east to Porton/ Winterbourne/ Normanton.

The East has the largest autumn roosts and highest number of sites, although numbers fluctuate significantly e.g. Cross Country Driver Training Area, Bourne Bottom and Flagpole, Lidbury and Plantations, and Upavon Down. On the Centre, Enford, Far Triangle and Lavington Folly area is the main roost area. On the West, Knook and Breakheart area is the main roost area.

Supporting Minimising Stone-curlew: The nature, scale, timing and duration of some human activities can result in the TAYLOR E.C., R.E. habitat (both disturbance Restrict the frequency, disturbance of birds at a level that may substantially affect their behaviour, and GREEN AND J. within and caused by duration and/or intensity consequently affect the long-term viability of the population. As ground-nesting PERRINS (2007) outside the human activity of disturbance affecting birds, stone curlews are particularly vulnerable to human disturbance. Stone-curlews SPA): nesting, roosting, Burhinus disturbance foraging, feeding, Such disturbing effects can for example result in changes to feeding or roosting oedicnemus and moulting and/or loafing behaviour, increases in energy expenditure due to increased flight, abandonment of recreational birds so that the nest sites and desertion of supporting habitat (both within or outside the designated disturbance: breeding stone curlew site boundary where appropriate). This may undermine successful nesting, rearing, developing a feature is not feeding and/or roosting, and/or may reduce the availability of suitable habitat as management tool significantly disturbed birds are displaced and their distribution within the site contracts. for access. Ibis, 149 (Suppl. 1), 37- Disturbance associated with human activity may take a variety of forms including 44 noise, light, sound, vibration, trampling and the visible presence of people, animals and structures. TAYLOR E.C. (2006) Stone- On Salisbury Plain, increased housing on the surrounds and road development on curlews Burhinus site are likely to result in more people and their dogs accessing the Plain, which has oedicnemus and the potential to disturb stone-curlews. Wiltshire Council produced a mitigation human disturbance: strategy to support their Infrastructure Delivery Plan. effects on behaviour, Military training – vehicle use, troops on the ground, helicopters - has the potential distribution and to influence stone-curlew settlement in spring and destroy or disturb nests. This is breeding success. avoided or reduced through locating breeding plots away from the main, tactically PhD thesis, important military training sites and corridors – and the current DIO management Cambridge plan stresses an adaptive approach to managing the distribution of breeding plots, University.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) with on-going RSPB and DIO monitoring a key part of this. Some plots have signs around them. In practise, the scale of the Plain means that there are likely to be few LILEY, D., PAYNE, incidents, as long as the spread and intensity of military training remains the same. K. & PEAT, J. (2007) Access Military helicopters have been investigated and shown to have minimal impact, in a Patterns on small study. Salisbury Plain. Footprint Ecology / On the Plain, disturbance of hobbies by the general public or military training is Enviros generally thought to be unlikely due to the size and remoteness of the place, and Ltd., Wareham, the species relatively secretive nature. Dorset.

TAYLOR J. (2012) HRA and mitigation strategy for Salisbury Plain SPA in relation to recreational pressure from development. Wiltshire Council.

CHARMAN E. AND R.E. GREEN (2009) Response of breeding stone curlews to Apache helicopter training on Salisbury Plain Training Area. Unpublished internal report, DIO.

Version Control Advice last updated: n/a Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: Removed attribute of ‘medium height vegetation patches within roosting areas’.

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Table 2: Supplementary Advice for Non-breeding Qualifying Features: A082 Hen harrier Circus cyaneus

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Non-breeding Population Maintain the size of the non- See the notes for this attribute in table 1 above. Winter roosts on the population abundance breeding Hen Harrier Plain have been population at a level which is This target is derived from the initial count from 1993 (SPA data sheet monitored since consistently above 5 2006). Roost counts at the SPA are as follows: 1977 by MOD individuals, whilst avoiding conservation groups, deterioration from its current Maximum count of 13 in 2010/11 then from 1983/4 as level as indicated by the Maximum count of 12 in 2011/12 part of Hawk & Owl latest mean peak count or Maximum count of 20 in 2012/13 Trust national winter equivalent. Maximum count of 19 in 2013/14 roost survey, now Maximum count of 12 in 2014/15 run by BTO/HOT and undertaken by Wiltshire Ornithological Society.

Supporting Extent and Maintain the extent and Conserving or restoring the extent of supporting habitats and their range will Winter roosts on the habitat (both distribution of distribution of suitable habitat be key to maintaining the site's ability and capacity to support the SPA Plain have been within and supporting (either within or outside the population. monitored since outside the non-breeding site boundary) which 1977 by MOD SPA): extent and habitat supports Hen Harrier for all The information available on the extent and distribution of supporting habitat conservation groups, distribution necessary stages of the non- used by the feature may be approximate depending to the nature, age and then from 1983/4 as breeding/wintering period accuracy of data collection. This target may apply to supporting habitat part of Hawk & Owl (moulting, roosting, loafing, which also lies outside the site boundary e.g. the SPA, wider military Trust national winter feeding). training area and beyond are known to provide feeding habitat. roost survey, now run by BTO/HOT and . The hen harrier is a bird of open country that roosts communally. undertaken by Wiltshire The main roost is on the Centre, at Ell Barrow, Rushall Down, Charlton Ornithological Down and Compton Down, at the heads of dry chalk valleys or along ridges Society. separating them. Also, roosting occurs on the West (Knapp Down, New Zealand Farm Camp) and East (Lower and West Everleigh Downs) Supporting Conservation Maintain management or See the notes for this attribute in table 1 above. DEFENCE habitat (both measures other measures (whether INFRASTRUCTURE within and within and/or outside the site For roosting on the Plain, hen harriers need > 10 hectares of tall, thick ORGANISATION. outside the boundary as appropriate) grass free from scrub that has not been burnt, cut or grazed for at least one Salisbury Plain SPA): function/ necessary to maintain the season – the sheltered heads of valleys are preferred. The year-on-year Nature Conservation Page 17 of 23

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) supporting structure, function and/or the management needs for specific roosting areas are discussed and agreed Super Unit process supporting processes between DIO and WOS. Management Plans associated with non-breeding 2010-2015, DIO, Hen Harrier and its Grazing requirements and controls are provided by Defence Infrastructure 2010. supporting habitats. Organisation’s (DIO) Farm Management Plans with their tenants. Scrub management is provided by DIO’s Super Unit Management Plans. DEFENCE INFRASTRUCTURE ORGANISATION Farm Management Plans – with their tenant farmers.

Supporting Vegetation Maintain an optimal mix of The height, cover, variation and composition of vegetation are often DEFENCE habitat (both characteristics vegetation to provide important characteristics of habitats supporting this feature which enables INFRASTRUCTURE within and sufficient cover for roosting successful concealment/roosting. Many bird species will have specific ORGANISATION. outside the hen harriers and more open, requirements that conservation measures will aim to maintain, for others Salisbury Plain SPA): structure prey-rich areas for hunting. such requirements will be less clear. Activities that may directly or indirectly Nature Conservation affect the vegetation of supporting habitats and modify these characteristics Super Unit may adversely affect the feature. Management Plans 2010-2015, DIO, Hen harriers do not currently nest on the Plain. 2010.

Their foraging areas in autumn, winter and early spring tend to include the DEFENCE SPA, wider military training area and beyond, where the habitats support INFRASTRUCTURE their prey, which is primarily small mammals e.g. field voles and small ORGANISATION’s passerine birds e.g. skylarks and meadow pipits. The rotational grazing Farm Management system on the Plain tends to provide a sequential structure to the grassland Plans – with their that supports such fauna. tenant farmers.

For roosting, hen harriers require > 10 hectares of tall, thick grass free from DEFRA 2016 Joint scrub that has not been burnt, cut or grazed for at least one season – the action plan to sheltered heads of valleys are preferred. The year-on-year management increase the English needs for specific roosting areas tend to be discussed and agreed between hen harrier DIO and WOS. population, Defra/Upland Grazing requirements and controls are provided by Defence Infrastructure Stakeholder Forum, Organisation’s (DIO) Farm Management Plans with their tenants. Scrub hen harrier sub-

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) management is provided by DIO’s Super Unit Management Plans. group

Supporting Minimising Restrict the frequency, The nature, scale, timing and duration of some human activities can result habitat (both disturbance duration and/or intensity of in the disturbance of birds at a level that may substantially affect their within and caused by disturbance affecting behaviour, and consequently affect the long-term viability of the population. outside the human activity roosting, foraging or feeding SPA): birds so that the non- Such disturbing effects can for example result in changes to feeding or minimising breeding hen harrier roosting behaviour, increases in energy expenditure due to increased flight, disturbance population feature is not abandonment of nest sites and desertion of supporting habitat (both within significantly disturbed. or outside the designated site boundary where appropriate). This may undermine successful nesting, rearing, feeding and/or roosting, and/or may reduce the availability of suitable habitat as birds are displaced and their distribution within the site contracts. Disturbance associated with human activity may take a variety of forms including noise, light, sound, vibration, trampling, the presence of people, animals and structures.

On Salisbury Plain, hen harriers roost at dusk in remote areas and there are currently no known issues due to disturbance from the general public or military training.

Supporting Landscape Maintain the amount of open This feature is known to favour large areas of open terrain, largely free of DEFENCE habitat (both and unobstructed terrain obstructions, in and around its nesting, roosting and feeding areas. Often ESTATES DTE SP within and within areas used for roosting there is a need to maintain an unobstructed line of sight within nesting, Integrated Rural outside the and hunting. feeding or roosting habitat to detect approaching predators, or to ensure Management Plan, SPA): structure visibility of displaying behaviour. An open landscape may also be required DE, 2010 to facilitate movement of birds between the SPA and any off-site supporting habitat. DEFENCE INFRASTRUCTURE Hen harriers are birds of open landscapes, hunting low over the ground, ORGANISATION. circling areas several times and surprising and flushing their prey. They Salisbury Plain usually avoid closed-canopy woodland, conurbations and high mountain Nature Conservation tops; but do use pre-thicket stage forestry for nesting and foraging. Super Unit Management Plans There are currently c.1,058 ha hectares of woodland on the SPA, which is 2010-2015, DIO, 5.4% of the SPA area, and a total of c.2,196 ha on the whole Salisbury 2010. Plain Training Area (SPTA), which are widely scattered apart from the open Central Impact Area. More than half of this is relatively recent, although no further planting took place on the SSSI/SPA area, after it was designated in STANBURY A. et al. Page 19 of 23

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) 1993. The plantations play an important role in creating a realistic training 2000 Breeding bird environment, providing cover, concealment and shelter; however, also survey of Salisbury fragment the landscape and habitats, with potential ecological Plain Training Area. consequences. DIO’s Super Unit Management Plan (section 2.6) identifies Defence Estates, that plantations appear to inhibit ground-nesting birds – their study found a RSPB, p. 34 50% decrease in numbers of breeding skylark within 1km squares containing plantation(s) presumed due to predation threat - potentially GRINSTED S. 2017 lowering the carrying capacity of hen harrier. Salisbury Plain SSSI Integrated Site The amount of scrub on the Plain, at Integrated Site Assessment in 2014- Assessment 2014- 15, was found to have significantly decreased due to DIO and Natural 14, Natural England. England programmes; with the bulk of SSSI units meeting scrub cover targets, apart from three units at the far western end and four on Beacon Hill.

Supporting Connectivity Maintain the safe passage of The ability of the feature to safely and successfully move to and from habitat (both with hen harriers moving between nesting, feeding and roosting areas is critical to their breeding success and NATURAL within and supporting feeding and roosting areas to the adult fitness and survival. This target will apply within the site ENGLAND 2013 outside the habitats when present during the non- boundary and where birds regularly move to and from off-site habitat where National Character SPA): function/ breeding period this is relevant. Area Profile:132 supporting Salisbury Plain and process During winter, Hen harriers can gather at coastal sites and form communal West Wiltshire roosts at night. These can hold significant numbers of individuals and Downs (NE479), roosting habitat can include carr woodland, marshes and reed-beds. Natural England.

The SPA, wider military training area (38,000 ha) and the rest of the chalk plateau in central Wiltshire, provide a mostly continuous landscape, apart from where it is dissected by river valleys and the main roads and settlements along these. Across the plateau, the main habitat is grassland, which is unimproved in the interior and on the peripheral SSSIs, and semi- and improved grassland more to the edges, both providing potential for hen harrier hunting, if lightly managed and tussocky, and harbouring small mammals and birds. As well as the core SPA, there are surrounding SSSIs and local wildlife site grasslands e.g. Bratton Downs to the north and Parsonage Down NNR to the south.

The National Character Area Profile says ‘woodlands are generally confined to the valley slopes, with scattered copses and shelterbelts on the high downs’. From the 1960s, the army planted c.1300 ha of plantation,

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) increasing the cover of woodland to c.6% on the military training area, potentially causing a degree of habitat loss and fragmentation – although no planting has taken place on the SPA area, since the designation has been in place. Supporting Food Maintain the distribution, The availability of an abundant food supply is critically important for DEFENCE habitat (both availability abundance and availability of successful breeding, adult fitness and survival and the overall sustainability INFRASTRUCTURE within and within key prey items at prey sizes of the population. As a result, inappropriate management and direct or ORGANISATION’s outside the supporting preferred by hen harriers indirect impacts which may affect the distribution, abundance and Farm Management SPA): function/ habitat (pipits to gamebirds; voles to availability of prey may adversely affect the population. Plans – with their supporting young rabbit size). tenant farmers. process The hen harrier hunts by flying low over the ground and approaching small mammals and birds whilst avoiding detection.

On Salisbury Plain, the grazing regime is key to determining food availability. On the SPA and other ‘Schedule 3’ areas, DIO’s Farm Management Plans with their tenant farmers, set prescriptions for the grazing regime, at three levels: ‘without restriction’, ‘within guidelines’ and ‘special restrictions’. The first requires long grass margins, otherwise no constraint on timing or stocking levels; the second requires long grass margins and specifies maximum stocking levels; and the third requires long grass margins and sets specific management within mapped polygons e.g. grazing may be restricted to only 30 or 50% of that area per year, which may be for any or all of the species requiring lighter grazing and longer grass.

Most of the grazing is done through temporary pennings, with relatively high stocking levels for a short time period and variable periods of rest in between, often just once or perhaps two grazing sessions in a year; therefore there is plenty of scope for long, tussocky grass harbouring small birds and mammals; however, the botanical diversity must also be maintained, which requires periods of more intense grazing. Ultimately, grazing is controlled through the number of temporary pennings a farmer is allowed and utilizes at any one time.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Supporting Air quality Maintain concentrations and The structure and function of habitats which support this SPA feature may More information habitat (both deposition of air pollutants at be sensitive to changes in air quality. about site-relevant within and or below the site-relevant Critical Loads and outside the Critical Load or Level values Exceeding critical values for air pollutants may result in changes to the Levels for this SPA is SPA): function/ given for the feature's chemical status of its habitat substrate, accelerating or damaging plant available by using supporting supporting habitat on the Air growth, altering vegetation structure and composition and thereby affecting the ‘search by site’ process Pollution Information System the quality and availability of nesting, feeding or roosting habitats. Critical tool on the Air (www.apis.ac.uk). Loads and Levels are thresholds below which such harmful effects on Pollution Information sensitive UK habitats will not occur to a noteworthy level, according to System current levels of scientific understanding. There are critical levels for (www.apis.ac.uk). ammonia (NH3), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and critical loads for nutrient nitrogen deposition and acid deposition.

It is recognised that achieving this target may be subject to the development, availability and effectiveness of abatement technology and measures to tackle diffuse air pollution, within realistic timescales.

Version Control Advice last updated: n/a Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: Removed sub-attribute: water quality/quantity as not relevant to hen harriers on Salisbury Plain. Combined the two sub-attributes for vegetation characteristics to cover roosting and foraging Removed ‘with short vegetation’ from the landscape target, as although this may be relative it conflicts with the other targets.

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European Site Conservation Objectives: Draft Supplementary Advice on Conserving and Restoring Site Features

Salisbury Plain Special Area of Conservation (SAC) Site code: UK0012683

Date of Publication: 20 February 2017

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About this document

This document provides Natural England’s supplementary advice about the European Site Conservation Objectives relating to Salisbury Plain SAC. This advice should therefore be read together with the SAC Conservation Objectives which are available here. This advice is draft pending comments from the site’s stakeholders. In the interim you should use the Conservation Objectives, this Supplementary Advice and any case-specific advice given by Natural England, when developing, proposing or assessing an activity, plan or project that may affect this site.

This Supplementary Advice to the Conservation Objectives presents attributes which are ecological characteristics of the designated species and habitats within a site. The listed attributes are considered to be those that best describe the site’s ecological integrity and which, if safeguarded, will enable achievement of the Conservation Objectives. Each attribute has a target which is either quantified or qualitative depending on the available evidence. The target identifies as far as possible the desired state to be achieved for the attribute.

The tables provided below bring together the findings of the best available scientific evidence relating to the site’s qualifying features, which may be updated or supplemented in further publications from Natural England and other sources. The local evidence used in preparing this supplementary advice has been cited. The references to the national evidence used are available on request. Where evidence and references have not been indicated, Natural England has applied ecological knowledge and expert judgement. You may decide to use other additional sources of information.

In many cases, the attribute targets shown in the tables indicate whether the current objective is to ‘maintain’ or ‘restore’ the attribute. This is based on the best available information, including that gathered during monitoring of the feature’s current condition. As new information on feature condition becomes available, this will be added so that the advice remains up to date.

The targets given for each attribute do not represent thresholds to assess the significance of any given impact in Habitats Regulations Assessments. You will need to assess this on a case-by-case basis using the most current information available.

Some, but not all, of these attributes can also be used for regular monitoring of the actual condition of the designated features. The attributes selected for monitoring the features, and the standards used to assess their condition, are listed in separate monitoring documents, which will be available from Natural England.

These tables do not give advice about SSSI features or other legally protected species which may also be present within the European Site.

If you have any comments or queries about this Supplementary Advice document please contact your local Natural England adviser or email [email protected]

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About this site

European Site information

Name of European Site Salisbury Plain Special Area of Conservation (SAC)

Location Wiltshire

Site Maps The designated boundary of this site can be viewed here on the MAGIC website.

Designation Date April 2005

Qualifying Features See section below.

Designation Area 21465.94 ha

Designation Changes On Porton Down, ‘The Bowl’ covering 322.42 ha, was added to the SSSI, SAC and SPA designated area in 1999.

Feature Condition Status Details of the feature condition assessments made at this site can be found using Natural England’s Designated Sites System

Names of component Salisbury Plain, Porton Down and Parsonage Down. Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)

Relationship with other Salisbury Plain SPA and Porton Down SPA boundaries overlap with European or International the SAC. Site designations

Other information Natura 2000 Standard Data Form for Salisbury Plain SAC

Site background and geography

Salisbury Plain SAC is located in central Wiltshire, within the Salisbury Plain and West Wiltshire Downs National Character Area (NCA), in southern England.

Salisbury Plain is an extensive and open rolling chalk plateau, with Parsonage Down on the southern edge of this and Porton Down to the south-west. The three constituent sites are located on chalk geology, cut by the tributaries of the Hampshire Avon.

The soils are generally alkaline and free-draining, apart from places with overlying clay-with flints and long-term rainwater leaching and lessivage, which are more acidic.

The defining habitat type is chalk grassland, also some secondary and ancient woodland is present. Juniper scrub is significant on parts of Salisbury Plain and much of Porton Down.

Salisbury Plain is managed as part of an extensive military Training Area (SPTA). Porton Down forms part of the wider Porton Down Defence Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl). Parsonage Down is part of a National Nature Reserve run by Natural England.

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About the qualifying features of the SAC

The following section gives you additional, site-specific information about this SAC’s qualifying features. These are the natural habitats and/or species for which this SAC has been designated.

Qualifying habitats:

• H6210 and 6211 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (* important orchid sites)

These grasslands are typically found on thin, well-drained, lime-rich soils associated with chalk and limestone. They occur predominantly at low to moderate altitudes in England and Wales, extending locally into upland areas in northern England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Most of these calcareous grasslands are maintained by grazing. A large number of rare plants are associated with this habitat, including, on Salisbury Plain SAC: purple milk-vetch Astragalus danicus, dwarf sedge Carex humilis, bastard-toadflax Thesium humifusum and the early gentian Gentianella anglica, as well as various bryophytes and lichens. The invertebrate fauna is also noteworthy, and includes rarities such as the marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia, adonis blue butterfly Lysandra bellargus and silver-spotted skipper Hesperia comma. Salisbury Plain in central southern England is believed to be the largest surviving semi-natural dry grassland within the European Union and is therefore the most important site for this habitat in the UK. It supports extensive examples of CG3 Bromus erectus grassland, which is the most widespread chalk grassland found in the UK; and also supports significant areas of other types e.g. extensive CG2 Festuca ovina-Avenula pratensis grassland on Parsonage Down and extensive CG7 Festuca ovina – Hieracium pilosella – Thymus praecox grassland on Porton Down.

This SAC is also distinctive in hosting the priority habitat type "orchid rich sites". This priority habitat type comprises calcareous grasslands which contain either a rich suite of orchid species, important populations of at least one nationally uncommon orchid species or one or several orchid species considered to be rare, very rare or exceptional in the UK.

• H5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands

Salisbury Plain represents common juniper Juniperus communis formations near the southern edge of the habitat’s range on chalk in southern England, where it is particularly rare. This site is the best remaining example in the UK of lowland juniper scrub on chalk. The juniper is juxtaposed with extensive H6210 semi-natural dry grassland and chalk heath.

In some cases the scrub has developed recently by invasion of open chalk grassland and contains few typical shrub species. However, most of the scrub is of the southern mixed scrub type and is enriched by roses Rosa spp., wild privet Ligustrum vulgare, dogwood Cornus sanguinea, wayfaring tree Viburnum lantana and other species characteristic of the type.

Both Salisbury Plain and Porton Down components of the SAC hold important populations of juniper; it is not present on the Parsonage Down component.

Qualifying Species:

• S1065 Marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia

The marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia is typically found in a range of habitats in which its larval food plant, devil’s-bit scabious Succisa pratensis, occurs. Marsh fritillaries are essentially grassland butterflies in the UK, and although populations may occur occasionally on wet heath, bog margins and woodland clearings, most colonies are found in damp acidic or dry calcareous grasslands. Page 4 of 31

Management in both wet and dry situations is predominantly by low-intensity cattle or pony grazing.

The butterfly flies in late May and June. The female lays batches of eggs on the underside of large Devil’s-bit Scabious plants. From August until late September the brown, spiny caterpillars feed together on Scabious leaves inside a silken web. During the winter they hibernate together in a small web, hidden in grass tussocks. The caterpillars emerge in February or early March and separate; sometimes wandering several metres to find fresh Scabious leaves. By late April the caterpillars pupate and emerge as adult butterflies 2 to 3 weeks later.

Populations of marsh fritillary vary greatly in size from year to year, and, at least in part, this is related to cycles of attack from parasitic wasps. Adults tend to be sedentary and remain in a series of linked meta- populations, forming numerous temporary sub-populations, which frequently die out and re-colonise. Where unable to do this, populations do not seem to be able to persist in habitat fragments. It is therefore essential to conserve a cluster of sites in close proximity.

Marsh fritillary (Natural England/Allan Drewitt)

Salisbury Plain represents marsh fritillary Euphydryas aurinia in chalk grassland in central southern England, and contains a cluster of large sub-populations where the species breeds on dry calcareous grassland. The site extends the range of ecological variability included in the SAC series. The butterfly is mainly present on the Salisbury Plain part of the SAC, with Porton Down and Parsonage Down being less suitable for the species, although it does occur in small numbers.

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Table 1: Supplementary Advice for Qualifying Features: H6210/H6211 semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies: on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) including orchid-rich sites

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) Extent and Extent of the Maintain the total extent of There should be no measurable net reduction (excluding any trivial loss) in the PYWELL 1998 distribution feature within the H6210/11 feature on extent and area of this feature, and in some cases, the full extent of the feature may WILSON & of the feature the site Salisbury Plain at 13,247.86 need to be restored. The baseline-value of extent given has been generated using REED 2007 ha and on Porton Down at data gathered from the listed site-based surveys and/or measured using GIS. WILD 1988 855 ha Area measurements given may be approximate depending on the methods, age Restore the total extent of and accuracy of data collection, and as a result this value may be updated in future the H6210/11 feature at to reflect more accurate information. Parsonage Down to 186.27 ha The extent of an Annex I habitat feature covers the sum extent of all of the component vegetation communities present and may include transitions and mosaics with other closely-associated habitat features. Where a feature is susceptible to natural dynamic processes, there may be acceptable variations in its extent through natural fluctuations.

Where a reduction in the extent of a feature is considered necessary to meet the Conservation Objective for another Annex I feature, Natural England will advise on this on a case-by-case basis.

Grassland restoration at Parsonage Down is required. This extent target includes Hundred Acres (under restoration) and all the grassland/scrub areas, but excludes the small beech plantation.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) Extent and Spatial Maintain the distribution and A contraction in the range, or geographic spread, of the feature (and its component PYWELL 1998 distribution distribution of configuration of the vegetation and typical species, plus transitional communities) across the site will WILSON & of the feature the feature H6210/11 feature*, including reduce its overall area, the local diversity and variations in its structure and REED 2007 within the site where applicable its composition, and may undermine its resilience to adapt to future environmental WILD 1988 component vegetation types, changes. across the site. This may also reduce and break up the continuity of a habitat within a site and how well its typical species are able to move around the site to occupy and use habitat.

Such fragmentation can impact on their viability and the wider ecological composition of the Annex I habitat. Smaller fragments of habitat can typically support smaller and more isolated populations which are more vulnerable to extinction.

These fragments also have a greater amount of open edge habitat which will differ in the amount of light, temperature, wind, and even noise that it receives compared to its interior. These conditions may not be suitable for some of the typical and more specialist species associated with the Annex I habitat feature.

*Salisbury Plain is a large, dynamic site, therefore some flexibility is needed in terms of the distribution of its component vegetation types; as long as each community type is present and not threatened, and the overall quantity of H6210 grassland does not decline. On Porton Down, the lichen-rich grasslands (CG7b), which arose from bare, impoverished ground, are disappearing due to natural, successional processes; therefore a plan is needed for some limited re-setting of this process, through the creation of bare, recovering ground at appropriate locations. On Parsonage Down, the extensive, high quality CG2 Festuca ovina – Avenula pratensis grassland must be protected from encroachment by upright brome (and decline to CG3) through sufficient grazing. Structure and Vegetation This habitat feature will comprise a number of associated semi-natural vegetation PYWELL 1998 Ensure the component function community types and their transitional zones, reflecting the geographical location of the site, WILSON & vegetation communities of (including its composition altitude, aspect, soil conditions (especially base-status and drainage) and REED 2007 the feature are referable to typical vegetation management. In the UK these have been categorised by the National WILD 1988 and characterised by the species) Vegetation Classification (NVC). following National Vegetation

Classification types: Maintaining or restoring these characteristic and distinctive vegetation types, and CG2 Festuca ovina – the range of types as appropriate, will be important to sustaining the overall habitat Avenula pratensis grassland feature. This will also help to conserve their typical plant species (i.e. the constant

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) CG3 Bromus erectus and preferential species of a community), and therefore that of the SAC feature, at grassland appropriate levels (recognising natural fluctuations). CG4 Brachypodium pinnatum grassland CG5 Bromus erectus – Brachypodium pinnatum grassland CG6 Avenula pubescens grassland CG7 Festuca ovina – Hieracium pilosella – Thymus praecox/pulegioides grassland Structure and Vegetation: Maintain and, in places, A high cover of characteristic herbs, including sedges (Carex species) is strongly NATURAL function proportion of restore the proportion of typical of the structure of this habitat type. ENGLAND. (including its herbs herbaceous species typical 2016.Salisbury typical of the H6210/11 feature at or The exact targets will vary between localities and NVC types as presented in the Plain SSSI species) to within the range 40-90%. SSSI Favourable Condition Tables. Integrated Site Assessment 2014-15. Natural England.

WILSON, PW AND REED,M. 2009. Porton Down SSSI Condition Assessment 2009. Natural England, 2009.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) Structure and Key structural, Maintain and, in places, Some plant or animal species (or related groups of such species) make a function influential restore the abundance of the particularly important contribution to the structure, function and/or quality of an (including its and/or species listed below to Annex I habitat feature at a particular site. These species will include; typical distinctive enable each of them to be a species) species viable component of the − Structural species which form a key part of the habitat’s structure or help to Annex 1 habitat; define an Annex I habitat on a site (see also the attribute for ‘vegetation community composition’). Constant and preferential − Influential species which are likely to have a key role affecting the structure vascular plants associated and function of the habitat (such as bioturbators (mixers of soil/sediment), with the CG2 – CG7 grazers, surface borers, predators or other species with a significant communities at this site functional role linked to the habitat). − Site-distinctive species which are considered to be a particularly special Assemblage of rare chalk and distinguishing component of an Annex I habitat on a particular site. grassland plants; Astragalus danicus Purple There may be natural fluctuations in the frequency and cover of each of these Milk-vetch; Cirsium species. The relative contribution made by them to the overall ecological integrity of tuberosum Tuberous thistle; a site may vary, and Natural England will provide bespoke advice on this as Carex humilis Dwarf Sedge; necessary. Cerastium pumilum Dwarf Mouse ear; Dianthus armeria The list of species given here for this Annex I habitat feature at this SAC is not Deptford Pink; Galeopsis necessarily exhaustive. The list may evolve, and species may be added or deleted, angustifolia-Red Hemp- as new information about this site becomes available. nettle; Galium pumilum- Slender Bedstraw; Burnt orchid – Neotinea ustulata- the SAC Citation says: ‘largest UK population’. Gentianella anglica-Early The species is widespread across much of Parsonage Down (SSSI units 2 and 3), Gentian, Iberis amara-Wild although there is no good estimate of the population number but in the order of tens Candytuft, Minuartia hybrida- of thousands flowering in a good year. On Salisbury Plain, the species is less Fine-leaved Sandwort, frequent, being recorded as scattered individuals or small groups, in nine (out of Neotinea ustulata-Burnt 100) SSSI units on the West, Centre and East. On Porton Down, there is a small Orchid, Phyteuma orbiculare- population in Roche Court Down, SSSI Unit 12. Round-headed Rampion, Salvia pratensis-Meadow Lady orchid – Orchis purpurea is now present on Porton Down, possibly as an Clary; Tephroseris introduction, although this is not certain. It is not mentioned on the SAC Citation. integrifolia-Field Fleawort and Thesium humifusum- The fairy shrimp Chirocephalus diaphanus is dependent on temporary pools created Bastard Toadflax and Vulpia by military training on the Plain. unilateralis – mat-grass Page 9 of 31

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) fescue The rabbit population on Porton Down is important, being relied on for grazing rather than farmed livestock. The close cropped grazing, bio-perturbation, nutrient Assemblage of chalk depletion and bio-deposition services of the rabbit have been found to aid not only grassland invertebrates the maintenance of open, short-swards and areas of bare ground but also nutrient cycling, mineralisation and water infiltration in desert and dry grassland habitats Population of fairy shrimp Chirocephalus diaphanus

Population of European or common rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

Structure and Vegetation: Maintain the frequency/cover There will be a range of undesirable or uncharacteristic species which, if allowed to function undesirable of the following undesirable colonise and spread, are likely to have an adverse effect on the feature's structure (including its species species to within acceptable and function, including its more desirable typical species. These may include typical levels and prevent changes invasive non-natives such as Cotoneaster species, or coarse and aggressive native species) in surface condition, soils, species which may uncharacteristically dominate the composition of the feature. nutrient levels or hydrology which may encourage their spread:

Thistles Cirsium arvense, Cirsium vulgare, docks Rumex crispus, Rumex obtusifolius, ragwort Senecio jacobaea, common nettle Urtica dioica.

Tor-grass Brachypodium pinnatum on all grassland types except CG4 and 5.

Upright brome Bromopsis erecta on CG2 grassland.

Rank grasses e.g. false oat-

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) grass Arrhenatherum elatius, cock’s-foot Dactylis glomerata and Yorkshire fog Holcus lanatus that indicate under-grazing.

On CG7c, the cover of mat- like branching (pleurocarpous) mosses Structure and Vegetation Maintain the full range and Transitions/zonations between adjacent but different vegetation communities are NATURAL function community pattern of zonations and usually related to naturally-occurring changes in soil, aspect or slope. ENGLAND. (including its transitions transitions across vegetation 2016. Salisbury typical types associated with the Such 'ecotones' retain characteristics of each bordering community and can add Plain SSSI species) H6210 feature. value in often containing species not found in the adjacent communities. Retaining Integrated Site such transitions can provide further diversity to the habitat feature, and support Assessment additional flora and fauna. 2014-15. Natural Bare ground, the different chalk grassland communities and scrub, and ecotones England, 2016. between these, tend to flux naturally on Salisbury Plain and Porton Down (which are large sites), less so on Parsonage Down, with conservation management varying on NATURAL a temporal and spatial scale, using a ‘landscape-scale ecology’ approach. ENGLAND, 2016. Porton Down SSSI Site Checks 2016, Natural England, November 2016.

Soils, Maintain the properties of the Soil is the foundation of basic ecosystem function and its properties strongly Contact substrate and underlying soil types, influence the colonisation, growth and distribution of those plant species which Defence nutrient including structure, bulk together form vegetation types, and therefore provides a habitat used by a wide Infrastructure cycling density, total carbon, pH, soil range of organisms. Organisation for nutrient status and Salisbury Plain, fungal:bacterial ratio, to Soil biodiversity has a vital role to recycle organic matter. Dstl for Porton within typical values for the Down, Natural H6210/11 habitat. Changes to natural soil properties may therefore affect the ecological structure, England for function and processes associated with this Annex I feature. Parsonage

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) Down, for past soil sample results.

Structure and Supporting off- Maintain the extent, quality The structure and function of the qualifying habitat, including its typical species, may LARGE, R. & function site habitat and spatial configuration of rely upon the continued presence of areas which surround but are outside of the HALES, S. (including its land or habitat surrounding or designated site boundary (‘functionally-linked land’). 2015. Mapping typical adjacent to the site which is connectivity of species) known to support the Changes in surrounding land-use may adversely (directly/indirectly) affect the species-rich H6210/11 feature. functioning of the feature and its component species. This supporting habitat may grassland be critical to the typical species of the feature to support their feeding, breeding, habitat roosting, population dynamics ('meta-populations'), pollination or to in the Wiltshire prevent/reduce/absorb damaging impacts from adjacent land uses e.g. pesticide Chalk drift, nutrient enrichment. landscape. Natural England Salisbury Plain SSSI and surrounding SSSIs and County Wildlife Sites on the chalk, are considered to be multiple ‘grassland ecological networks’ at a 250m species dispersal level e.g. marsh fritillary butterfly, and a single, much larger network at the 2,500m dispersal level (Large & Hales, 2015).

As part of this model, Porton Down and surrounds are a separate network, at either dispersal scale; whilst Parsonage Down and surrounds are an individual network at the 250m dispersal scale, and part of the single much larger network at the 2,500m scale. For further detail see Large and Hales, 2015.

Large and Hales (2015) reviewed previous studies and suggest that chalk downland plants have very limited dispersal due to animal vectors being limited by fencing, although some are wind dispersed e.g. grasses. Six butterfly species - marsh fritillary, small blue, dingy skipper, Duke of Burgundy, chalkhill blue and adonis blue – were estimated to travel 250m in a majority of dispersal events in optimum habitat, but much less than this (12.5m) in ‘impermeable’ habitats e.g. arable. For rare, long-distance dispersal events, the model used 2,500m, but much

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) less (125m) in arable land.

Structure and Functional Restore the overall extent, This recognises the potential need at this site to maintain or restore the connectivity LARGE, R. & function connectivity quality and function of any of the site to its wider landscape in order to meet the conservation objectives. These HALES, S. (including its with wider supporting features within the connections may take the form of landscape features, such as habitat patches, 2015. typical landscape local landscape which hedges, watercourses and verges, outside of the designated site boundary which species) provide a critical functional are either important for the migration, dispersal and genetic exchange of those connection with the site. typical species closely associated with qualifying Annex I habitat features of the site.

These features may also be important to the operation of the supporting ecological processes on which the designated site and its features may rely. In most cases increasing actual and functional landscape-scale connectivity would be beneficial. Where there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the connectivity requirements of the qualifying feature, Natural England will advise as to whether these are applicable on a case by case basis.

Large & Hales (2015), in their modelled scenarios, predicted that Salisbury Plain – East is currently disconnected from the Centre and West, for average butterfly dispersals; similarly, Parsonage Down SSSI/NNR and the SSSIs on the northern perimeter of the military training area are disconnected from Salisbury Plain SSSI, for average butterfly dispersals. The land between these sites may provide critical functional connection for marsh fritillary butterfly and should be restored.

Similarly, the northern edge of Porton Down has scope for connecting to the nearby RSPB reserve, Winterbourne Downs, where extensive chalk grassland creation is already underway.

Adaptation and Maintain the feature's ability, This recognises the increasing likelihood of a need for natural habitat features to LARGE R. AND resilience and that of its supporting absorb or adapt to wider environmental changes. Resilience may be described as HALES, S. processes, to adapt or evolve the ability of an ecological system to cope with, and adapt to environmental stress 2015. to wider environmental and change whilst retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning. change, either within or NATURAL external to the site. Such environmental changes may include changes in sea levels, precipitation and ENGLAND, temperature for example, which are likely to affect the extent, distribution, 2015. composition and functioning of a feature within a site. The vulnerability and response of features to such changes will vary.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) The overall vulnerability of this SAC to climate change has been assessed by Natural England as being low, taking into account the sensitivity, fragmentation, topography and management of its habitats. This means that this site is considered to be vulnerable overall but is a lower priority for further assessment and action. Individual species may be more or less vulnerable than their supporting habitat itself. In many cases, change will be inevitable so appropriate monitoring would be required.

Using best available information, any necessary or likely adaptation or adjustment by the feature and its management in response to actual or expected climatic change should be allowed for, as far as practicable, in order to ensure the feature's long-term viability.

The chalk grassland feature is maintained by the right balance of grazing, rainfall/drought and scrub management; and on Salisbury Plain, military vehicle disturbance, shell craters and wild fires.

Changing precipitation and/or temperature are likely to affect vegetation structure and ultimately community type, along with associated species populations and distributions. As above, increasing the connectivity of the component sites to each other and surrounds, is likely to increase resilience to environmental change.

Supporting Air quality Maintain the concentrations This habitat type is considered sensitive to changes in air quality. Exceedance of More processes and deposition of air these critical values for air pollutants may modify the chemical status of its information (on which the pollutants at or below the substrate, accelerating or damaging plant growth, altering its vegetation structure about site- feature relies) site-relevant Critical Load or and composition and causing the loss of sensitive typical species associated with it. relevant Critical Level values given for this Loads and feature of the site on the Air Critical Loads and Levels are recognised thresholds below which such harmful Levels for this Pollution Information System effects on sensitive UK habitats will not occur to a significant level, according to SAC is available (www.apis.ac.uk). current levels of scientific understanding. There are critical levels for ammonia by using the (NH3), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and critical loads for ‘search by site’ nutrient nitrogen deposition and acid deposition. These levels are currently not tool on being exceeded for these features at this site. www.apis.ac.uk

There are currently no critical loads or levels for other pollutants such as Halogens, Heavy Metals, POPs, VOCs or Dusts. These should be considered as appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Ground level ozone is regionally important as a toxic air Page 14 of 31

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) pollutant but flux-based critical levels for the protection of semi-natural habitats are still under development. It is recognised that achieving this target may be subject to the development, availability and effectiveness of abatement technology and measures to tackle diffuse air pollution, within realistic timescales.

Supporting Conservation Maintain the management Active and ongoing conservation management is needed to protect, maintain or NATURAL processes measures measures (either within restore this feature at this site. Further details about the necessary conservation ENGLAND, (on which the and/or outside the site measures for this site can be provided by contacting Natural England. This 2015. feature relies) boundary as appropriate) information will typically be found within, where applicable, supporting documents which are necessary to such as Natura 2000 Site Improvement Plan, Site Management Strategies or Plans, maintain or restore the the Views about Management Statement for the underpinning SSSI and/or DEFENCE structure, functions and management agreements. INFRASTRUCT supporting processes URE associated with the The chalk grassland feature is maintained by the right balance of grazing, ORGANISATIO H6210/11 feature. rainfall/drought and scrub management; and on Salisbury Plain, military vehicle N (DEO), 2010. disturbance, shell craters and wild fires. DEFENCE Military vehicle disturbance must be kept at the right balance, with both a lower and SCIENCE & upper threshold for bare ground, currently agreed as 2-4% cover. Bare ground is TECHNOLOGY valuable in its own right and leads to early successional habitats e.g. CG7, with LABORATORY, important plant populations e.g. Fine-leaved sandwort Minuartia hybrida and Dwarf 2016. mouse-ear Cerastium pumilum. NATURAL The coverage and intensity of grazing must ideally reflect the chalk grassland ENGLAND, communities and associated species present, and respond to annual variation in 2016. rainfall and drought, although the ease of achieving these varies between the component sites. Parsonage Down is a National Nature Reserve managed by Natural England, with its own livestock; Salisbury Plain is a military training area, with farming tenants; and Porton Down is a defence experimental site, with a generally large rabbit population but no other grazing livestock.

Scrub control and management will be an on-going requirement, particularly on Salisbury Plain and Porton Down where the grazing pattern tends not to control scrub.

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Version Control Advice last updated: n/a Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: n/a

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Table 2: Supplementary Advice for Qualifying Features: H5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands.

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Extent and Extent of the Maintain the total See the supporting/explanatory notes for this attribute in Table 1. ASH D. (2000) distribution feature within extent of the H5130 of the feature the site feature. Maintaining the coverage of juniper is central to this attribute. Juniper tends to occur DEFENCE ESTATES, on shallow soils, on steep slopes and on north to west aspects (Ward, 1973). On 2005. Salisbury Plain, there were 11,100 juniper bushes in 2002, with the distribution and frequency of bushes compared to 1996 not appearing to show any significant SALISBURY PLAIN differences - no systematic count has been done since 2002. Juniper is present in CONSERVATION SSSI units 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 155 and 171 i.e. mainly Beacon GROUP. Hill and Bulford Ranges, also A303 Road Verge. WARD, L.K. (1973). On Porton Down, a survey by Dr. Lena Ward in 1969-71 estimated 15,870 live juniper bushes (pers comm). A Wiltshire Botanical Society survey was completed in 2012/13, which found 12,306 juniper bushes; the plant has undergone a significant reduction on Battery Hill, from 700 in the 1970s down to about 50 bushes now.

There is no juniper present on Parsonage Down.

Extent and Spatial Maintain the Distribution includes the spatial pattern or arrangement of this habitat feature, and its As above distribution distribution of distribution and component vegetation types, across the site. Changes in distribution may affect the of the feature the feature configuration of the nature and range of the vegetation communities present, the operation of the within the site H5130 feature, physical, chemical, and biological processes in the system and the resiliency of the including where site and its features to changes or impacts. applicable its component Ward (1977) found that the size of gaps between juniper stands is likely to be vegetation types, important for invertebrate dispersal, suggesting a maximum distance of 200m to aid across the SAC. movement between stands.

This habitat type occurs as part of chalk grassland communities and as part of W21d Crataegus monogyna – Hedera helix scrub, Viburnum lantana sub-community, with juniper.

Juniper is found across the site, in nearly all the SSSI units – not units 4, 6 and 22. Structure and Vegetation Ensure the This habitat feature will comprise a number of associated semi-natural vegetation function community component types and their transitional zones, reflecting the geographical location of the site, (including its composition vegetation altitude, aspect, soil conditions (especially base-status and drainage) and vegetation typical communities of the management. In the UK these have been categorised by the National Vegetation species) H5130 feature are Classification (NVC). Page 17 of 31

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) referable to and characterised by the Maintaining or restoring these characteristic and distinctive vegetation types, and the following National range of types as appropriate, will be important to sustaining the overall habitat Vegetation feature. This will also help to conserve their typical plant species (i.e. the constant Classification type and preferential species of a community), and therefore that of the SAC feature, at (s): appropriate levels (recognising natural fluctuations). CG2 Festuca ovina – Avenula pratensis grassland; CG3 Bromus erectus grassland; CG7 Festuca ovina – Hieracium pilosella – Thymus praecox/pulegioides grassland; and W21d Crataegus monogyna – Hedera helix scrub, Viburnum lantana sub-community, with juniper.

Structure and Key structural, Maintain the See the supporting and explanatory notes for this attribute in table 1 above. WARD L.K. (1977) function influential abundance of the (including its and/or site- species listed below Large juniper populations such as the one present at this SAC are more likely to WARD L. K. AND K. typical distinctive to enable each of support a juniper-specific invertebrate fauna. Ward (1977) listed 27 species in H. LAKHANI (1977) species) species them to be a viable southern England, of which eight were introduced. component of the WILKINS T.C. & J.C. Annex 1 habitat: Over 40 species of fungi are entirely or partially dependant on juniper (Wilkins, 2011). DUCKWORTH (2011). . Population of Juniper

Assemblage of invertebrates associated with juniper

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Vegetation: Maintain the Undesirable non-woody and woody vascular plants species may require active undesirable frequency/cover of management to avert an unwanted succession to a different and less desirable state. species the following Often they may be indicative of a negative trend relating to another aspect of a site's undesirable species structure and function. These species will vary depending on the nature of the to within acceptable particular feature, and in some cases these species may be natural/acceptable levels and prevent components or even dominants. changes in surface condition, soils, nutrient levels or hydrology which may encourage their spread:

Cirsium arvense, Cirsium vulgare, Rumex crispus, Rumex obtusifolius, Senecio jacobaea, Urtica dioica.

Brachypodium pinnatum on all grassland types except CG4 and 5.

Bromopsis erecta on CG2 grassland.

Rank grasses e.g. Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus that indicate under- grazing.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Structure and Vegetation Maintain an This structure objective seeks to ensure some areas of open ground are provided DEFENCE ESTATES. function structure: appropriate balance germination and establishment sites for juniper. 2005 (including its canopy cover between scrub typical canopy and open On Porton Down, juniper occurs with scrub, pine and as almost pure stands. ASH D. (2000), species) field layer, with no more than 75% On Salisbury Plain, the densest areas of juniper are in units: 155, 136 and 138. In comprising closed 2014-15, the condition assessment found that in the southern half of unit 136, the juniper scrub. large block of juniper (2-3000 bushes) is approaching closed scrub (also at the expense of chalk grassland).

Structure and Vegetation Ensure that juniper is Juniper is vulnerable to shading, especially from trees with a dense foliage e.g. yew WARD, L.K. (1973). function structure: promoted at the and beech, whilst those with lighter shade e.g. Pinus sylvestris may allow it to persist (including its shading expense of any for longer (Ward, 1973). typical surrounding scrub, species) and not over-topped Over-topping species should be no more than occasional within juniper stands. by scrub or trees casting heavy shade.

Vegetation Maintain a population As a pioneer species, juniper regeneration can be infrequent and episodic, resulting SALISBURY PLAIN structure - age of Juniper comprising in populations with few age classes. Populations with full and wider age range tend CONSERVATION and sex ratios plants at all of its to be associated with conditions providing regular opportunities for establishment, GROUP. of juniper different life stages such as continual exposure of bare soils on steep slopes. These will be more self- (old growth (>100 sustaining in the longer term. years old), building to mature, and Pollination of juniper occurs by wind in the spring: male bushes produce small pollen pioneer/seedling cones whilst the cones of female bushes carry receptive droplets of fluid. Fertilised (<5cm girth). cones develop into berry-like fruits. Dispersal is mainly via migrant thrushes in the autumn. To sustain itself, a population therefore requires a balanced composition of Maintain the ratio of male and female plants. Where one sex is predominant, this can reduce the male to female opportunity for reproduction where populations are sparsely spread juniper bushes at across a landscape. less than 2:1. On Salisbury Plain, in 2005, the population was mostly mature individuals (20-48 years old); and over-mature, senile and collapsing bushes were rare throughout the survey area. Young bushes were recorded in only one compartment. Since 2005, regeneration has been occurring in most of the juniper exclosures identified in the management plan (numbered 1 to 18, with nos. 2 and 3 discontinued), although not in the two recently installed ones (16a and b). At least 50 seedlings and young trees

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) are now well established. In addition, some regeneration has occurred at the back of B Range, where grazing is light.

On Porton Down, in 2012, the population was mostly mature (c.50%), senile (c.20%) and dead (c.30%), with no pioneer/seedlings recorded. In 2000, there were two cohorts: an old cohort at Blakes Firs established in the late 1800s and a younger one established between 1956-65.trffoi. On Porton Down, in 2014-16, an investigation by several members of Porton Down Conservation Group, has recorded 50+ seedlings in an area east and south-east of ‘Hard Target’ (SSSI units 19, 14). Through careful marking, they have shown that there have been survivors, casualties and new germination within this period – and hypothesise that germination might be less of an issue than the on-going survival of seedlings.

On Porton Down, the provision of rabbit exclosures for juniper regeneration was recommended by Ash in 2000 but this has not yet been implemented due to the practical challenges of controlling the rabbits. The ‘Dstl juniper population rejuvenation project’ has taken >2000 cuttings; in 2016, 700 cuttings had survived, with the mature ones being planted out in Bottom Met Field and Townend Field (off the SSSI and SAC), and the smaller plants put into a nursery bed.

Structure and Vegetation Maintain expected Transitions/zonations between adjacent but different vegetation communities are As above. function community patterns of natural usually related to naturally-occurring changes in soil, aspect or slope. Such 'ecotones' (including its transitions vegetation zonations retain characteristics of each bordering community and can add value in often typical or transitions containing species not found in the adjacent communities. species) Retaining such transitions can provide further diversity to the habitat feature, and support additional flora and fauna.

Regenerative Maintain areas of Although its seed is deeply dormant, requiring two cold winters to germinate, DEFENCE SCIENCE potential disturbed and Juniper seeds appear only to remain viable in the soil for a few years. Seedlings take & TECHNOLOGY eroding bare ground 4-9 years to reach sexual maturity. LABORATORY. 2016 at a level which is compatible with Having the ability to provide some areas of exposed bare ground may be required to WILKINS T.C. & J.C. maintaining or encourage natural regeneration of juniper plants in order to sustain the feature into DUCKWORTH (2011). restoring the the longer-term. Episodes of intense bare ground creation need to be followed by regenerative periods of little or no disturbance (Wilkins, 2011). potential of the H5130 feature.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Structure and Functional Maintain the overall This recognises the potential need at this site to maintain or restore the connectivity DEFENCE SCIENCE function connectivity extent, quality and of the site to its wider landscape in order to meet the conservation objectives. & TECHNOLOGY (including its with wider function of any LABORATORY. 2016 typical landscape supporting features These connections may take the form of landscape features, such as habitat patches, species) within the local hedges, watercourses and verges, outside of the designated site boundary which are PLANTLIFE, 2007. landscape which either important for the migration, dispersal and genetic exchange of those typical provide a critical species closely associated with qualifying Annex I habitat features of the site. These functional connection features may also be important to the operation of the supporting ecological with the site. processes on which the designated site and its features may rely. In most cases increasing actual and functional landscape-scale connectivity would be beneficial.

Where there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the connectivity requirements of the qualifying feature, Natural England will advise as to whether these are applicable on a case by case basis.

Juniper populations in Britain retain a high degree of genetic variability, probably related to the mobility of the populations, due to colonisation through seed dispersed by birds (Plantlife Juniperus communis Species Dossier, 2007).

On Porton Down, the ‘Dstl juniper population rejuvenation project’ has taken >2000 cuttings; in 2016, 700 cuttings had survived, with the mature ones being planted out in Bottom Met Field and Townend Field (off the SSSI and SAC), and the smaller plants put into a nursery bed.

Adaptation and Maintain the H5130 See the supporting/explanatory notes for this attribute in table 1 above. WILKINS, T.C. & J.C. resilience feature's ability, and DUCKWORTH (2011). that of its supporting Juniper requires two cold winters to break seed dormancy and germinate; therefore, processes, to adapt increasingly mild winters pose a risk to this process (Wilkins, 2011). or evolve to wider environmental Young seedlings are highly susceptible to summer drought. change, either within or external to the On Salisbury Plain, in 2015, approximately 50 mature bushes were found dying or site. dead on Beacon Hill. Phytophthora austrocedri was subsequently diagnosed by Forest Research as being present in the soil, potentially connected with the die-off. DIO have received a Plant Health Notice and are putting in place precautions for avoiding or minimising further spread on the Plain.

Supporting Air quality Restore the See the supporting/explanatory notes for this attribute in table 1 above. More information processes concentrations and about site-relevant Page 22 of 31

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) (on which the deposition of air For Salisbury Plain SAC, APIS currently provides the following figures: Critical Loads and feature relies) pollutants to below Levels for this SAC is the site-relevant For Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands, the Critical available by using the Critical Load or Level Load is 15-25 kg N/ha/yr; with actual N deposition averaging 27.9 kg N/ha/yr i.e. the ‘search by site’ tool on values given for this Critical Load is being exceeded. the Air Pollution feature of the site on Information System the Air Pollution Exceedance impacts are: increase in tall grasses, decline in diversity, increased (www.apis.ac.uk). Information System mineralization, N leaching and surface acidification. (www.apis.ac.uk).

Conservation Maintain the Active and ongoing conservation management is needed to protect, maintain or ASH D. (2000), measures management restore this feature at this site. Further details about the necessary conservation measures (either measures for this site can be provided by contacting Natural England. DEFENCE SCIENCE within and/or outside & TECHNOLOGY the site boundary as This information will typically be found within, where applicable, supporting LABORATORY. 2016 appropriate) which documents such as Natura 2000 Site Improvement Plan, Site Management are necessary to Strategies or Plans, the Views about Management Statement for the underpinning DEFENCE ESTATES maintain the SSSI and/or management agreements. 2005 structure, functions and supporting For this feature, conservation measures include grazing, cutting, scrub management, DEFENCE ESTATES. processes weed control. Retention of suitable land use infrastructure/patterns to enable site 1996. associated with the management e.g. pastoral livestock farming. H5130 feature. DEFENCE ESTATES. On Salisbury Plain, on Beacon Hill, with steep slopes and thin soils, the predominant 2004 grazing animal is the rabbit, which maintains the chalk grassland and prevents scrub re-growth but at the same time inhibits juniper establishment. On the Bulford Ranges, DEFENCE ESTATES. cattlegrazing is now established. Since 1996, 16 exclosures were installed for juniper 2004 and marsh fritillary butterflies, covering 10.8 ha. These are now generally successful in excluding rabbits and cattle, and along with favourable conditions for seed survival DEFENCE ESTATES. and germination in certain years, have resulted in a new cohort of seedlings and 2005 AND 2009 young trees. DEFENCE On Salisbury Plain, Super Unit Management Plans 28 (Bulford Ranges) and 27 INFRASTRUCTURE (Beacon Hill) cater for the juniper population, including ‘improvement maps’ which ORGANISATION. identify areas for clearing scrub and treating stumps, whilst retaining juniper bushes. 2011

On Porton Down, the ‘Dstl juniper population rejuvenation project’ has taken >2000 cuttings and collected and planted berries in mammal-proof cages.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) In 2016, 700 cuttings had survived, with the mature ones being planted out in Bottom Met Field and Townend Field (off the SSSI), and the smaller plants put into a nursery bed. Whilst some of the planted berries germinated (x84 in 2013) they failed later due to climate.tThe provision of rabbit exclosures for juniper regeneration was recommended by Ash in 2000 but this has not yet been implemented due to the practical challenges of controlling the rabbits.

Version Control Advice last updated: [applicable only to subsequent versions – adviser to give brief details of what has changed in this table, when and by whom] Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: [adviser to give details of what has varied and why] Inserted a row for ‘shading’ as this is a key problem for juniper.

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Table 3: Supplementary Advice for Qualifying Features: S1065 marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Supporting Vegetation Maintain appropriate The larval food-plant grows on calcareous, as well as neutral, grassland, but this BOTHAM M.S. et al. habitat: structure - grassland sward habitat is drier and more prone to drought; so the sward height should be longer to (2010). structure/ sward conditions, with a typical ensure the Succisa is usable by the larvae. function height sward height of (calcareous approximately 20 cm Botham et al. (2010) found that a sward height of 20cm, plus or minus, was optimal grassland) (during summer months). in the unfragmented landscape of Salisbury Plain for creating the right microclimate for larvae.

The main marsh fritillary population occurs on Salisbury Plain, with only a small colony on the edge of The Bowl, near Tower Hill, on Porton Down, and occasional records for Parsonage Down.

Supporting Extent of Maintain the total extent In order to contribute towards the objective of achieving an overall favourable habitat: extent supporting of the habitat which conservation status of the feature at a UK level, it is important to maintain or if and habitat supports the marsh appropriate restore the extent of supporting habitats and their range within this distribution fritillary feature at: SAC. 13,247.86 ha on Salisbury Plain and 855 ha on The information available on the extent and distribution of supporting habitat used Porton Down. by the feature may be approximate depending on the nature, age and accuracy of data collection, and may be subject to periodic review in light of improvements in Restore the total extent of data. the habitat which supports the marsh fritillary feature to: 186.27 ha on Parsonage Down.

Supporting Vegetation Maintain an abundance of The feature's larval foodplant Succisa, should be common enough in the sward that DEFENCE habitat: composition devil’s-bit scabious there will always be a good and continuous number of suitable plants for egg-laying; INFRASTRUCTURE structure/ - presence Succisa pratensis within this is particularly important on calcareous grassland sites, which are more prone to ORGANISATION. function of food- supporting grassland drought. Unpublished Succisa plants habitat. pratensis and Providing both the sward structure to protect the butterfly and grazing sufficiently to butterfly distribution promote species-richness, including occasional or localised bare ground for devil’s- maps – including bit scabious regeneration, is needed. core areas and potential areas. ‘Core’ marsh fritillary habitat has been identified and mapped on Salisbury Plain, based on Succisa abundance. PYWELL R.F. et al. Page 25 of 31

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) 2012. The grazing system on the Plain involves temporary eight-hectare pennings with a high stocking density, in place for two to three weeks before moving onto the next patch. The Farm Management Plans also cater for ‘Grazing Special Restrictions’ where some areas are grazed less frequently, only once every two or three years.

Pywell et al. (2012) observed a varying density and seeming cyclicity of Succisa, changing from rare to abundant and vice versa in the monitoring plots, especially within burnt areas, during the relatively short study period (2007 -11).

Supporting Ground Maintain high levels of Sward height should be long enough during spring/ summer months that the larval habitat: moisture ground moisture during food-plant does not become excessively dry or dessicated (especially important on structure/ the summer months to calcareous grassland sites). function avoid dessication of the Succisa plants on which the larvae feed.

Supporting Grazing Maintain a cattle- Cattle grazing is known to be preferable as it produces a less uniform sward; also processes (on pressure dominated grazing regime sheep tend to selectively graze the Succisa, which is likely to be detrimental to which the on core areas for marsh marsh fritillary populations. Providing both the sward structure to protect the feature and/or fritillary. butterfly and grazing sufficiently to promote species-richness, including occasional its supporting or localised bare ground for devil’s-bit scabious regeneration, is needed. habitat relies) The grazing system on the Plain involves temporary eight-hectare pennings with a high stocking density, in place for two to three weeks before moving onto the next patch.

DIO’s Farm Management Plans set three levels of grazing: ‘without restriction’, ‘within guidelines’ and ‘special restrictions’. The first requires long grass margins, otherwise no constraint on timing or stocking levels; the second requires long grass margins and specifies stocking levels; and the third requires long grass margins and sets specific management within mapped polygons e.g. grazing may be restricted to only 30 or 50% of that area per year. The basic stocking rate used is 0.3 LSU per ha per year, on the chalk grassland. Ultimately, grazing pressure depends on the number of temporary pennings the farmers have out over the year, which is specified in the Farm Management Plans.

Population (of Population Maintain the abundance This will ensure there is a viable population of the feature which is being maintained HOBSON R. AND T. the feature) abundance of the SAC’s marsh at or increased to a level that contributes as appropriate to its Favourable WIGGLESWORTH. Page 26 of 31

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) fritillary population at the Conservation Status across its natural range in the UK. 2001. levels below, whilst BULMAN CR. 2002. avoiding deterioration Due to the dynamic nature of population change, the target-value given for the PYWELL, R.F. et al. from its current level as population size or presence of this feature is considered to be the minimum 2012. indicated by the latest standard for conservation/restoration measures to achieve. This minimum-value mean peak count or may be revised where there is evidence to show that a population’s size or equivalent. presence has significantly changed as a result of natural factors or management measures and has been stable at or above a new level over a considerable period The Centre = Extra large (generally at least 10 years). The values given here may also be updated in future population (>10,000 larval to reflect any strategic objectives which may be set at a national level for this webs) feature. The West = Very large population (>1,000 larval Given the likely fluctuations in numbers over time, any impact-assessments should webs) focus on the current size of the site’s population, as derived from the latest known The East = Large or estimated level established using the best available data. This advice accords population (>100 larval with the obligation to avoid deterioration of the site or significant disturbance of the webs) species for which the site is designated, and seeks to avoid plans or projects that may affect the site giving rise to the risk of deterioration. Similarly, where there is evidence to show that a feature has historically been more abundant than the stated minimum target and its current level, the ongoing capacity of the site to accommodate the feature at such higher levels in future should also be taken into account in any assessment.

Unless otherwise stated, the population size or presence will be that measured using standard methods, such as peak mean counts or breeding surveys. This value is also provided recognising there will be inherent variability as a result of natural fluctuations and margins of error during data collection. Whilst we will endeavour to keep these values as up to date as possible, local Natural England staff can advise that the figures stated are the best available.

For this feature counting the conspicuous larval webs is a good measure of population density; as well as the more standardised transect counts of adults. Natural England is of the opinion that an investigative approach is more valuable than attempting wide-scale counts, given the size of the site and variation in population levels year on year. Population (of Supporting Maintain the connectivity Marsh fritillaries survive in ‘meta-populations’ formed by a number of BOTHAM, M.S. et al, the feature) meta- of the marsh fritillary SAC subpopulations (linked by occasional migration) which may frequently die out and 2010. populations population to its re-establish. Marsh fritillary colonies will move between sites or to different habitat associated meta- patches within sites in response to changing ecological conditions.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) populations (either within or outside of the site These meta-populations are reliant on the conservation of a cluster of suitable sites boundary) in close proximity to enable this (re)colonisation.

Adult butterflies tend to be sedentary but some individuals will disperse and have been known to move up to 15-20km away; and remain in a series of linked meta- populations, forming numerous temporary sub-populations, which frequently die out and re-colonise. Where unable to do this, populations do not seem to be able to persist in habitat fragments. It is therefore essential to conserve a cluster of sites in close proximity.

The connectivity of the wider local landscape to the SAC may therefore be important as this may help to ensure the survival of the overall population even if sub-populations are temporarily affected.

Version Control Advice last updated: not applicable Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: Sward height target increased based on Botham et al (2010). Grazing pressure: Text amended to better fit the temporary grazing pennings system on Salisbury Plain.

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References

ASH D., 2000. Species Action Plan for Juniper - component plan for Integrated Land Management Plan, CBD, DERA Porton Down.

BOTHAM M.S. et al. 2010. The effects of habitat fragmentation on niche requirements of the marsh fritillary, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775) on calcareous grasslands in southern UK. J. Insect Conserv. 15, (1-2), 269-277.

BULMAN, C.R. 2002. Historical and current records of marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) on Salisbury Plain and Pewsey Down (pre 1970 to 2001) Butterfly Conservation Report, Defence Estates, May 2002.

DEFENCE ESTATES, 2005. Juniper Management Plan Review & Update 2005, June 2005

DEFENCE ESTATES ORGANISATION, 2005. Juniper Management Plan - Review & Update. Defence Estates.

DEFENCE INFRASTRUCTURE ORGANISATION (DEO), 2010. Salisbury Plain Nature Conservation Super Unit Management Plans 2010-2015, DIO.

DEFENCE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY, 2016. Dstl Porton Down Site Ecological Plan, Dstl (and annually).

DEFENCE ESTATES ORGANISATION, 1996. Juniper Management Plan 1996, September 1996.

DEFENCE ESTATES ORGANISATION, 2004. Beacon Hill Woodland Management Plan, July 2004

DEFENCE ESTATES ORGANISATION, 2004. The Bulford Ranges Scots Pine Management Plan, July 2004

DEFENCE ESTATES ORGANISATION, 2005 & 2009. Bulford and Beacon Hill Rabbit Exclosure Reports 2005 and 2009, September 2005 and March 2009

DEFENCE INFRASTRUCTURE ORGANISATION, 2011. Super Unit Management Plans 2010-2015, April 2011.

HOBSON R. & WIGGLESWORTH, T. 2001. The marsh fritillary in Wiltshire: site dossier. Butterfly Conservation Report to English Nature.

LARGE, R. & HALES, S. 2015. Mapping connectivity of species-rich grassland habitat in the Wiltshire Chalk landscape. Report to Natural England

NATURAL ENGLAND, 2015. Climate Change Theme Plan and supporting National Biodiversity Climate Change Vulnerability assessments (NBCCVAs) for SACs and SPAs in England [Available at http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/4954594591375360

NATURAL ENGLAND, 2015. Site Improvement Plan for Salisbury Plain SAC (SIP209) http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5384236060114944

NATURAL ENGLAND, 2016. Parsonage Down National Nature Reserve Management Plan 2015-2020, Natural England

PLANTLIFE, 2007. Juniperus communis Species Dossier.

PYWELL, R.F. et al., 1998. Ecological survey of Salisbury Plain Training Area 1996-7. NERC contract report to MoD and Defence Estates Organisation.

PYWELL, R.F. et al. 2012. Ecological monitoring of the Defence Training Estate Salisbury Plain: 2007 – 2011. NERC CEH, 2012. See Chapter 9 – Management to conserve the marsh fritillary butterfly.

RODWELL, J.S. (Ed) 1992. British Plant Communities Volume 3 - Grasslands and montane communities Cambridge University Press.

SALISBURY PLAIN CONSERVATION GROUP. Porton Down Juniper survey 2011-13.

WARD, L.K. (1973). The conservation of juniper: The present status of juniper in southern England. J. Appl. Ecol., 10, 165-188.

WARD L.K. (1977) The conservation of juniper: the associated fauna with special reference to southern England. J. Appl. Ecol. 14, 81-120.

WARD L. K. AND K. H. LAKHANI (1977) The conservation of juniper: the fauna of foodplant island sites in southern England. J. Appl. Ecol. 14, 121-135.

WILKINS T.C. & J.C. DUCKWORTH (2011). Breaking new ground for juniper – a management handbook for lowland England. Plantlife, UK

WILSON, P.J. & REED, M.E., 1991. A botanical survey and assessment of the calcareous grassland of the Porton Ranges, Wiltshire and Hampshire. Report to English Nature, South Region, 1991.

WILSON, P.J. & REED, M.E. 2007. NVC Survey of Porton Down SSSI. Report to Natural England. WILD R.,1998. Parsonage Down NNR, National Vegetation Classification survey. Report to Nature Conservancy Council.

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European Site Conservation Objectives: Supplementary advice on conserving and restoring site features

River Avon Special Area of Conservation (SAC) Site code: UK0013016

Date of Publication: 11 March 2019

Page 1 of 48

About this document

This document provides Natural England’s supplementary advice about the European Site Conservation Objectives relating to River Avon SAC. This advice should therefore be read together with the SAC’s Conservation Objectives available here.

Where this site overlaps with other European Sites, you should also refer to the separate European Site Conservation Objectives and Supplementary Advice (where available) provided for those sites.

This advice replaces a draft version dated 5 November 2018 following the receipt of comments from the site’s stakeholders.

You should use the Conservation Objectives, this Supplementary Advice and any case-specific advice given by Natural England when developing, proposing or assessing an activity, plan or project that may affect this site’

This Supplementary Advice to the Conservation Objectives presents attributes which are ecological characteristics of the designated species and habitats within a site. The listed attributes are considered to be those that best describe the site’s ecological integrity and which, if safeguarded, will enable achievement of the Conservation Objectives. Each attribute has a target which is either quantified or qualitative depending on the available evidence. The target identifies as far as possible the desired state to be achieved for the attribute.

The tables provided below bring together the findings of the best available scientific evidence relating to the site’s qualifying features, which may be updated or supplemented in further publications from Natural England and other sources. The local evidence used in preparing this supplementary advice has been cited. The references to the national evidence used are available on request. Where evidence and references have not been indicated, Natural England has applied ecological knowledge and expert judgement. You may decide to use other additional sources of information.

In many cases, the attribute targets shown in the tables indicate whether the current objective is to ‘maintain’ or ‘restore’ the attribute. This is based on the best available information, including that gathered during monitoring of the feature’s current condition. As new information on feature condition becomes available, this will be added so that the advice remains up to date.

The targets given for each attribute do not represent thresholds to assess the significance of any given impact in Habitats Regulations Assessments. You will need to assess this on a case-by-case basis using the most current information available.

Some, but not all, of these attributes can also be used for regular monitoring of the actual condition of the designated features. The attributes selected for monitoring the features, and the standards used to assess their condition, are listed in separate monitoring documents, which will be available from Natural England.

These tables do not give advice about SSSI features or other legally protected species which may also be present within the European Site.

If you have any comments or queries about this Supplementary Advice document please contact your local Natural England adviser or email [email protected]

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About this site

European Site information

Name of European River Avon SAC Site Location Dorset, Hampshire, Wiltshire The designated boundary of this site can be viewed here on the MAGIC Site Map website Designation Date 1 April 2005

Qualifying Features See section below

Designation Area 498.24ha

Designation Changes N/A Feature Condition Details of the feature condition assessments made at this site can be found Status using Natural England’s Designated Sites System

Names of component Avon Valley (Bickton to Christchurch) SSSI, Jones's Mill SSSI, Lower Sites of Special Woodford Water Meadows SSSI, Porton Meadows SSSI, River Till SSSI Scientific Interest (SSSIs)

Relationship with Much of the floodplain within which the River Avon SAC sits forms the Avon other European or Valley SPA. Additionally, one of the tributaries of the river flows through The International Site New Forest SAC and New Forest SPA. The European Site Conservation designations Objectives for these nearby sites can be found at: • Avon Valley SPA • The New Forest SAC • New Forest SPA

Site Background and Geography

The River Avon and its tributaries (the Nadder, Wylye, and the Bourne) are generally single thread ‘chalk rivers’ flowing through narrow chalk valleys to converge at Salisbury. Below Salisbury the large calcareous river flows over a wide floodplain, becoming more strongly anastomosed (or branching and inter-connected) south of Ringwood as it flows over tertiary deposits through Hampshire to reach the estuary at Christchurch in Dorset. Some of the River Avon SAC lies within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) protected landscape. It is a diverse landscape offering areas of rolling chalk grassland, ancient woodlands, chalk escarpments, downland hillsides and chalk river valleys each with a distinct and recognisable character. The AONB provides a significant wider landscape network which is a key contributor to sustaining wildlife and habitats.

The Avon and its tributaries are each of interest in their own right, and with contrasting geologies, are included in the SAC primarily on account of their importance for the internationally rare or threatened habitat and species: the chalk stream habitat with water crowfoot and starwort vegetation, Atlantic salmon, sea lamprey, brook lamprey, bullhead and Desmoulin’s whorl snail.

The headwaters of the Avon and Wylye rise on a complex geology of Upper Greensands and Chalk before developing into chalk rivers. The Nadder is influenced by the Greensand but is again primarily calcareous in character and the River Bourne is a pure chalk stream, as is the River Till, which is also a winterbourne. The site also includes the Dockens Water, an energetic, largely unmodified, steeper and highly sinuous acid stream that drains New Forest heathlands. Page 3 of 48

The river supports over 180 species of plants including the water crowfoot and starworts that grow in clumps on the river bed. This diverse aquatic plant community supports an extremely rich invertebrate life including mayfly and snails that in turn support an abundant fish fauna and bird life. Adjacent and associated wetland on the floodplain comprises wet swamp and fen providing habitat for the Desmoulin’s whorl snail.

The land along the Avon and its tributaries is pasture and arable with improved pasture predominantly within the river corridor. Broadleaved woodland occurs along the Dockens Water and River Nadder, and to a lesser extent along the Wylye, although there has been a significant loss of riparian woody vegetation in recent times. The River Bourne and the main Avon are highly managed within the urban areas.

The Lower Avon floodplain is dominated by pasture (although parts have been subject to gravel extraction) and below Bickton the channel floodplain is designated as an SSSI for its unimproved floodplain grazing marshes that support important wintering bird populations (part of the Avon Valley SSSI, SPA and Ramsar site). The entire river is highly valued for its recreational fisheries; the lower river is widely known for its reputation both for salmon and coarse fishing whilst the upper river, including its many tributaries, is fished for trout and grayling.

The upper greensand, limestone and chalk geology provides major aquifers that result in a high and stable river flow regime dominated by 79-90% groundwater fed flows with numerous spring lines and surface water flows on the floodplain. These aquifers also provide an important public water supply source. Below Salisbury some large non-consumptive surface water abstractions occur on the river. The upper greensand geology also contributes to naturally higher level of phosphates in the upper reaches of the SAC.

Past management for water meadow development, mills, navigation, and in more recent times, flood alleviation for agriculture and urban development has shaped the river over the centuries. Today the River Avon is typically constrained within fixed channels which maintain flows to existing and historic uses, the channels are often modified (i.e. realigned, straightened, over deepened, widened, 120 weirs and structures). These modifications to the river’s hydro morphology have led to the considerable loss of river channel habitats and a loss of connectivity between the river and its floodplain. They also influence flow rates on a system that has generally low channel gradients resulting in increased siltation.

Whilst substantial improvements in river water quality have been achieved over recent years, and in particular through improvements made to sewage treatment works, the river is still being adversely affected by nutrient enrichment from both point and more diffuse sources within the river’s wider catchment and high levels of siltation.

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About the qualifying features of the SAC

The following section gives you additional, site-specific information about these SAC’s qualifying features. These are the natural habitats and/or species for which these SAC’s have been designated.

Qualifying Habitats:

• H3260 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation (‘Rivers with floating vegetation often dominated by water- crowfoot’)

This habitat type is characterised by the abundance of water-crowfoots Ranunculus spp. Floating mats of these white-flowered species are characteristic of river channels in early to mid-summer. They may modify water flow, promote fine sediment deposition, and provide shelter and food for fish and invertebrate animals. There are several variants of this habitat in the UK, depending on geology and river type, and at each site, Ranunculus species will be associated with a different assemblage of other aquatic plants.

The Avon in southern England is a large, lowland river system that includes sections running through chalk and clay, with transitions between the two. Five aquatic Ranunculus species occur in the river system, but stream water-crowfoot Ranunculus penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans and river water-crowfoot R. fluitans are the main dominants. Some winterbourne reaches, where R. peltatus is the dominant water-crowfoot species, are included in the SAC.

Over time the Avon SAC and its tributaries have been managed and modified to suit man’s needs. These practices have resulted in more than 50% of the river channel length being modified producing uniform channel habitats, detrimentally modified water velocities and water depths and loss of key features such as gravel substrates, in-channel woody material and tree cover. Surveys have also found the riparian and floodplain vegetation to be severely degraded over much of the system. In addition to the physical impacts; elevated levels of nutrients and sediment loads from diffuse and point sources also continue to impact on the habitat.

The effect of these practices on the habitat features typical species and communities, including the Annex 2 species, is both direct and in-direct and the restoration of a naturally functioning river and floodplain that is sustainably managed is key to the health of the whole river system.

Qualifying Species:

• S1016 Desmoulin`s whorl snail Vertigo moulinsiana

Desmoulin’s whorl snail Vertigo moulinsiana is the largest Vertigo species, with a shell height up to about 2.6 mm. This snail is restricted to calcareous wetlands, usually bordering lakes or rivers, or in fens where high levels of humidity appear to be important in determining local distribution within sites. It normally lives on reed-grasses and sedges, such as reed sweet-grass Glyceria maxima and tussocks of greater pond-sedge Carex riparia and lesser pond-sedge C. acutiformis, where it feeds on the micro-flora, and in autumn it may climb taller reeds and scrub. It is highly dependent on the maintenance of existing local hydrological conditions.

At the time of notification there was an extensive population of Desmoulin’s whorl snail along about 20 km of the margins and associated wetlands of the Rivers Avon, Bourne and Wylye. This is one of two sites representing the species in the south-western part of its range, in chalk stream habitat. It occurs here in a separate catchment from the Kennet and Lambourn, within an environment more heavily dominated by intensive agriculture and management for fisheries.

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Since then there has been an estimated 86% decline in the population along the length of the river and tributaries (Willing, 20159), the two best remaining populations at Jones’s Mill and Porton Meadows located on habitats sustained by spring-lines and backwater hydrology; and not directly dependent on river water. Desmoulin’s whorl snail is therefore close to being functionally extinct on this river.

The restoration of a naturally functioning river and floodplain with a network of back-water swamp and fen habitats is critical to the survival of this species in the catchment.

• S1095 Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus

The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus is a primitive, jawless fish resembling an eel. It occurs in estuaries and easily accessible rivers, and is an anadromous species (i.e. spawning in freshwater but completing its life cycle in the sea). Sea lamprey are the largest of the three species, reaching a size of approximately one metre in length.

After spending 18-24 months feeding at sea, adult sea lampreys migrate into rivers during the spring and early summer. Like other species of lamprey, sea lampreys need clean gravel for spawning, and marginal silt or sand for the burrowing larvae following egg-hatching. They spawn between the months of May-July in areas of pebble and cobble substrate

The River Avon SAC represents sea lamprey in a high-quality river in the southern part of its range. There are excellent examples of the features that the species needs for survival, including extensive areas of sand and gravel in the middle to lower reaches of the river where sea lampreys are known to spawn.

• S1096 Brook lamprey Lampetra planeri

The brook lamprey Lampetra planeri is a primitive, jawless fish resembling an eel, and is the smallest of the lampreys found in the UK. It is a non-migratory freshwater species, occurring in streams and occasionally in lakes in north-west Europe. Like other lamprey species, the brook lamprey requires clean gravel beds for spawning and soft marginal silt or sand for the larvae. It spawns mostly in parts of the river where the current is not too strong.

The Avon is a high-quality river that represents the southern part of the range of brook lamprey. A healthy, stable population occurs in the main river and in a number of tributaries. The main river, and in particular its tributaries, provides clean beds of gravel for spawning and extensive areas of fine silt for juveniles to burrow into.

• S1106 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

The Atlantic salmon is an anadromous species. Spawning takes place in shallow excavations called ‘redds’, found in shallow gravelly areas in clean rivers and streams where the water flows swiftly. The young that emerge spread out into other parts of the river. After a period of 1-6 years the young salmon migrate downstream to the sea as ‘smolts’. Salmon have a homing instinct that draws them back to spawn in the river of their birth after 1-3 years in the sea. This behaviour has resulted in genetically distinct stock between rivers and even within individual rivers, with some evidence of further genetic distinctiveness in the tributaries of large rivers.

The Avon in southern England represents a south coast chalk river supporting Atlantic salmon The salmon populations here are typical of a high-quality chalk stream, unaffected by the introduction of genetic stock of non-native origin.

Salmon numbers within the Hampshire Avon Catchment declined severely at the end of the 1980s and

Page 6 of 48 have remained at much reduced levels since this time. They continue to fail to meet the levels desired for them and do not meet their minimum safe level (the conservation limit). The decline is now thought to be due to a step change in climate effecting rainfall patterns and temperature. The impact of summer low flows and high temperatures are now considered to be the principal limiting factors on the recovery of the population. However, there also continue to be a number of in-river factors that also impact on the salmon population. These include past channel modifications affecting channel habitat such as gravels, water velocities and water depth, and diffuse pollution from a variety of land uses in the wider catchment.

• S1163 Bullhead Cottus gobio

The bullhead is a small bottom-living fish that inhabits a variety of rivers, streams and stony lakes. It appears to favour fast-flowing, clear shallow water with a hard substrate (gravel/cobble/pebble) and is frequently found in the headwaters of upland streams. However, it also occurs in lowland situations on softer substrates so long as the water is well-oxygenated and there is sufficient cover. It is not found in badly polluted rivers.

The Avon represents bullhead Cottus gobio in a calcareous, relatively unmodified river in the southern part of its range in England. The River Avon has a mosaic of aquatic habitats that support a diverse fish community. The bullhead is an important component of this community, particularly in the tributaries.

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Table 1: Supplementary Advice for Qualifying Features: H3260 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Restore the total extent of There should be no measurable reduction (excluding any trivial loss) in the extent Extent and Extent of the 1 HALCROW AND distribution feature within the H3260 feature (subject and area of this feature, and in some cases, the full extent of the feature may need GEODATA. 2009 of the the site to natural changes). to be restored. feature. 2 ENVIRONMENT A set target length/area It should be noted that the adjacent semi-natural wet riparian habitat forms an AGENCY 2010 extent is not appropriate; integral part of the river community. In particular, the River Till is a reliable updated 2012 however, there should be winterbourne and the riparian vegetation mosaics that show hydroseral zonation of 3BLACK AND no reduction in the extent fen, swamp, wet woodland, unimproved chalk and neutral grasslands are integral to VEATCH. 2018. and area of this feature the winterbourne type. 4IARC – CENTRE present at notification FOR AQUATIC (498.24 hectares). The baseline-value of extent given has been generated using data gathered from PLANT SURVEY. the listed site-based surveys. Area measurements given may be approximate 2000. depending on the methods, age and accuracy of data collection, and as a result this 5 value may be updated in future to reflect more accurate information. The extent of ENGLISH an Annex I habitat feature covers the sum extent of all of the component vegetation NATURE. 1994. communities present and may include transitions and mosaics with other closely- associated habitat features.

Where a feature is susceptible to natural dynamic processes, there may be acceptable variations in its extent through natural fluctuations. Where a reduction in the extent of a feature is considered necessary to meet the Conservation Objective for another Annex I feature, Natural England will advise on this on a case-by-case basis. The Strategic Framework for the Restoration of the River Avon (Halcrow and GeoData 2000) identifies where restoration/assisted natural recovery of river length and channel size and floodplain wetlands will restore a straightened or tightly constrained river. The headwaters and the tributaries such as the Ebble, Nine Mile River, East and West Arm of the Upper Avon, the New Forest streams, that have not been included within the boundary of the SAC (or underpinning SSSI) are integral to the natural functioning of the whole river system and also support the habitats and species for which the site was notified. These headwaters and tributaries therefore have a strong relationship with the integrity of the river SAC as a whole.

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Restore the extent and Watercourses with a high degree of naturalness are governed by dynamic Structure Riparian 1HALCROW AND pattern of in-channel and processes which result in a mosaic of characteristic physical habitats or biotopes, and function habitat GEODATA. 2009 (including mosaic riparian habitats to that including a range of substrate types, variations in flow, channel width and depth, in- its typical characteristic of natural channel and side-channel sedimentation features (including transiently exposed 2EA 2010 updated species) fluvial processes. sediments), bank profiles (including shallow and steep slopes), erosion features 2012 (such as cliffs) and both in-channel and bankside (woody and herbaceous) 3BLACK AND vegetation cover. VEATCH. 2018. 6 FOREST All of these biotopes, and their characteristic patterns within the river corridor, are RESEARCH. 2013. 7 important to the full expression of the river’s biological community. NATURAL ENGLAND Winterbournes (River Till), in particular, are shaped by the catchment and natural 8 hydrological characteristics and should exhibit the full range of habitat mosaics from ENVIRONMENT intermittent in the upper reaches through winterbourne and transitional communities AGENCY. 1994- to perennial and the associated riparian vegetation mosaics that show hydroseral present R zonation of fen, swamp, unimproved chalk and neutral grasslands biotopes. 9 WILLING M J 2015.

A range of physical habitat modifications cause simplification of biotope mosaics, resulting in declines of characteristic biota dependent upon biotopes that have been lost or reduced in extent. This is demonstrated by the 86% decline in the population of Desmoulin’s whorl snail along the length of the river and tributaries since 2000 caused in part by the lack of extent, and intensive management, of the riparian edge and floodplain habitats. Rivers that have sections that are already significantly physically modified should be subject to a process for planning and implementing physical restoration measures. This should be based on restoring natural geomorphological processes (including restoration of hydrological continuity between river and floodplain) as far as possible to allow restoration of characteristic and sustainable biotope mosaics, working within the practical constraints of essential flood protection for people and the built environment.

Excessive levels of livestock grazing denudes the riparian zone, causes artificially high bank instability, and degradation of the fauna and flora of exposed riverine sediments. Similarly, ‘traditional’ bank repair, in the form of chalking alters the riverbank and top groundwater and soil conditions; and together with frequent cutting management of the river bank vegetation for fishery purposes impacts on the flora and fauna. Low levels of grazing by suitable livestock are important in generating the full expression of riparian biotopes.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available)

The Strategic Framework for the Restoration of the River Avon reported 59% of the length of the River Avon, 36% Nadder, 33% Wylye, 23% Till, 6% Dockens and 2% Bourne to be partially, significantly or severely modified. Modifications include physical barriers to fish and sediment transport (over 120 structures and weirs on the river system) widening and/or deepening of channels, realignment, bank revetments, embankments, tree and large woody debris clearance. The River Avon Restoration Plan identifies options for the full restoration, rehabilitation or enhancement covering 78% of the length of the River Avon, 46% Nadder, 80% Wylye 78% Till, 31% Dockens and 70% of the Bourne.

Restore a mosaic of natural A mosaic of natural and semi-natural riparian vegetation types provides conditions Structure Riparian zone 1HALCROW AND woody and herbaceous (tall for all characteristic in-channel and riparian biota to thrive, creating patches of tall and function structure GEODATA. 2009 (including and short swards) and short riparian swards, a mixture of light and shade on the river channel, and 6 its typical vegetation to the riparian tree root systems and a supply of large woody debris that add channel complexity. FOREST species) zone of the SAC Patchy tree cover provides shade protection against rising water temperatures RESEARCH. 2013. caused by climate change. 30% patchy riparian tree cover by length, and up to 50% where the local landscape character is naturally more wooded, but less where wetland wintering and breeding bird habitat is important, (in particular within the Avon Valley SPA) is generally considered optimal for in-channel and riparian habitats. Intensive cutting across significant proportions of the riparian zone is not appropriate.

Ideally, grazing levels should be managed at low levels across whole riparian fields. Where this is not feasible, set-back fencing may be established with access provision for limited grazing within the riparian zone Particularly sensitive areas (e.g. exposed riverine sediments likely to support good invertebrate communities) may need to be fenced off to avoid any concentration of livestock activity, even if only present in low numbers. Close bankside fencing that excludes the development of a functional river corridor is not appropriate.

Surveys have found that the riparian and floodplain vegetation to be severely degraded over much of the system. The River Avon SAC Common Standards Monitoring Surveys 2008 (ECUS) report commented on the managed nature of the catchment, with riparian areas often managed for fisheries (with paths, fishing pegs and sometimes whole banks mown) and heavily managed areas such as gardens locally frequent. Extensive bank re-profiling also affects the naturalness of the bank vegetation and riparian zone, with the dis-connectivity of the river from its immediate flood plain resulting in the replacement of natural marginal/inundation communities

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) with vegetation more typical of agricultural land, such as tall herbs and rank vegetation or improved or semi-improved grassland.

The vision and strategy for Riparian woodland planting and management to improve River Ecology in the River Avon and River Frome (Forest Research May 2013) identified that 26-30% by length of the SAC lacks riparian shade and the structural complexity and habitats associated with riparian tree cover. The vision also identified 120ha of riparian land where tree planting would benefit the river’s ecology. Restore the presence of Dead woody material that falls into streams (‘woody debris’) plays an important role Structure Woody debris 1 HALCROW AND and function coarse woody debris within in increasing habitat diversity, providing shelter for fish, supplying a food source for GEODATA. 2009 (including the structure of the river aquatic invertebrates, and for slowing the passage of nutrients downstream. Woody its typical channel debris is therefore a key feature of healthy rivers. Woody debris should be left in 2EA 2010 updated species) situ, unless there are overriding reasons of public safety (for example to prevent 2012 flooding or bridge collapse). 3BLACK AND VEATCH. 2018. Large woody debris generated naturally by native riparian trees should be present and helping to shape the physical structure of the channel (except in upland areas above the natural tree line). In smaller watercourses, temporary debris dams should be a feature of channel dynamics. Woody debris should be left in situ, unless there are overriding reasons of public safety (for example to prevent flooding or bridge collapse).

The Framework for the Restoration of the River Avon identified that bank side trees, and associated in-channel woody debris, is the most important missing element of the rivers and is the main driver of physical habitat (and substrate) diversity.

10 Structure Flow regime Restore the natural flow The natural flow regime both shapes and sustains characteristic biotope mosaics, AMEC and function affecting factors such as current velocities and bed hydraulics, water levels and regime of the river, with 11 WESSEX WATER (including depths, wetted area, temperature regime and dissolved oxygen regime, All parts of daily flows as close to what 12 ALLEN D.J. et al. its typical the natural flow regime are important, including flushing flows, seasonal base-flows would be expected in the 2014. species) absence of abstractions and natural low flows. 13 and discharges (the ENVIRONMENT naturalised flow). Natural seasonal flow recession is critical in supporting the full expression of AGENCY and ephemeral habitats (marginal and riparian vegetation, exposed riverine sediments, WESSEX WATER. The winterbourne type and ephemeral headwaters). The catchment and natural hydrological characteristics signature (River Till) should also have a fundamental influence on winterbourne types. The maintenance of

be characteristic of the base flows, dependant on naturally hydrological processes, are critical in supporting natural hydrological the full expression of both, the ephemeral plant and invertebrate communities

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) conditions for the associated with the winterbourne habitat type, and the riparian vegetation mosaics catchment. that show hydroseral zonation between fen, swamp, unimproved chalk and neutral grassland habitats.

: Any significant impacts on the natural flow regime should be rectified sustainably by reducing flow modifications, not by artificial augmentation, or by altering channel form to fit reduced levels of flow. There should be no increase in the existing level of impact on the natural flow regime, and any significant impacts should be controlled

to acceptable levels.

Flow targets for WFD high ecological status (HES) should be used to avoid deterioration and for restoration where this is technically feasible. For the Dockens Water and the River Till winterbourne the flow targets are: <5% deviation at Qn95

This is not technically feasible for the following rivers;- Upper Avon, Lower Avon, Wylye, Bourne, Nadder and the perennial reach of the River Till

For the Upper Avon, Wylye, Bourne, Nadder and the perennial reach of the River Till, the following flow targets (as given in the sites FCTs). are to be applied as a minimum: <10% deviation at Qn50 (moderate to high flows)

Whilst these targets vary from the flow targets set out in the JNCC guidelines they were agreed locally between the Environment Agency and Natural England in 2008 based on hydrological and ecological data for the river. It is the EA’s expert judgment that there is no justifiable new evidence to diverge from these targets.

For the Lower Avon, the following flow targets (as given in the sites FCTs) and based on river size and river type, are to be applied as a minimum: <10% deviation at

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) <20% deviation at Qn10-Qn50 (moderate to high flows) <10% deviation at >Qn10 (high flows)

Where multiple natural channels exist, flow targets should apply across all of these channels - any artificial channels should not create non-compliances in natural channels.

The area of river within the River Avon SAC is predominantly within the perennial reaches of the river, although it includes the long reliable winterbourne and intermittent bourne of the River Till SSSI, a tributary of the River Wylye, which supports a very high conservation value invertebrate community.

Consumptive ground water abstractions occur in the headwaters of the catchment. Non-consumptive surface water abstractions also occur within the SAC, with two very large fish farm abstractions occurring on the Lower Avon.

Structure Sediment Restore a natural load and Coarse sediment supply is essential for the stability of the river channel and for 14 NATURAL and function regime supply of coarse and fine creating and sustaining key biotopes including riffles and exposed shingle banks. ENGLAND. 2015 (including sediment to the river This can be interrupted by weirs and other impounding structures, and by dredging its typical or extraction, and can result in channel incision and heavy bankside erosion that 15 WESTCOUNTRY species) have consequences for both biodiversity and river management (e.g. flood risk). RIVERS LTD. 2016. Excessive fine sediment supply can lead to the smothering of coarse substrates and the loss of flora and fauna dependent on them. Where fine sediment delivery is a 16 WESSEX CHALK problem, control measures need to be planned in the catchment. STREAM AND

RIVERS TRUST Coarse and fine sediment supply should reflect natural supply levels. Fine sediment AND APEM. 2016. delivery should not be enhanced by catchment or riparian management practices in ways that lead to siltation problems in the channel or unnaturally high levels of 17 ADAS 2016. turbidity. 18 APEM (2011)

Catchment scale evidence for fine sediment sources and the relative absence of 19 bank erosion suggests these will be mostly fine sediments derived from the land. DEMONSTRATION Routes from the land into the river network are prime targets for reducing sediment TEST delivery. Fine sediments are conveyed readily throughout the system by the CATCHMENT. relatively long duration of high in-bank flows and therefore local sources have 2011-2017. widespread impact. The river is also highly sensitive to local controls (i.e. hatches, weirs, debris fall, plan form variation etc.). This creates a system that is best 20 ENVIRONMENT managed for sediment supply at the catchment scale. AGENCY. WFD

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) SCIMAP outputs for the Avon catchment highlight a widespread potential for fine sediment erosion. Despite widespread vulnerability localised areas with relatively high sediment erosion vulnerability were identified around: • the streams flowing into the East and West Avon; • the slopes to the south of the River Nadder and the slopes to the north of the Sem and Upper Nadder; • the New Forest Streams especially Ditchend Brook in the north to Linford Brook in the south. And also; • the headwaters of the Wylye • the Bourne catchment south of Allington • a relatively small amount of sediment erosion vulnerability was shown in lowland areas to the southwest and in river floodplains.

A more ‘flashy’ and extreme hydrograph due to climate change could increase future sediment loads in the river from terrestrial and riverine riparian sources during extreme high rain flow events impacting on the rivers biota.

Structure Thermal Maintain a natural thermal Climate change is driving increases in river temperatures which will create stress for 21 NATURAL and function regime regime to the river (subject a range of characteristic riverine species, particularly those on the southern limit of ENGLAND AND (including to a changing climate), their range. This must not be exacerbated by catchment activities that are likely to RSPB. 2014. its typical ensuring that river water raise water temperatures further. Restoration of riparian tree cover to suitable levels species) temperature should not be will be needed in many cases, particularly in headwater streams, systems affected 22ENVIRONMENT significantly and artificially by alder phytophthora and river reaches lacking any riparian trees. AGENCY. 2005. elevated Within the existing records there is evidence of increasing winter and summer water 23 ENVIRONMENT temperatures within the River Avon system (and UK climate modelling: UKCP09 AGENCY 2009.

projections predict river temperatures are expected to rise by between 2°C and 4°C 24 by the 2050s compared to the long-term 1961-90 average temperature). It is also ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2012. . understood that a step change in climate at the end of the 1980s had an effect on rainfall patterns and temperature influencing conditions in riverine habitat within the 6 FOREST River Avon, and impacting on the Atlantic salmon population, in particular. RESEARCH. 2013.

1 Channel modification and lack of riparian tree cover effects the resilience of the HALCROW AND River Avon to increasing frequency or severity of drought and flood. 38% by length GEODATA. 2009 of the Avon, Wylye, Nadder and Till rivers are partially, significantly or severely 25 WESSEX WATER modified and 26-30% by length of the SAC lacks riparian shade and the structural AND WESSEX complexity and habitats associated with riparian tree cover. CHALK STREAM Page 14 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) AND RIVERS TRUST Restore the free movement Many species, including fish and invertebrates, require natural freedom of Structure Biological 1HALCROW AND of the typical species of the movement to complete their life cycle in rivers and maximise their population size and function connectivity GEODATA. 2009 (including SAC feature through the and genetic diversity. Longitudinal connectivity within the river channel and lateral its typical site connectivity between the channel and the floodplain are both critical to a healthy 2EA 2010 updated species) river ecosystem. 2012 3BLACK AND Constraints to longitudinal movement such as debris dams are a natural feature of VEATCH. 2018. rivers and add to the complexity and diversity of the habitat. New artificial constraints to movement should be avoided and existing artificial constraints should be addressed through strategic river restoration as outlined above. Barriers should be removed where-ever possible to restore all aspects of habitat integrity - fish passes constitute a partial mitigation measure for longitudinal biological movement and should only be considered where it is not possible to remove the barrier. Where established, they should allow for the passage of as many characteristic species as possible, including Annexe II fish species such as lamprey species.

The Restoration Strategy found over 120 structures and weirs currently present on the river system. The cumulative impact of these barriers must be considered.

Structure Invasive, non- Ensure non-native species Non-native species constitute a major threat to many river systems. Impacts may be 26 WILTSHIRE and function native and/or categorised as 'high-impact' on the river habitat itself (e.g. damage to banks and consequent siltation) or directly WILDLIFE TRUST (including introduced in the UK under the Water on characteristic biota (through predation, competition and disease), or a 2013. its typical species Framework Directive are combination of these. For example, species such as signal crayfish have been species) either rare or absent, but if responsible for much of the decline of native crayfish through competition, habitat 27 WILTSHIRE present, are only having a damage and the introduction of crayfish plague. WILDLIFE TRUST. minimal impact on the 2012. integrity of the habitat The UK Technical Advisory Group (UKTAG) of the Water Framework Directive produces a regularly updated classification of aquatic alien species (plants and 28 WILTSHIRE animals) according to their level of impact. In general, high impact species are of WILDLIFE TRUST greatest concern but low or unknown impact species may be included in the target 2011-2014. on a site-specific basis where there is evidence that they are causing a negative impact (for example high cover values or abundances). Those taxa considered 29 ENVIRONMENT likely to colonise lakes, are indicated by an ‘L’ in the UKTAG guidance. Examples of AGENCY. 2013. such high-impact species may include Water Fern, New Zealand pgymyweed and the zebra mussel.

The distribution and population density of signal crayfish is understood to be Page 15 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) presently limited to isolated populations within the catchment.

Structure Key Restore and/or maintain the Some plant or animal species (or related groups of such species) make a 30 ENVIRONMENT and function structural, abundance of the species particularly important contribution to the necessary structure, function and/or quality AGENCY (including influential listed below to enable each of an Annex I habitat feature at a particular site. These species will include; 31 ENVIRONMENT its typical and/or of them to be a viable AGENCY species) distinctive component of the Annex 1 • Structural species which form a key part of the Annex I habitat’s structure or help species habitat; to define that habitat on a particular SAC (see also the attribute for ‘vegetation 32 WESSEX community composition’). WATER. Diverse fish community • Influential species which are likely to have a key role affecting the structure and Running water invertebrate function of the habitat (such as bioturbators (mixers of soil/sediment), grazers, assemblages (chalk surface borers, predators or other species with a significant functional role linked to stream) the habitat)

Population of Otter Lutra • Site-distinctive species which are considered to be a particularly special and lutra distinguishing component of an Annex I habitat on a particular SAC.

Population of Water vole There may be natural fluctuations in the frequency and cover of each of these Arvicola amphibius species. The relative contribution made by them to the overall ecological integrity of a site may vary, and Natural England will provide bespoke advice on this as Plant communities necessary. The list of species given here for this Annex I habitat feature at this characterised by pond SAC is not necessarily exhaustive. The list may evolve, and species may be added water crowfoot Ranunculus or deleted, as new information about this site becomes available. peltatus and associated aquatic herbs and grasses The flora of the River Avon is rich and abundant with water crowfoots, starwort and pondweed species reflecting the varied geology and river conditions. The stands of High conservation value swamp and fen vegetation along the river and associated wetlands provide habitat winterbourne for the Desmoulin’s whorl snail (see table 2 below). macroinvertebrate assemblage The invertebrate fauna of the Avon is extremely rich and contains most of the species associated with a large river running through calcareous areas. In the upper stretches, over clay, there is a reasonable range of mayfly species and a variety of gastropods. The middle reaches have the most diverse fauna, again especially mayflies and mollusca, including the very localised Baetis atrebatinus.

The river also supports an extremely diverse fish fauna which in addition to the Annex II species include wild populations of migratory sea trout, brown trout, minnow, 3-spined stickleback, dace, stone loach, pike, grayling, perch, roach,

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) gudgeon.

It is also of importance for characteristic river mammals such as the water vole and otter

The River Till exhibits a long reliable winterbourne from intermittent through winterbourne and transitional to perennial plant communities with associated high conservation value ‘classic’ winterbourne macroinvertebrate communities including Paraleptophlebia werneri.

The working assumption is that the biological standards to protect HES should generally be consistent with protecting the composition and abundance of the corresponding components of characteristic biological community - however, this has yet to be properly tested and there will be limitations to this which must be taken into account. Structure Fisheries Restore fish densities to a Fish stocking can cause elevated levels of competition and predation that may 31ENVIRONMENT and function level at or below the natural damage the characteristic biological community. Ideally, fishery management AGENCY (including environmental carrying should be based on natural recruitment, with an emphasis on restoring 33 ENVIRONMENT its typical capacity of the river, and characteristic river habitat in ways that promote natural recruitment. Exploitation AGENCY species) should not be increased should be controlled to suitable levels, and net limitations and catch-and-release above historical levels. techniques used where necessary to avoid population impacts. Fish introductions, exploitation and other removals should not interfere with the ability of the river to Trout stocking should not support self-sustaining populations of characteristic species. Stocking should be elevate densities of adult undertaken so as to avoid risks of disease transfer, including crayfish plague where trout (stocked plus natural) white-clawed crayfish populations are at risk. Exploitation and removal should not to more than 1-3 fish cause significant suppression of characteristic fish species (e.g. Atlantic salmon, 100m², this being the eel, pike) or affect the balance of the fish or wider biological community. estimated range of natural trout densities in SAC The stocking of carp to still waters immediately adjacent to SAC rivers is rivers. undesirable if there is continuity between river and still water during periods of flood and no effective biosecurity measures are in place. Stocking for population A site-specific estimate of conservation purposes should only be considered as an interim measure whilst natural trout densities (of underlying environmental problems are addressed, and should not be undertaken if between 1 and 3 fish natural recovery can be achieved in reasonable timescales. Fish should be sourced 100m²) should be made to avoid impacts on the genetic integrity of local populations (including sub- and the stocking regime catchment genetics where appropriate, e.g. for salmon). should be tailored to be compatible with this. The River Bourne is designated as a Wild Trout river. In 2012 netting in the estuary was banned under a local byelaw. Byelaws also regulate the salmon rod fishing

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) methods and season.

A voluntary agreement for 100% catch and release for Salmon has been operated since 2000. There is also a voluntary restriction where angling is not permitted above river temperatures of 190C (at Knapp Mill).

Structure Cover of Maintain a sufficient Removal of submerged vegetation (often referred to as ‘weed-cutting’) might be 34 ENVIRONMENT and function submerged proportion of all aquatic undertaken for flood risk management or fishery purposes. Except in situations of AGENCY. 2010.

(including macrophytes macrophytes to allow them extreme flood risk, it is best practice for cutting to leave a mosaic of submerged and its typical to reproduce in suitable marginal vegetation, and should promote a characteristic diversity of plant species species) habitat. (in terms of cover, food supply and spawning substrate). It is recommended that where appropriate a weed management plan is developed for the site, allowing for higher levels of cutting at flood risk pinch-points, balanced by lower levels of cutting in other stretches. Weed-cutting should not interfere with the ability of the river channel to downsize through encroachment of marginal vegetation during the summer flow recession.

Weed cutting is undertaken on parts of the Upper Avon, Wylye and Nadder for fishery purposes. For the most part it is undertaken in a sensitive manner, although the 2009 CSM report found that occasional reaches of the river were more intensively managed, leading to over-dominant Ranunculus growth to the detriment of both the biodiversity of the plant community and the diversity of habitat provided by the river as a whole.

Weed cutting can have the effect of dramatically lowering water levels of the riparian zone and inadvertently effect species that depend on stable soil moisture conditions and ditch water levels such as Desmoulin’s whorl snail. Structure Screening of Maintain the effective Intakes and discharges can be responsible for significant mortalities of fish. Long- and function intakes and screening of all intakes and distance migratory species such as Atlantic salmon sea trout and European eel can (including discharges discharges likely to entrain be particularly susceptible. its typical a significant number of species) individuals of characteristic species Structure Supporting Maintain habitats beyond The characteristic biological communities of the site are dependent on the integrity and function off-site the site boundary upon of sections of river channel, riparian areas, and transitional and marine waters that (including habitat which characteristic lie outside of the site boundary. Headwater areas and tributaries may not fall within its typical biological communities of the site boundary, yet a range of species characteristic of the site may use these species) the SAC may depend areas for spawning and juvenile development and be critical for sustaining populations within the site.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available)

Fully developed riparian zones are essential to site integrity, yet part of this zone may lie outside of the site boundary, particularly if the river channel is operating under natural processes and moves laterally over time within the floodplain. The conditions experienced by long-distance migratory species (such as salmon, sea and river lampreys and eels) outwith the site (through the saline transition zone, estuary, coastal waters and into the high seas) are critical to the well-being of populations within the site. The headwaters and winterbournes of the upper Avon, Wylye, Bourne and Nadder, and tributaries such as the Ebble, Nine Mile River, Alan River, New Forest streams etc. are integral to the natural functioning of the whole river system and also support the habitats and species for which the site is notified. The geology of some of the headwaters result in soils susceptible to agricultural diffuse pollution issues and these local sources in the wider catchment have a widespread impact within the SAC. Along the SAC length of river channel itself, is often a complex network of back channels and streams resulting from the legacy of mills and water meadows. In particular, these smaller channels often provide important juvenile SAC fish habitat that is rarer within the SAC itself. The SAC river is also dependent on numerous springs that occur within the floodplain. These springs often also support wet fen and swamp habitat that may also provide conditions for the Desmoulin’s whorl snail. Supporting Water Maintain natural levels of Natural alkalinity levels are critical to characteristic biological communities, with 35 ENVIRONMENT processes chemistry - alkalinity many species adapted to certain parts of the alkalinity range. Mass transfers of AGENCY (on which alkalinity water can disrupt the natural alkalinity regime. the feature relies) The Avon SAC has predominantly, and naturally, high alkalinity levels - c.200- 250mg/l of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), even where it is influenced by clay geologies such as the Nadder. The Dockens water flowing off the acid heaths is low alkalinity.

Supporting Water quality Restore the natural nutrient Elevated nutrient levels interfere with competitive interactions between higher plant 36 DAVID processes - nutrients regime with any species and between higher plants and algae, leading to dominance by attached TYTHEDSLEY (on which anthropogenic enrichment forms of algae and a loss of characteristic plant species (which may include lower ASSOCIATES. 2015 the feature above natural/background plants such as mosses and liverworts). Through changes to plant growth and plant 14 NATURAL relies) concentrations limited to community composition and structure they also affect the wider food web, altering ENGLAND. 2015. levels at which adverse the balance between species with different feeding and behavioural strategies. The

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) effects on characteristic respiration of artificially large growths of benthic or floating algae may generate 15 WESTCOUNTRY biodiversity are unlikely. large diurnal sags in dissolved oxygen and poor substrate conditions (increased RIVERS LTD. 2016. siltation) for fish and invertebrate species. The management focus is typically on phosphorus (P) in rivers, on the assumption that it can be more easily controlled at 35 ENVIRONMENT levels that limit the growth of plant species. However, nitrogen may also be AGENCY important in river eutrophication and ideally co-limitation would be the management 37 ENVIRONMENT aim. AGENCY. 2018.

As a minimum, the nutrient levels should be reduced to values appropriate to the 19 river’s typology and nutrient character. The target values given are based on a best DEMONSTRATION fit of the river system into the river typology. TEST CATCHMENT. For P, these levels are: Low altitude, low alkalinity headwaters (near natural nutrient character): 15ug/l P - Dockens Water

Low altitude, high alkalinity headwaters (near natural nutrient character): 20 ug/l P - River Till (winterbourne reach)

Low altitude, high alkalinity rivers (near natural nutrient character): 30ug/l P - River Till (perennial reach)

Low altitude, high alkalinity, chalk or clay headwater (impacted in nutrient character): 40ug/l P - River Wylye (headwater waterbody)

Low altitude, high alkalinity, chalk or clay rivers: (impacted in nutrient character): 50ug/l P - River Avon, River Wylye (headwater, middle and lower waterbodies), River Nadder, River Bourne

At this SAC, elevated levels of phosphorus are preventing the targets from being achieved across much of the catchment and ongoing investigation by Bristol University and the British Geological Society aims to identify the contribution of phosphorus that may originate from the Upper Greensand geology within the upper reaches of the Avon, Nadder and the middle reaches of the Wylye. Future investigations will also aim to identify the interaction of factors that in near natural conditions may moderate the adverse effects of high phosphorus in groundwater, such as low nitrogen levels, high flow velocity, shade, low water temperature and phosphorus storage and release from sediment on the floodplain. These investigations will inform further local refinement of targets (for nutrients and other

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) factors) for the river that will limit the impact of nutrients to levels at which adverse effects on characteristic biodiversity are unlikely.

Supporting Water quality Maintain organic pollution Organic pollution effects the biota in a number of ways, including direct toxicity 35 ENVIORNMENT processes - organic levels at no more than; (from ammonia and nitrite), reduced dissolved oxygen levels (from microbial AGENCY (on which pollution Dissolved Oxygen = 85% breakdown of organic material), and nutrient enrichment. Reducing organic pollution the feature saturation levels reduces toxic effects but unmasks enrichment effects. Controlling the relies) Mean Biological Oxygen continuous input of low levels of organic material is critical to controlling the Demand = 1.5 mg L-1 enrichment effect. Total ammonia = 0.25 mg L-1 NH3-N The values given apply throughout the SAC not just at routine sampling points - Un-ionised ammonia = assessment can be made by modelling (assuming full mixing of effluents at the 0.021 mg L-1 NH3-N point of discharge).

Supporting Water quality At Dockens Water, Acid deposition can cause major changes to flora, fauna and ecosystem functioning 35 ENVIRONMENT processes - acidification maintain levels of acidity at and affects organisms as diverse as diatoms, invertebrates and fish. Upland AGENCY (on which those which reflect un- streams are particularly susceptible owing to the higher rainfall in these areas. Acid the feature impacted conditions. impacts are typically sporadic and tend to be greatest during the winter months. In relies) humic (or peat-stained) waters, pH is naturally lower due to the presence of weak acids, and the pH standard is correspondingly lower for these waters. However, humic compounds also provide buffering capacity that helps to reduce fluctuations in pH. Acidification lowers dissolved organic carbon in these waters, reducing the buffering capacity and altering ecosystem functioning. The values given should be applied throughout the site, not just at routine sampling points.

Note that, in respect of ANC, some allowance may need to be made for anthropogenically elevated levels of humic substances in rivers and streams draining degraded peat bodies - this artificially raises the buffering capacity of the water and may under-estimate the anthropogenic acid load.

The values given are the same numerical values as used to protect high ecological status under the WFD in the UK.

These are: ANC: mean ANC for all waters: >80 pH Clear Waters with DOC <10mg/L: mean >6.54 pH Humic Waters with DOC>10mg/L-1: mean >5.1

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Supporting Water quality Achieve at least 'Good' A wide range of pollutants may impact on habitat integrity depending on local 38 CEFAS. 2009. processes - other chemical status (i.e. circumstance. Good chemical status includes a list of Environmental Quality 39 ENVIRONMENT (on which pollutants compliance with relevant Standards (EQS) for individual pollutants that are designed to protect aquatic biota AGENCY. 2010. the feature Environmental Quality with high levels of precaution. These values should be applied throughout the site, relies) Standards). not just at routine sampling points.

In addition to these pollutants, high levels of natural hormones, such as oestradiol, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, prostaglandins and the synthetic ones such as 17α-ethinyloestradiol, are known to occur downstream of fish farms and sewage treatment works. Further investigation is required to determine the significance of any impact on habitat integrity and also on the SAC species Atlantic Salmon.

EQSs for the steroid oestrogens have been proposed under the requirements of the WFD. Supporting Air quality Maintain or, where This target has been included because this habitat type is considered sensitive to 40 CENTRE FOR processes necessary, restore changes in air quality. ECOLOGY AND (on which concentrations and HYDROLOGY the feature deposition of air pollutants Exceedance of critical values for air pollutants may modify the chemical status of its relies) to at or below the site- substrate, accelerating or damaging plant growth, altering its vegetation structure relevant Critical Load or and composition and causing the loss of sensitive typical species associated with it. Level values given for this Critical Loads and Levels are recognised thresholds below which such harmful feature of the site on the Air effects on sensitive UK habitats will not occur to a significant level, according to Pollution Information current levels of scientific understanding. There are critical levels for ammonia System (www.apis.ac.uk). (NH3), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and critical loads for nutrient nitrogen deposition and acid deposition.

There are currently no critical loads or levels for other pollutants such as Halogens, Heavy Metals, POPs, VOCs or Dusts. These should be considered as appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Ground level ozone is regionally important as a toxic air pollutant but flux-based critical levels for the protection of semi-natural habitats are still under development.

It is recognised that achieving this target may be subject to the development, availability and effectiveness of abatement technology and measures to tackle diffuse air pollution, within realistic timescales. Version Control Advice last updated: 8 March 2019: Following stakeholder feedback additional information include to clarify targets in “Flow regime” attribute

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Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: n/a

References 1 HALCROW AND GEODATA. 2009 The Strategic Framework for the Restoration of the River Avon. Report for Natural England, the Environment Agency and Wessex Water - Available from NE on request 2 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2010 updated 2012 River Avon Restoration Plan Directory of Actions. - Available from Environment Agency on request 3 BLACK AND VEATCH. 2018. River Avon Restoration Programme Phase 2. Report for Wiltshire Wildlife Trust. – Available from Natural England or Environment Agency on request 4 IARC – CENTRE FOR AQUATIC PLANT SURVEY. 2000. River Avon Ranunculus survey 1998-2000. Report for English Nature – Available from NE on request 5 ENGLISH NATURE. 1994. River Avon Floodplain Survey: Phase 1 – Available from Natural England on request 6 FOREST RESEARCH. 2013. The vision and strategy for Riparian woodland planting and management to improve River Ecology in the River Avon and River Frome. Report for the Environment Agency - Available from Environment Agency on request 7 NATURAL ENGLAND. (various dates) River Avon System SSSI Common Standards Monitoring reports – Available from Natural England on request. 8 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 1994-present. River Habitat Surveys (various locations) - Available from Environment Agency on request 9 WILLING M J 2015. SAC Status reporting on Vertigo moulinsiana in England: Monitoring at selected sites on the Hampshire / Wiltshire River Avon and tributary rivers Wylye and Bourne Natural England Article 17 Reporting on Vertigo snails in England). http//publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/5317815198285824 10 AMEC The Wessex Basin Model (formerly known as the Hampshire Avon Ground Water model). Jointly developed by the Environment Agency and Wessex Water to inform the EAs 2010 RoC – Requests for existing outputs from this model should be made to the Environment Agency 11 WESSEX WATER Hydrological conceptual hydrogeological models developed and reported to the Environment Agency for the AMP 4 and 5 River Avon Low Flow Investigations - Available from Environment Agency on request 12 ALLEN D.J., DARLING W. G., DAVIES J., NEWELL A. J., GOODDY D. C. & COLLINS A. L. 2014. Groundwater conceptual models: implications for evaluating diffuse pollution mitigation measures. Paper for BGS (NERC) National Capability Programme and supported DEFRA project WQ0211: Demonstration Test Catchment. http://www.demonstratingcatchmentmanagement.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Avon-DTC-paper.pdf 13 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY and WESSEX WATER Groundwater and spot flow data. - Available from Environment Agency on request 14 NATURAL ENGLAND. 2015 (Under Review). River Avon System and River Till SSSIs Diffuse Water Pollution Plan – Available from Natural England on request. 15 WESTCOUNTRY RIVERS LTD. 2016. Water Quality Catchment Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment: River Avon System and River Till SSSIs (includes outputs from Farmscoper). Report to Natural England. - Available from Natural England on request. 16 WESSEX CHALK STREAM AND RIVERS TRUST AND APEM. 2016. Hampshire Avon Catchment Partnership Sediment Pathways Project. Report to Natural England and the Environment Agency - Available from Natural England on request. 17 ADAS 2016. Mitigation for tracks (and other sediment pathways) within the MoD estate. Report to Natural England, Environment Agency and the DiO. – Available from

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the DiO on request 18 APEM (2011) Catchment walkover survey. Report to Environment Agency. - Available from Environment Agency on request. 19 DEMONSTRATION TEST CATCHMENT. 2011-2017. Defra research Project led by ADAS. Cost-effectively reducing the impact of agricultural diffuse water pollution on ecological function while maintaining sustainable food production through the implementation of multiple on-farm mitigation measures. - Information and outputs from this project can be found at http://www.avondtc.org.uk/ 20 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. WFD monitoring data and analysis – Available from the Environment Agency on request 21 NATURAL ENGLAND AND RSPB. 2014. Climate Change Adaptation Manual: 10. Rivers and Streams. Natural England Publications available at: http:// publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/5558226472927232 22ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2005. Anthropogenic Influences on the Temperature Regime in a Chalk River - Available from Environment Agency on request 23 ENVIORNMENT AGENCY 2009. The Hampshire Avon’s Action Plan for Salmon and Sea Trout - Available from Environment Agency on request 24 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2012. Keeping Rivers Cool: Getting ready for climate change by creating riparian shade (includes shade maps for Hampshire Avon) - Available from Environment Agency on request 25 WESSEX WATER AND WESSEX CHALK STREAM AND RIVERS TRUST Temperature monitoring programme – Data available from Wessex Water and/or the Wessex Chalk Stream & Rivers Trust on request 26 WILTSHIRE WILDLIFE TRUST 2013. River Avon Invasive Species Strategy. For the River Avon Invasive Species Forum (Wiltshire Council Chair). Available from Natural England on request 27 WILTSHIRE WILDLIFE TRUST. 2012. Hampshire Avon Invasive Plant Survey. Report to Natural England and Environment Agency - Available from Natural England on request 28 WILTSHIRE WILDLIFE TRUST 2011-2014. Source to Sea Invasive Non Native Species (INNS) eradication and control Annual Project Reports. Reports to the Environment Agency - Available from Environment Agency on request 29 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2013. The impacts of signal crayfish on three waterbodies in the South Wessex Area (Internal report) - Available from Environment Agency on request 30 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY Macrophyte and invertebrate monitoring data including the long-term macrophyte survey. - Available from Environment Agency on request 31 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY Electric fishing data - Available from Environment Agency on request 32 WESSEX WATER. Hampshire Avon monitoring (mesohabitat and invertebrates). AMP5/6 2010-20 investigation reports to the Environment Agency. - Available from Environment Agency on request 33 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY information on fish stocking licenses available from Environment Agency on request 34 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2010. Hampshire Avon weed cutting guidance documents - Available from Environment Agency on request 35 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY chemical monitoring data - Available from Environment Agency on request 36 DAVID TYLDESLEY ASSOCIATES. 2015 Nutrient Management Plan: Phosphorus Report for Natural England, Environment Agency and Wiltshire Council – available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nutrient-management-plan-hampshire-avon

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37 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2018. JR CONSENT ORDER SAGIS and Farmscoper modelling outputs - Available from Environment Agency on request 38 CEFAS. 2009. Diffuse pollution and freshwater fish populations. Defra Research Project SF0244 https://www.cefas.co.uk/publications/techrep/tech119.pdf 39 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2010. Fish Farm Effluents – Possible impacts on wild fish populations. Internal Report: Air, Land and Water Team: Research, Monitoring and Innovation.- Available from Environment Agency on request 40 CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY & HYDROLOGY. Air Pollution Information System. Site-relevant Critical Loads and Levels for this SAC is available by using the ‘search by site’ tool on the Air Pollution Information System www.apis.ac.uk

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Table 2: Supplementary Advice for Qualifying Features: S1016 Desmoulin’s whorl snail Vertigo moulinsiana

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Supporting Conservation Restore the management Active and ongoing conservation management is needed to protect, 41 Killeen IJ (2003). processes measures measures (either within and/or maintain or restore this feature at this site. Further details about the (on which the outside the site boundary as necessary conservation measures for this site can be provided by feature and/or appropriate) which are contacting Natural England. This information will typically be found within, its supporting necessary to restore the where applicable, supporting documents such as Natura 2000 Site habitat relies) structure, functions and Improvement Plan, site management strategies or plans, the Views about supporting processes Management Statement for the underpinning SSSI and/or management associated with the feature agreements. and/or its supporting habitats. A recent survey (2015) has reported an 86% decline in the population over the last 15 years (Willing M. J. 2015) with the species at threat of becoming extinct in the catchment. Whilst the period since 2000 has included extended summer flooding, long periods of drought and high summer and low winter temperatures management is also highlighted as a major contributory factor to the decline. Low ground moisture levels, shading from woody species and reeds, site damage from poaching and fen cutting, and flooding are all reported as causes for the decline or loss of the snail from individual sites.

In addition the ‘traditional’ bank repair (in the form of chalking) which is common on the river, alters the soil and ground moisture conditions of the riverbank and top; and together with frequent cutting management of the river bank vegetation for fishery purposes impacts on the flora and fauna of the riparian edge.

The two best remaining populations are not directly dependent on river water but from spring-lines and backwater hydrology (Jones’s Mill and Porton Meadows). Restoration of a naturally functioning river and floodplain with a focus on the riparian edge and a network of back-water fen and swamp habitats as well as the in-river habitat is critical if this species is not to be lost from the catchment.

Protection and management of the hydroseral zone (river margin through to the bank top) is necessary to protect the hydrological connectivity between the river and floodplain and to provide open areas of undisturbed tall fen and swamp vegetation.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Supporting Extent of Restore the total extent of the In order to contribute towards the objective of achieving an overall 42KILLEEN, I.J. habitat: supporting feature’s supporting habitat favourable conservation status of the feature at a UK level, it is important to 1996. extent and habitat (subject to natural changes). maintain or if appropriate to restore the extent of supporting habitats and 43 KILLEEN, I.J. & distribution their range within this SAC. The information available on the extent and WILLING, M.J 2002. A set target area is not distribution of supporting habitat used by the feature may be approximate 9 WILLING M J 2015. appropriate; however, there depending on the nature, age and accuracy of data collection, and may be should be no net reduction in subject to periodic review in light of improvements in data. the extent and area of the habitat present at notification; The habitats known or likely to support the feature at this SAC are fen and a minimum of 20km (4-6ha swamp vegetation and ditch habitats. marginal and riparian swamp habitat) of river channel A survey report in 2002 highlighted the meta population as vulnerable due to margins and the associated the restricted extent of the habitat within an intensively farmed catchment wetlands of the rivers Avon, with the majority of habitat consisting of small fragmented sites. Bourne and Wylye and 4.75ha of associated swamp, fen and Since 2002 there has been an 86% decline in the population (Willing M. J. ditch habitat. 2015) and the species is at threat of becoming extinct in the catchment. There is an urgent need, not just to restore and maintain the individual sites, as surveyed between 1996 and 2002, but to restore a functioning wetland network of fen, swamp and ditch habitats across the floodplain and integral to the river, both within and outside the SAC area. In particular, there is a need to focus restoration of the river on the riparian edge as well as the in- channel ecosystem. Supporting Distribution of Restore the distribution and A contraction in the range, or geographic spread, of the feature (and its 9 WILLING M J 2015. habitat: supporting continuity of the feature’s component vegetation) across the site will reduce its overall area, the local extent and habitat supporting habitat, including diversity and variations in its structure and composition, and may undermine distribution where applicable its its resilience to adapt to future environmental changes. Contraction may component vegetation types also reduce and break up the continuity of a habitat within a site and how and associated transitional well the species feature is able to occupy and use habitat within the site. vegetation types, across the Such fragmentation may have a greater amount of open edge habitat which site will differ in the amount of light, temperature, wind, and even noise that it receives compared to its interior. These conditions may not be suitable for this feature and this may affect its viability.

Sites of fen and swamp habitat are small and fragmented within the Avon catchment, both within the SAC and also within the wider catchment. They are therefore more vulnerable to edge effects and to drying out. The individual areas of habitat need to be restored to functioning habitats but they also need to lie within a hydrologically functioning network of fen,

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) swamp and ditch habitats across the floodplain and integral to the river, both within and outside the SAC area.

In particular, it is necessary to restore a natural river bank profile (and management) to allow a hydroseral zone of fen and swamp habitat to develop along the riparian corridor. Supporting Adaptation and Restore the feature's ability, This recognises the increasing likelihood of supporting habitat features to 21 NATURAL processes resilience and that of its supporting absorb or adapt to wider environmental changes. Resilience may be ENGLAND AND (on which the habitat, to adapt or evolve to described as the ability of an ecological system to cope with, and adapt to RSPB. 2014. feature and/or wider environmental change, environmental stress and change whilst retaining the same basic structure its supporting either within or external to the and ways of functioning. Such environmental changes may include NATURAL habitat relies) site changes in sea levels, precipitation and temperature for example, which are ENGLAND, 2015. likely to affect the extent, distribution, composition and functioning of a feature within a site.

The vulnerability and response of features to such changes will vary. Using best available information, any necessary or likely adaptation or adjustment by the feature and its management in response to actual or expected climatic change should be allowed for, as far as practicable, in order to ensure the feature's long-term viability.

The overall vulnerability of this SAC to climate change has been assessed by Natural England (2015) as being high, taking into account the sensitivity, fragmentation, topography and management of its supporting habitats. This means that this site is considered to be one of the most vulnerable sites overall and is likely to require the most adaptation action, most urgently. A site based assessment should be carried out as a priority. This means that action to address specific issues is likely, such as reducing habitat fragmentation, creating more habitat to buffer the site or expand the habitat into more varied landscapes and addressing particular management and condition issues. Individual species may be more or less vulnerable than their habitat itself. In many cases, change will be inevitable so appropriate monitoring would be advisable.

A more ‘flashy’ and extreme hydrograph could impact on Desmoulin’s whorl snail in a number of ways. Of particular concern is the potential for more summer droughts to dry out habitat and for extreme summer high rain flow events to flood sites. The species is particularly vulnerable and has low resilience to both these scenarios due to limited extent, and fragmented Page 28 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) nature of the habitat across the site and wider floodplain.

Restoration of a hydrologically functioning network of wetland habitats linking the hydroseral zone of the river and the floodplain (both within and outside the SAC) is critical in enabling the species to be resilient to changing prevailing conditions due to extremes in weather patterns – increased storminess and flooding to increased droughts through climate change. Supporting Soils, substrate Maintain the properties of the Soil supports basic ecosystem function and is a vital part of the natural habitat: and nutrient underlying soil types, including environment. Its properties strongly influence the colonisation, growth and structure/ cycling structure, bulk density, total distribution of those plant species which together form vegetation types, and function carbon, pH, soil nutrient status therefore provides a habitat used by a wide range of organisms. Soil and fungal: bacterial ratio, biodiversity has a vital role to recycle organic matter. Changes to natural soil within typical values for the properties may therefore affect the ecological structure, function and habitat. processes associated with the supporting habitat of this Annex II feature. Supporting Water Restore water quality and For many SAC features which are dependent on wetland habitats supported processes quantity/quality quantity to the standards by surface and/or ground water, maintaining the quality and quantity of (on which the given for the H3260 feature in water supply will be critical, especially at certain times of year. Poor water feature and/or table 1. quality and inadequate quantities of water can adversely affect the structure its supporting and function of this habitat type. habitat relies) Restore water quantity to provide conditions so that Typically, meeting the surface water and groundwater environmental water levels are continuously standards set out by the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC) will at or above the ground also be sufficient to support the achievement of SAC Conservation surface throughout the year. Objectives but in some cases more stringent standards may be needed to reflect the ecological needs of the species feature. The optimum water level for Desmoulin’s whorl snail is where ground water levels are continuously at or above ground surface level (0-0.5m) and further site-specific investigations may be required to establish appropriate water quality standards for the SAC.

The Desmoulin’s whorl snail is especially vulnerable to a lowering of the water table and therefore sensitive to changes in hydrology due to water abstraction, drainage and also localised activities such as water level management (river and/or ditch), weed cutting and chalking of river banks. Supporting Air quality Maintain or, where necessary, The supporting habitat of this feature is considered sensitive to changes in processes restore concentrations and air quality. Exceedance of these critical values for air pollutants may modify (on which the deposition of air pollutants to the chemical status of the habitat's substrate, accelerating or damaging feature and/or at or below the site-relevant plant growth, altering its vegetation structure and composition (including its supporting Critical Load or Level values food-plants) and reducing supporting habitat quality and population viability Page 29 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) habitat relies) given for this feature of the of this feature. site on the Air Pollution Information System Critical Loads and Levels are recognised thresholds below which such (www.apis.ac.uk). harmful effects on sensitive UK habitats will not occur to a significant level, according to current levels of scientific understanding. There are critical levels for ammonia (NH3), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and critical loads for nutrient nitrogen deposition and acid deposition. There are currently no critical loads or levels for other pollutants such as Halogens, Heavy Metals, POPs, VOCs or Dusts. These should be considered as appropriate on a case-by-case basis.

Ground level ozone is regionally important as a toxic air pollutant but flux- based critical levels for the protection of semi-natural habitats are still under development. It is recognised that achieving this target may be subject to the development, availability and effectiveness of abatement technology and measures to tackle diffuse air pollution, within realistic timescales. Supporting Vegetation Maintain dense stands of tall Humidity is important to all whorl snails (Vertigo spp.) and the different habitat: structure vegetation within supporting species achieve their requirements by occupying different levels (i.e. vertical structure/ habitat, which is typically movement) within their microhabitats. function >70cms tall by August, with an abundance of tussocks and Desmoulin’s whorl snail is a climbing species on emergent vegetation, living decaying leaf litter. over a large vertical range at different times of year. The snail may over- winter in the lower levels of vegetation, within tussocks or in amongst decaying layer of leaf litter and vegetation.

Associated supporting vegetation is usually tall, bulky marginal plants such as reed sweet-grass Glyceria, sedges Carex spp, bur-reed Sparganium sp. and yellow flag Iris pseudocorus which characterise swamp and fen communities (such as NVC types S7, S5, S2, S3 & S6 swamp communities), but also in stands characterised by common reed Phragmites. Drift into communities characterised by common nettle Urtica populations can signal undesirable drying-out.

Supporting Vegetation Ensure invasive non-native Desmoulin’s whorl snails are potentially or actually at risk from non-native habitat: composition - plants are either rare or invasive plants. Such plants are considered a major threat to their structure/ invasive non- absent within the site supporting habitat due to their rapid growth and dominance over native function native plants species and the difficulty of controlling them. Species of concern include Japanese knotweed (Polygonum [Fallopia] japonica), Himalayan [Indian] balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) and giant

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum).These riparian plants may directly alter the composition of Desmoulin’s whorl snail habitat by replacing preferred species and increasing shading.

Supporting Ground moisture Restore and then maintain High groundwater levels throughout the year are considered to be one of the habitat: appropriate hydrological and most important factors influencing the distribution of Desmoulin’s whorl snail. structure/ ground moisture conditions so function that water levels are For this feature, the water level must remain close to the surface so that the continuously at or above the ground remains at least moist for most of the summer, although some ground surface throughout the seasonal drying appears to be acceptable. Relatively high groundwater also year. contributes to maintaining a high humidity in the vegetation. The optimal degree of ground moisture for this feature is usually measured as 2 or 3 using a version of the ‘5 Point Wetness scale’ (Killeen & Moorkens 2003).

Dry ground moisture levels occur across many of the areas of swamp and fen habitat where the snail has either declined or been lost since 2000. It is suspected that it may be a fall in the ground moisture levels since 2000 that has contributed to this decline either due to increased abstraction, climate change or individual site management that has lowered the water levels. Supporting Water flow Restore the natural flow The natural flow regime both shapes and sustains the characteristic habitat processes (rivers) regime of the river so that mosaics of the river and its floodplain. All parts of the natural flow regime (on which the daily flows are as close to are important, including flushing flows, seasonal base flows and natural low feature and/or what would be expected in the flows. its supporting absence of abstractions and habitat relies) discharges (the naturalised Any significant impacts on the natural flow regime should be rectified flow). sustainably by reducing flow modifications. Peak flows are of particular importance in aiding the spread of individuals for colonization of suitable (See the advice above for the habitats downstream. H3260 habitat feature) Supporting Mosaic of Restore the extent and Watercourses with a high degree of naturalness are governed by dynamic See references for processes floodplain patterning of in-channel and processes which result in a mosaic of characteristic physical features and the H3260 feature (on which the habitat riparian habitats which are habitats (or 'biotopes'), including a range that are important to Desmoulin's above feature and/or characteristic of natural fluvial Whorl Snail. its supporting processes. habitat relies) A range of physical habitat modifications to rivers (such as channel (also see the advice above for straightening, widening and deepening, bankside and bed protection, close the H3260 habitat feature) floodbanks and impoundments) can disconnect them from their floodplain, resulting is disjointed distributions of suitable habitat for Desmoulin's Whorl Snail.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available)

Rivers that have sections that are already significantly physically modified should be subject to a process for planning and implementing physical restoration measures. This should be based on restoring natural geomorphological processes (including where possible restoration of continuity between river and floodplain) as far as possible to allow restoration of characteristic and sustainable biotope mosaics, working within the practical constraints of essential flood protection for people and the built environment.

In certain instances, important sections of river channel and areas of wetland habitat may lie outside the boundary of the site, but may still be integral to how the site functions. Population Abundance Restore a healthy adult: This will ensure there is a viable population of the feature which is being 9 WILLING M J 2015. (of the juvenile structure and maintained at or increased to a level that contributes as appropriate to its feature) population density Favourable Conservation Status across its natural range in the UK. 42 KILLEEN, I.J. (typically>250 individuals per 1996. m² in late summer), whilst Due to the dynamic nature of population change, the target-value given for avoiding deterioration from the population size or presence of this feature is considered to be the 43 KILLLEEN, I.J. & current levels as indicated by minimum standard for conservation/restoration measures to achieve. This WILLING M.J. 2002. the latest peak count or minimum-value may be revised where there is evidence to show that a 45WILLING, M.J. equivalent. population’s size or presence has significantly changed as a result of natural 2011. factors or management measures and has been stable at or above a new level over a considerable period (generally at least 10 years). The values given here may also be updated in future to reflect any strategic objectives which may be set at a national level for this feature.

Given the likely fluctuations in numbers over time, any impact-assessments should focus on the current size of the site’s population, as derived from the latest known or estimated level established using the best available data. This advice accords with the obligation to avoid deterioration of the site or significant disturbance of the species for which the site is designated, and seeks to avoid plans or projects that may affect the site giving rise to the risk of deterioration. Similarly, where there is evidence to show that a feature has historically been more abundant than the stated minimum target and its current level, the ongoing capacity of the site to accommodate the feature at such higher levels in future should also be taken into account in any assessment.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Unless otherwise stated, the population size or presence will be that measured using standard methods, Plastic tray sampling, or white sheet beating surfaces are typically used as sample points in wetlands for assessments of this species.

This value is also provided recognising there will be inherent variability as a result of natural fluctuations and margins of error during data collection. Whilst we will endeavour to keep these values as up to date as possible, local Natural England staff can advise that the figures stated are the best available.

Between 1996 and 2002 the snail was recorded as present at 62 sites across the SAC. Of these sites it was abundant at 3 sites, locally abundant at 1, very common at 4, common at 7 sites, locally common at 2, frequent at 6, occasional to frequent at 6, occasional at 13, sparse at 8, and rare at 6

Over the last 15 years there has been an 86% decline in population along the length of the river and tributaries (Willing, 2015), and the species is at threat of being functionally extinct on the river system. The two best populations are located in sites supported by spring-lines and backwater hydrology (Jones’s Mill and Porton Meadows) and therefore not directly dependent on river.

There is an urgent need to both; restore and maintain the individual sites identified between 1996 and 2002 (including the length of hydroseral zone), and to restore/create a functioning fluvial system; a wetland network of fen, swamp and ditch habitats across the floodplain integral to the riparian river edge habitat, both within and outside the SAC area.

In particular, there is a need to focus restoration of the river on the riparian edge as well as the in-channel ecosystem.

Population Connectivity Restore the abundance and This recognises the vulnerability of the upper-most populations of (of the with other supporting habitat of Desmoulin’s whorl snail within a river system to localised extinction; it feature) populations Desmoulins whorl snail remains likely that colonies are moved during flood events to downstream upstream of the SAC and the sites, so the loss of headstream populations weakens the opportunities to connectivity between overcome localised extinction events or adverse impacts further populations. downstream within the SAC.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Restoration of a hydrologically functioning fluvial system, a network of wetland habitats linking the river, including the full extent of the hydroseral zone, and the floodplain (both within and outside the SAC), is critical to both restore the population and to enable the species to be resilient. Version Control Advice last updated: n/a Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: n/a References

9 WILLING M J 2015. SAC Status reporting on Vertigo moulinsiana in England: Monitoring at selected sites on the Hampshire / Wiltshire River Avon and tributary rivers Wylye and Bourne Natural England Article 17 Reporting on Vertigo snails in England). http//publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/5317815198285824 21 NATURAL ENGLAND AND RSPB. 2014. Climate Change Adaptation Manual: 10. Rivers and Streams. Natural England Publications available at: http:// publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/5558226472927232 41KILLEEN IJ (2003). Ecology of Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 6. English Nature, Peterborough http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/117011 42 KILLEEN, I.J. 1996. A survey of the River Avon and tributaries (Wiltshire/Hampshire) and associated wetland habitats to assess their importance for the snail Vertigo moulinsiana and A further survey of the River Avon and tributaries (Wiltshire) and associated wetland habitats to assess their importance for the snail Vertigo moulinsiana Reports to English Nature.- http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5661922948022272 . 43 KILLLEEN, I.J. & WILLING M.J. 2002. Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail (Vertigo moulinsiana) distribution survey of the River Avon cSAC. Report to the Environment Agency – Available from Environment Agency on request. 45 WILLING, M.J. 2011. An assessment of Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail Vertigo moulinsiana on the River Avon SAC, River Avon System SSSI and associated SSSIs. Draft Report to Natural England - Available from Natural England on request.

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Table 3: Supplementary Advice for Qualifying features: S1106 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Supporting Conservation Maintain management or other See relevant text in Table 1 above. 23 ENVIRONMENT processes measures measures (within and/or outside AGENCY. 2009. (on which the the site boundary as Habitat outside the SAC boundary include the River Ebble, small

feature and/or appropriate) necessary to tributaries, back streams and back waters is also important in providing

its supporting restore the structure, functions habitat for the species, in particular fry and juvenile habitat. habitat relies) and supporting processes associated with the feature. Supporting Extent of Restore the total extent of See relevant text in Table 1 above. 23 ENVIRONMENT habitat: supporting habitat(s) which support the AGENCY. 2009. extent and habitat feature; The habitats known or likely to support the feature at this SAC are: running

distribution water, rivers and streams. 498.24 hectares of H3260 Also see references habitat (water courses of plain for the extent of the to montane levels with the Habitat feature H3260 Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation) Distribution of Restore the distribution and See relevant text in Table 1 above. 23 ENVIRONMENT supporting continuity of the feature and its AGENCY. 2009. habitat supporting habitat, including Also see references where applicable its component for Habitat feature vegetation types and associated H3260. transitional vegetation types Supporting Adaptation and Maintain the feature's ability, See relevant text in Table 1 above. 23 ENVIRONMENT processes resilience and that of its supporting AGENCY. 2009. (on which the habitat, to adapt or evolve to Ongoing research strongly suggests that the crash in salmon population 47 SOLOMON AND feature and/or wider environmental change, (which was also reflected in sea trout and river fly-life populations) at the LIGHTFOOT. 2009 its supporting either within or external to the end of the 1980s was as a result of dramatic climatic changes acting on habitat relies) site temperature and rainfall patterns. It is now known that higher sea and 25 ENVIRONMENT river temperatures may be affecting salmon survival and migration in some AGENCY (2012) years. 6 FOREST

Changes in river flows also affect the number of fish – by impacting on RESEARCH. 2013. their migration, habitat and food availability. A more ‘flashy’ and extreme 1 HALCROW AND hydrograph could impact on salmonids in a number of ways. Of particular GEODATA. 2009

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) concern is the potential for an increased sediment load in the river from terrestrial and riverine riparian sources during extreme high rain flow events.

Restoration of the supporting habitat for water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation is critical in enabling the species to be resilient to changing prevailing conditions due to extremes in weather patterns – increased storminess and flooding to increased droughts and a long term trend for increasing river temperature through climate change. Supporting Air quality See general advice for the See relevant text in Table 1 above. processes H3260 habitat feature (on which the feature and/or its supporting habitat relies) Supporting Biotope See general advice for the Within the river, a characteristic habitat mosaic shaped by natural habitat: (habitat) H3260 habitat feature processes provides the diversity of water depths, current velocities and structure/ mosaic substrate types necessary to fulfil the spawning, juvenile, adult and function migratory requirements of salmon.

Some river sections will be naturally sub-optimal for some salmon life stages, and this is just a characteristic of the river. The species requires adult holding areas (generally pools of at least 150 cm depth, with cover from features such as undercut banks, vegetation, submerged objects and surface turbulence), spawning habitat (stable, clean gravel/pebble- dominated substrate without an armoured layer and with <10% fines in the top 30cm, and with 15-75cm of overlying water), nursery habitat (for fry, water of <20 cm deep and a gravel/pebble/cobble substrate for parr, water 20-40 cm deep and similar substrate).

Close juxtaposition of biotopes is needed to allow easy movement of individuals between suitable areas of the channel under different flow conditions and with age. Riparian zone See general advice for the High riparian tree cover is beneficial to salmon, in terms of physical habitat H3260 habitat feature provision and combatting increasing temperatures caused by climate change. However, the extent of tree cover needs to be optimised to provide suitable conditions for the whole characteristic biological community.

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Woody debris See general advice for the Woody debris is an important component of river habitat for salmon as well H3260 habitat feature as the wider biological community. Flow regime See general advice for the The natural flow regime is critical to all aspects of the salmon life cycle, H3260 habitat feature including migratory passage through the estuary and up the river to spawning grounds, egg incubation in redds, fry and parr habitat quality and extent, and downstream smolt migration. Sediment See general advice for the Natural levels of coarse sediment supply are critical to the maintenance of regime H3260 habitat feature high quality juvenile and salmon habitat, maintaining spawning gravels and characteristic biotope mosaics. Excessive delivery of fine sediment, from the catchment or artificially enhanced bank erosion, can damage gills, impair vision and cause siltation of spawning and nursery areas. Supporting Thermal See general advice for the Water temperature can affect egg development, fish survival, feeding and 23 ENVIORNMENT habitat: regime H3260 habitat feature growth. The salmon is particularly vulnerable to increasing temperatures AGENCY. 2009. structure/ in the southern part of its English range, most notably in chalk streams. 25 WESSEX WATER, function WESSEX CHALK It is now known that higher sea and river temperatures may be affecting STREAM & RIVERS salmon survival and migration in some years. Studies have shown that in TRUST 2005 the Avon had the highest summer water temperature at its tidal limit of a range of southern chalk streams and rain fed rivers. Summer 22 ENVIRONMENT temperatures are reaching levels that may reduce the quality of eggs that AGENCY. 2005. female salmon produce and be directly impacting on parr survival. They may also be inhibiting migration into the river and increasing the mortality Also see references under Adaptation and of adult salmonids. resilience.

The operation of fish farms is known to be contributing to this temperature increase during these critical summer periods. It is also thought that the operation of some water meadow systems may affect river temperature. Supporting Biological See general advice for the Freedom of movement throughout the river system is critical to all life See references for habitat: connectivity H3260 habitat feature stages of salmon. Barriers to adult migration have cumulative effects on habitat feature H3260. structure/ the ability of individuals to reach spawning grounds and need to be function considered in combination. Water quality - Restore the natural nutrient In addition to the wider ecosystem effects of eutrophication that have a See references for the nutrients regime of the river, with any detrimental effect on salmon habitat, enrichment can place salmon at a H3260 habitat feature anthropogenic enrichment competitive disadvantage, for instance relative to brown trout. Salmon are above natural/background efficient foragers that are adapted to low productivity environments, and concentrations limited to levels increased productivity makes efficient foraging obsolete. Eutrophication at which adverse effects on the and episodic pollution causes direct mortalities, whilst chronic pollution feature are unlikely. affects substrate condition through the build-up of excessive microbial populations. Salmon are particularly sensitive to reduce dissolved oxygen Page 37 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) levels, in the water column and within the gravel substrate of spawning redds (nests).

Water quality - See general advice for the The above comments on eutrophication are also relevant here. Episodic organic H3260 habitat feature pollution causes direct mortalities whilst chronic pollution affects substrate pollution condition through the build-up of excessive microbial populations. Salmon are particularly sensitive to reduce dissolved oxygen levels, in the water column and within the gravel substrate of spawning redds. Water quality - See general advice for the Salmon are highly sensitive to acidification stress. acidification H3260 habitat feature Vegetation See general advice for the Species such as signal crayfish can have a serious effect on salmon composition: H3260 habitat feature habitat and can predate heavily on salmon juveniles if present at high invasive non- densities. Chinese mitten crab has the potential to migrate long distances native species up rivers and damage marginal habitats used by both adult and juvenile salmon. Supporting Fisheries - Ensure fish The management aim is to provide conditions in the river that support a processes introduction of stocking/introductions do not healthy, natural and self-sustaining salmon population, achieved through (on which the salmon and/or interfere with the ability of the habitat protection/restoration and the control of exploitation as necessary. feature and/or other fish river to support self-sustaining Stocking represents a loss of naturalness and, if successful, obscures the its supporting species populations of the feature. underlying causes of poor performance (potentially allowing these risks to habitat relies) perpetuate). It carries various ecological risks, including the loss of natural spawning from broodstock, competition between stocked and naturally produced individuals, disease introduction and genetic alterations to the population. Supporting Fisheries - Ensure exploitation (e.g. netting Controls on exploitation should include migratory passage within territorial processes exploitation or angling) of Atlantic salmon is waters, including estuarine and coastal net fisheries, as well as (on which the undertaken sustainably without exploitation within the river from rod fisheries. feature and/or compromising any components its supporting of the population, including In 2012 netting in the estuary was banned under a local bylaw. Bylaws habitat relies) multi-sea winter fish and also restrict the salmon rod fishing methods and season. seasonal components of the adult run. A voluntary agreement for 100% catch and release for Salmon has been operated since 2000. There is also a voluntary restriction where angling is not permitted above river temperatures of 190C (at Knapp Mill).

The River Bourne is designated as a Wild Trout river.

Control of See general advice for river Over-grazing of riparian areas can have a dramatic effect on salmon livestock habitat (H3260) habitat. Page 38 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) grazing activity

Supporting Vegetation See general advice for river In rivers where it naturally occurs, submerged and marginal aquatic habitat: structure: habitat (H3260) vegetation is an important element of juvenile salmon habitat. structure/ cover of function submerged macrophytes Supporting Screening of See general advice for river Salmon can be seriously affected by inadequate screening on their adult processes intakes and habitat (H3260) and smolt migrations, as well as on their smaller juvenile dispersion (on which the discharges movements between spawning grounds and nursery areas. feature and/or its supporting habitat relies) Supporting Integrity of off- See general advice for river Salmon populations are dependent on the integrity of sections of river processes site habitats habitat (H3260) channel and riparian areas, and transitional and marine waters that lie (on which the outside of the site boundary. Headwater areas and tributaries may not fall feature and/or within the site boundary, yet salmon may use these areas for spawning its supporting and juvenile development and be critical for sustaining populations within habitat relies) the site. Fully developed riparian zones are essential for salmon habitat, yet part of this zone may lie outside of the site boundary, particularly if the river channel is operating under natural processes and moves laterally over time within the floodplain. The conditions experienced by salmon on their marine migration (through the saline transition zone, estuary, coastal waters and into the high seas) are critical to the well-being of populations within the river, and vice versa. Population Adult run size Restore the population to that Impacts on physical, chemical or hydrological integrity, or from non-native 48 ENVIRONMENT (of the expected under un-impacted species, or from exploitation in freshwater or marine and coastal waters, AGENCY feature) conditions, allowing for natural may suppress adult run size. Stocking may also artificially augment adult fluctuations. This should include run size, and may mask environmental problems or generate impacts on a seasonal pattern of migration naturally spawned individuals. characteristic of the river and maintenance of the multi-sea- The Conservation Limit should be based on the adult run size required to winter component. fully utilise all parts of the catchment that would be suitable for spawning and juvenile development under un-impacted conditions. As a minimum, the Conservation Limit for the river The Knapp Mill Fish Counter is a reliable returning estimate of annual system should be complied salmon numbers at this site. It is also used to provide data for annual stock with. estimates and egg deposition figures. Crucially this facility also provides data on the timing of fish migrations and how these respond to changes in Page 39 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) river flow and temperature.

Population Spawning Restore the distribution of After a year or more at sea, adult salmon return from their feeding grounds 48 ENVIRONMENT (of the distribution spawning activity to reflect un- back to their river. Once it is time for them to spawn they will migrate AGENCY feature) impacted conditions through the upstream to the areas of the SAC where they were born to spawn site, and avoid reductions in themselves. existing levels. These spawning areas may be in small tributaries of river systems where there is clean gravel and a good flow of fresh clean water. Maintaining these spawning areas is critical to the successful reproduction and long- term viability of this feature.

Redd count data is collected when environmental conditions are suitable. Although this data is not suitable as a stock assessment tool, it is valuable for identifying migration issues especially during low flow years and changes over time of the spawning range of migratory salmonids.

Population Juvenile Restore the densities of Impacts on physical, chemical or hydrological integrity, or from non-native 48 ENVIRONMENT (of the densities juvenile salmon at those species, or from exploitation of spawning adults in freshwater or marine AGENCY feature) expected under un-impacted and coastal waters, may suppress juvenile densities. conditions throughout the site, taking into account natural There is an annual juvenile salmonid survey programme at 13 sites in the habitat conditions and allowing Avon catchment. The sites were chosen on the basis that they represented for natural fluctuations typical juvenile salmonid habitat. Not all 13 sites are always monitored and currently 10 are surveyed. The data set enables salmonid densities to be compared across the sites in any year and crucially to identify changes in densities over time. To monitor the spread of the juvenile salmonid populations across the Avon Catchment an additional 14 sites are surveyed once every 6 years. Version Control Advice last updated: n/a Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: n/a

References 1 HALCROW AND GEODATA. 2009 The Strategic Framework for the Restoration of the River Avon. Report for Natural England, the Environment Agency and Wessex Water - Available from NE on request 6 FOREST RESEARCH. 2013. The vision and strategy for Riparian woodland planting and management to improve River Ecology in the River Avon and River Frome. Report for the Environment Agency - Available from Environment Agency on request 22ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2005. Anthropogenic Influences on the Temperature Regime in a Chalk River - Available from Environment Agency on request Page 40 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) 23 ENVIORNMENT AGENCY 2009. The Hampshire Avon’s Action Plan for Salmon and Sea Trout - Available from Environment Agency on request 25 WESSEX WATER AND WESSEX CHALK STREAM AND RIVERS TRUST Temperature monitoring programme – Data available from Wessex Water and/or the Wessex Chalk Stream & Rivers Trust on request 47 SOLOMON AND LIGHTFOOT. 2009 Variations in Salmon Abundance on Hampshire Avon – influences of climate throughout the life cycle – Available from Environment Agency on request 48ENVIRONMENT AGENCY monitoring data (including from Knapp Mill) - Available from Environment Agency on request

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Table 4: Supplementary Advice for Qualifying Features: S1095 Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus; S1096 Brook lamprey Lampetra planeri; S1163 Bullhead;

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) Supporting Conservation Maintain management or other See relevant text above in Table 1. 49 MAITLAND P.S. processes measures measures (within and/or outside 2003 (on which the the site boundary as appropriate) feature and/or necessary to restore the structure, 50 TOMLINSON M. L. its supporting functions and supporting & PERROW M. R. habitat relies) processes associated with the (2003). features Supporting Extent of Restore the total extent of See relevant text above in Table 1. habitat: supporting habitat(s) which support the extent and habitat features; distribution 498.24 hectares of H3260 habitat (water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation)

Supporting Distribution of Maintain the distribution and See relevant text above in Table 1. habitat: supporting continuity of the features and their extent and habitat supporting habitat, including distribution where applicable its component vegetation types and associated transitional vegetation types, across the site Supporting Adaptation and Maintain the feature's ability, and See relevant text above in Table 1. processes resilience that of their supporting habitat, to (on which the adapt or evolve to wider feature and/or environmental change, either its supporting within or external to the site habitat relies) Supporting Air quality See the target above for the See relevant text above in Table 1. processes H3260 habitat feature (on which the feature and/or its supporting habitat relies) Page 42 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available)

Supporting River biotope See the target above for the Habitat conditions for lamprey species vary naturally in rivers. Some river habitat: (habitat) H3260 habitat feature sections may provide optimal habitat for some or all life stages whilst structure/ mosaic others may be largely unsuitable. Adult lamprey require spawning function substrates of coarse material in which to deposit eggs in shallow scrapes (‘redds’). Larval lamprey (‘ammocoetes’) live in silt beds, which are often in channel margins but in relation to sea lamprey are known to occur in deep water in main river reaches.

Optimal conditions for Bullhead typically occur in relatively shallow, fast flowing reaches with coarse substrates (used for egg-laying and juvenile/adult cover). A characteristically diverse biotope mosaic allows the bullhead and other species to move within the channel to locate optimal habitat conditions in the face of a fluctuating flow regime. Pools, exposed tree root systems and marginal shallows are important high-flow refugia for the species.

The advice for the H3260 habitat feature is based on natural river function, which provides a characteristic river habitat mosaic that can cater for both lamprey life stages to a degree. Riparian zone See the target above for the Active marginal vegetation including riparian trees provides important H3260 habitat feature habitat for lamprey ammocoetes, as it encourages and stabilises the formation of silt beds in which the ammocoetes burrow.

It also provides important cover for bullhead. A mosaic of vegetation types and sward heights provides suitable conditions for the whole characteristic biological community including bullhead.

Riparian trees also add substrate diversity and aid the formation of silt beds and clean gravels. They also provide temperature gradients in the channel that improves the availability of suitable micro-habitat. Woody debris See the target above for the Woody debris is an important component of river habitat for lampreys and H3260 habitat feature bullhead as well as the wider biological community.

It encourages characteristic heterogeneity in biotopes and provides a mosaic of substrates types that lamprey species need to fulfil their life cycle.

Bullheads are particularly associated with woody debris in lowland

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Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) reaches, where it is likely that it provides an alternative source of cover from predators and floods. It may also be used as an alternative spawning substrate. Flow regime See the target above for the The natural flow regime is critical to all aspects of lamprey and bullhead H3260 habitat feature life cycle.

For lamprey it shapes the characteristic biotope mosaic, maintains water in critical biotopes (including marginal silt beds), and provides adequate flows for migratory passage (which is important not only for river and sea lamprey but also brook lamprey in its shorter distance migrations within the river).

For bullhead it maintains the high current velocities and substrate conditions that are optimal for the species. Sediment See the target above for the Natural levels of coarse sediment supply are critical to the maintenance of regime H3260 habitat feature high quality spawning habitat for lamprey and bullhead species, maintaining bed substrates in optimal condition for egg-laying and juvenile and adult cover. Excessive delivery of fine sediment, from the catchment or artificially enhanced bank erosion, can cause siltation of egg-laying sites and juvenile and adult refugia. Supporting Biological See the target above for the Lampreys can pass some potential barriers in river channels by attaching habitat: connectivity H3260 habitat feature themselves to structures or river banks using their ‘suctorial’ discs and structure/ creeping up by strong bursts of swimming. However, many in-channel function structures are known to either completely or partially block access to historical spawning grounds.

Whilst in-channel structures can artificially generate both silt-beds and clean gravels, both of value to lamprey species, this is not a justification for their continued existence or the construction of new structures. Suitable habitat for lamprey and other species can and should be generated by natural processes - where physical restoration of the channel is required this may involve changes in the distribution of species within the river system.

Sea lamprey will require safe passage between rivers, coastal waters and estuaries.

Vertical drops of >18-20 cm are sufficient to prevent upstream movement of adult bullheads. They will therefore prevent recolonisation of upper Page 44 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) reaches affected by lethal pollution episodes or drought, and more generally will also lead to constraints on genetic interactions that may have adverse consequences. Water quality - Restore the natural nutrient Nutrient enrichment can lead to loss of substrate condition for bullhead nutrients regime of the river, with any and lamprey spawning, egg development and lamprey ammocoete anthropogenic enrichment above growth, due to benthic algal growth and associated enhanced siltation and natural/background sediment anoxia. Lamprey species and Bullhead may be affected by both concentrations limited to levels at episodic and chronic organic pollution. Episodic pollution causes direct which adverse effects on the mortalities whilst chronic pollution affects substrate condition through the features are unlikely. build-up of excessive microbial populations. Water quality - See the target above for the Lamprey species may be affected by both episodic and chronic organic organic H3260 habitat feature pollution. Episodic pollution causes direct mortalities whilst chronic pollution pollution affects substrate condition through the build-up of excessive microbial populations. Water quality - See the target above for the Brook lamprey and bullhead may be affected by acidification in low acidification H3260 habitat feature alkalinity headwaters. Vegetation See the target above for the Species such as signal crayfish can have a serious effect on lamprey and composition: H3260 habitat feature bullhead habitat (by destabilising banks and enhancing fine sediment invasive non- input), and can predate heavily on bullhead, brook lamprey and native species ammocoetes of all lamprey species if present at high densities. Chinese mitten crab is also of concern, not only in the lower reaches of main river but due to its potential to migrate long distances upstream and can cause similar damage to habitat. Fisheries - Ensure fish stocking/introductions The presence of artificially high densities of fish may create unacceptably introduction of do not interfere with the ability of high levels of predatory pressure on brook lamprey, ammocoetes of all fish species the river to support self-sustaining lamprey species and bullhead. populations of the features The management aim is to provide conditions in the river that support a healthy, natural and self-sustaining populations, achieved through habitat protection/restoration and the control of exploitation as necessary.

Stocking represents a loss of naturalness and, if successful, obscures the underlying causes of poor performance (potentially allowing these risks to perpetuate). It carries various ecological risks, including the loss of natural spawning from brood-stock, competition between stocked and naturally produced individuals, disease introduction and genetic alterations to the population Fisheries - All exploitation (by netting or Controls on lamprey exploitation should include migratory passage within exploitation angling) of lamprey species territorial waters, including estuarine and coastal net fisheries, as well as Page 45 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) should be undertaken sustainably exploitation within the river. without compromising any of the attributes of the population Control of See the target above for the Over-grazing of riparian areas can have a dramatic effect on lamprey and livestock H3260 habitat feature bullhead habitat, trampling marginal silt beds important to lamprey, grazing activity eliminating marginal vegetation and generating excessive loads of fine sediment on spawning gravels. Vegetation See the target above for the H3260 In rivers where it naturally occurs, submerged and marginal vegetation structure: habitat feature can provide important cover for bullhead, particularly if coarse (cobble) cover of substrates are in short supply for cover. submerged macrophytes Screening of See the target above for the Adult lamprey, migrating sub-adult lamprey (‘transformers’) and bullhead intakes and H3260 habitat feature can be caught in intakes and discharges, along with other fish species. discharges Integrity of off- See the target above for the The lamprey populations of the site may be dependent on the integrity of site habitats H3260 habitat feature sections of river channel, riparian areas and transitional and marine waters that lie outside of the SAC boundary. Headwater areas and tributaries may not fall within the site boundary, yet lamprey (particularly brook lamprey) may use these areas for spawning and juvenile development and be critical for sustaining the populations within the SAC. River and sea lamprey require safe passage through coastal waters and estuaries.

Bullhead populations within the SAC may also be dependent on the integrity of sections of river channel and riparian areas that lie outside of the site boundary. Headwater areas and tributaries may not fall within the site boundary, yet bullhead may use these areas for spawning and juvenile development and be critical for sustaining populations within the site. Population Population Maintain the abundance of the This will ensure there is a viable population of the feature which is being 51 APEM. 2008. (of the abundance lamprey and bullhead populations maintained at or increased to a level that contributes as appropriate to its 48 ENVIRONMENT feature) at a level which is close to that Favourable Conservation Status across its natural range in the UK. AGENCY expected under un-impacted conditions throughout the site Due to the dynamic nature of population change, the target-value given for (subject to natural habitat the population size or presence of this feature is considered to be the conditions and allowing for natural minimum standard for conservation/restoration measures to achieve. This fluctuations), whilst avoiding minimum-value may be revised where there is evidence to show that a deterioration from its current level population’s size or presence has significantly changed as a result of Page 46 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) as indicated by the latest count or natural factors or management measures and has been stable at or above equivalent. a new level over a considerable period (generally at least 10 years). The values given here may also be updated in future to reflect any strategic objectives which may be set at a national level for this feature.

Given the likely fluctuations in numbers over time, any impact- assessments should focus on the current size of the site’s population, as derived from the latest known or estimated level established using the best available data. This advice accords with the obligation to avoid deterioration of the site or significant disturbance of the species for which the site is designated, and seeks to avoid plans or projects that may affect the site giving rise to the risk of deterioration. Similarly, where there is evidence to show that a feature has historically been more abundant than the stated minimum target and its current level, the ongoing capacity of the site to accommodate the feature at such higher levels in future should also be taken into account in any assessment.

Unless otherwise stated, the population size or presence will be that measured using standard methods, such as peak mean counts or breeding surveys. This value is also provided recognising there will be inherent variability as a result of natural fluctuations and margins of error during data collection. Whilst we will endeavour to keep these values as up to date as possible, local Natural England staff can advise that the figures stated are the best available.

Surveying to inform Wessex Waters Low Flow Studies in 2006-7 found brook lamprey to be widely distributed through the catchment from the headwaters and upper perennial reaches to the lower tributaries.

The same surveys found bullhead to be well distributed throughout the catchment at relatively high numbers although densities are highly variable and were found to be abundant (>140 individuals in 5 minutes of sampling) at many sites

Juvenile Maintain juvenile densities at Maintaining the density of young lampreys is important as this will have a densities those expected under un- significant influence on the overall abundance of the population. impacted conditions throughout the site, taking into account Impacts on physical, chemical or hydrological integrity, or from non-native natural habitat conditions and species, may suppress juvenile densities of bullhead. Page 47 of 48

Attributes Targets Supporting and/or Explanatory Notes Sources of site- based evidence (where available) allowing for natural fluctuations

Version Control Advice last updated: n/a Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: n/a References

49 MAITLAND P.S 2003. Ecology of the River, Brook and Sea Lamprey. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 5. English Nature, Peterborough. http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/118013 50 TOMLINSON, M. L. & PERROW M. R. (2003). Ecology of the Bullhead. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 4. English Nature, Peterborough. htpp://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/111020 51 APEM. 2008 River Avon SAC Low Flows Project Ecological Investigation Final Report for Wessex Water. AMP5 Low Flow Investigation for the Environment Agency. - Available from Wessex Water on request

Page 48 of 48

European Site Conservation Objectives: Supplementary advice on conserving and restoring site features

Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats Special Area of Conservation (SAC) Site Code: UK0012584

Greater horseshoe bats at hibernation site © Natural England

Date of Publication: 20 March 2019

Page 1 of 19 About this document

This document provides Natural England’s supplementary advice about the European Site Conservation Objectives relating to Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats SAC.

This advice should therefore be read together with the SAC Conservation Objectives available here.

This advice replaces a draft version dated February 2019 following the receipt of comments from the site’s stakeholders.

You should use the Conservation Objectives, this Supplementary Advice and any case-specific advice given by Natural England, when developing, proposing or assessing an activity, plan or project that may affect this site.

This Supplementary Advice to the Conservation Objectives presents attributes which are ecological characteristics of the designated species and habitats within a site. The listed attributes are considered to be those that best describe the site’s ecological integrity and which, if safeguarded, will enable achievement of the Conservation Objectives. Each attribute has a target which is either quantified or qualitative depending on the available evidence. The target identifies as far as possible the desired state to be achieved for the attribute.

The tables provided below bring together the findings of the best available scientific evidence relating to the site’s qualifying features, which may be updated or supplemented in further publications from Natural England and other sources. The local evidence used in preparing this supplementary advice has been cited. The references to the national evidence used are available on request. Where evidence and references have not been indicated, Natural England has applied ecological knowledge and expert judgement. You may decide to use other additional sources of information.

In many cases, the attribute targets shown in the tables indicate whether the current objective is to ‘maintain’ or ‘restore’ the attribute. This is based on the best available information, including that gathered during monitoring of the feature’s current condition. As new information on feature condition becomes available, this will be added so that the advice remains up to date.

The targets given for each attribute do not represent thresholds to assess the significance of any given impact in Habitats Regulations Assessments. You will need to assess this on a case-by-case basis using the most current information available.

Some, but not all, of these attributes can also be used for regular monitoring of the actual condition of the designated features. The attributes selected for monitoring the features, and the standards used to assess their condition, are listed in separate monitoring documents, which will be available from Natural England.

These tables do not give advice about SSSI features or other legally protected species which may also be present within the European Site.

If you have any comments or queries about this Supplementary Advice document please contact your local Natural England adviser or email [email protected]

Page 2 of 19 About this site

European Site information

Name of European Site Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats Special Area of Conservation (SAC)

Location Bath and North East Somerset, Wiltshire

Site Map The designated boundary of this site can be viewed here on the MAGIC website. There are 10 separate areas each with its own boundary. Some areas are very small and require zooming-in to be able to see them

Designation Date 1 April 2005

Qualifying Features See section below

Designation Area 107.16 ha

Designation Changes N/A

Feature Condition Status Details of the feature condition assessments made at this site can be found using Natural England’s Designated Sites System

Names of component Box Mine SSSI Sites of Special Scientific Brown’s Folly SSSI Interest (SSSIs) Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines SSSI Winsley Mines SSSI

The SSSI boundaries and the SAC boundary are the same.

Relationship with other N/A European or International Site designations

Site background and geography

The ten discrete areas of the SAC are distributed over a wide geographical area crossing the boundary between Bath and North East Somerset and Wiltshire, to the south and east of Bath in the triangle specifically between Bath and Corsham in the north and Winsley in the south. The SAC sits within National Character Area 107: Cotswolds. The local landscape setting is one of steep scarp slopes of usually grazed pasture, with incised river valleys and thin, limey soils on bedrock; high open wold which is often cultivated as arable land with thin, brashy soils and fields divided by stone walls; and a long and rolling dip slope facing broadly towards the south-east with deeper, less lime-rich soils, hedgerows dividing the fields, and with more varied, mixed farming. These landforms have developed on the underlying oolitic Jurassic Limestone which stretches in a swathe from the Jurassic Coast of Dorset to Lincolnshire. The limestone is famed in the area as a building material for buildings and stone walls, and the mining of it has created the underground voids used by bats for hibernation. The SAC has three qualifying bat features: lesser horseshoe bat, greater horseshoe bat and Bechstein’s bat.

The SAC is designated for the hibernating populations of three species of bat: lesser horseshoe, greater horseshoe and Bechstein’s bat. The SAC sites are all abandoned limestone mines and some include areas of supporting habitat: broadleaved woodland and species rich calcareous grassland. The surrounding landscape provides feeding and commuting opportunities for the bats between the component sites of this SAC, between this and other bat SAC sites (the closest bat SAC sites are Mells Valley SAC, Chilmark Quarries SAC, and North Somerset and Mendip Bats SAC), and other Page 3 of 19 undesignated roosts, vital in supporting the bats throughout the different phases of their life cycle. There is known to be movement and interchange of greater horseshoe bats between Winsley Mines and undesignated roosts at Bradford-on-Avon 2.5km away, and a ringed greater horseshoe bat from Woodchester Park SSSI in Gloucestershire has been re-captured at Winsley Mines, nearly 40km away. Successful breeding, hibernation, swarming and dispersal are all critical in sustaining the bat populations; these rely on an interconnected landscape for ease of movement, and linked sites for mixing of genepools. Features of significance within the wider landscape are watercourses, woodland, grazed pasture, parkland, hay meadows, hedgerows, linear trees, scrub and individual feature trees.

In the past, caving groups and other interested parties would visit and explore the mines infrequently. Today, the mines and mine entrances are all in private ownership, and in view of their dangerous and collapsing states, are almost exclusively grilled to prevent unauthorised human access whilst still providing openings for bats to fly through. Many people and groups still try to access the mines and the risk of disturbance to the bats both inside the mines and immediately outside the entrances, is high. There is also a revival in mining some of the stone mines in the wider area, with the risk of reducing the number of sites available to bats.

The SAC as a whole supports 15% of the UK population of Greater Horseshoe bats.

Page 4 of 19 About the qualifying features of the SAC

The following section gives you additional, site-specific information about this SAC’s qualifying features. These are the natural habitats and/or species for which this SAC has been designated.

Qualifying Habitats:

None.

Qualifying Species:

• S1303. Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros

The lesser horseshoe bat is one of the smallest bats in the UK, found exclusively in Wales, the West Midlands and South West England. In winter they hibernate in caves, mines and other cave-like places, ideally selecting places where the temperature remains stable during the prolonged hibernation period. During the summer they form maternity colonies in old buildings and emerge to hunt in nearby woodland. The species prefers to hunt in sheltered valleys with extensive deciduous woods or dense scrub, along woodland edges and field margins, and over wetland, riparian habitats and pasture. Where habitat is fragmented, linear features such as hedgerows, tree lines and stone walls are important corridors between roosts and foraging areas. Summer and winter roosts are usually less than 5-10 km apart. The bats are vulnerable to the loss or disturbance of both summer and winter roost sites and the removal of linear habitat corridors.

This complex of sites, straddling the boundary between Bath and North East Somerset and Wiltshire, supports a significant number of hibernating lesser horseshoe bats, totalling up to approximately 2% of the UK population. The bats also hibernate in lower numbers in many other disused mines in the area and rely on the surrounding extensive woodland and grazed pastures with good quality hedgerows for their flightlines and feeding grounds.

• S1304. Greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

The greater horseshoe bat is one of the largest bats in the UK, found in Wales and South West England. In winter they depend on caves, abandoned mines and other underground sites for undisturbed hibernation. A system or series of sites is required, offering a range of temperatures and air-flow patterns. During the summer, the bats form maternity colonies, generally in large old buildings, and forage in pasture, edges of mixed deciduous woodland and hedgerows. Such mixed land-use, especially on south-facing slopes, favours the beetles, moths and other insects on which the bats feed. Summer and winter roosts are usually less than 20-30 km apart. The bats are vulnerable to the loss of insect food supplies due to insecticide use, changing farming practices and the loss of broad-leaved tree-cover, and to the loss or disturbance of underground roost sites.

This complex of hibernation sites, juxtaposed between Bath and North East Somerset and Wiltshire in the central part of its range, supports up to 15% of the UK population. The SAC contains at least one maternity roost for these bats, but only the hibernating population is a qualifying feature of the SAC. A principal maternity roost is located at Iford Manor SSSI, several kilometres to the south of the site. The bats also hibernate in many of the other disused mines in the area that lie outside of the SAC and rely on the surrounding extensive woodland and grazed pastures with good quality hedgerows for their flightlines and feeding grounds.

• S1323. Bechstein’s bat Myotis bechsteinii

Bechstein’s bat is one of the UK’s rarest bats, found in central southern England and the southern Welsh borders. Its ecology is relatively poorly-known. Caves and abandoned mines may be used for hibernation, though it is possible that the bats also remain in woodland roosts during the winter.

Page 5 of 19 Maternity roosts are typically in woodpecker nest holes, generally in old growth, ancient semi-natural, deciduous woodlands of at least 25 ha and ideally above 50 ha in size. This might equally well be composed of a network of well-connected smaller woodlands. Woods tend to have a closed canopy and a dense, “cluttered” understorey, ideal for foraging. They are particularly sensitive to intensive woodland management and woodland removal, and artificial light, seeking out dark corridors along which to commute.

In relation to this SAC site certain of the abandoned stone mines are known to be particularly important for swarming in late summer and autumn, but due to their crevice-dwelling nature and extremely quiet and difficult to differentiate echo-locating sound, Bechstein’s bats have not been recorded in large numbers hibernating within the SAC. Considerably more is known about the maternity roost sites (found for example to the south east of Trowbridge) than the specific attributes and locations of the bats’ hibernation sites, but these are not a qualifying feature of the SAC.

In general, all UK bat species and their roosts are fully protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and Schedule 2 of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 as ‘European Protected Species’. A Licence may therefore be required for any activities likely to harm or disturb bats wherever they occur.

Page 6 of 19 Site-specific seasonality of SAC features The table below highlights in grey those months in which significant numbers of each mobile qualifying feature are most likely to be present at the SAC during a typical calendar year. This table is provided as a general guide only.

Unless otherwise indicated, the months shown below are primarily based on information relating to the general months of occurrence of the feature in the UK. Where site-based evidence is available and has been used to indicate below that significant numbers of the feature are typically present at this SAC outside of the general period, the site-specific references have been added to indicate this.

Applicants considering projects and plans scheduled in the periods highlighted in grey would benefit from early consultation with Natural England given the greater scope for there to be likely significant effects that require consideration of mitigation to minimise impacts to qualifying features during the principal periods of site usage by those features. The months which are not highlighted in grey are not ones in which the features are necessarily absent, rather that features may be present in less significant numbers in typical years. Furthermore, in any given year, features may occur in significant numbers in months in which typically they do not. Thus, applicants should not conclude that projects or plans scheduled in months not highlighted in grey cannot have a significant effect on the features. There may be a lower likelihood of significant effects in those months which nonetheless will also require prior consideration.

Any assessment of potential impacts on the features must be based on up-to-date count data and take account of population trends evident from these data and any other available information.

Feature Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Lesser horseshoe bat, Hibernation Rhinolophus hipposideros Greater horseshoe bat, Hibernation Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Bechstein's bat, Hibernation Myotis bechsteini

Page 7 of 19 Table 1: Supplementary Advice for Qualifying Features: S1303. Rhinolophus hipposideros; Lesser horseshoe bat S1304. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Greater horseshoe bat S1323. Myotis bechsteinii; Bechstein’s bat

Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

Population Population Maintain the abundance of the This will ensure there is a viable population of the feature which NATURAL ENGLAND, March (of the abundance - populations above their baseline is being maintained at or increased to a level that contributes 2009. Box Mine SSSI Favourable features) hibernation population-size, whilst avoiding as appropriate to its Favourable Conservation Status across its Condition Tables. Available from site deterioration from current levels. natural range in the UK. Due to the dynamic nature of Natural England on request. population change, the target-value given for the population Baseline population levels are size of this feature is considered to be the minimum standard NATURAL ENGLAND, March not currently available for any of for conservation/restoration measures to achieve. This 2009. Winsley Mines SSSI the qualifying bat species across minimum-value may be revised where there is evidence to Favourable Condition Tables. the whole site (see ‘Supporting show that a population’s size or presence has significantly Available from Natural England and Explanatory Notes’ section). changed as a result of natural factors or management on request. measures and has been stable at or above a new level over a considerable period (generally at least 10 years). The values STEBBINGS, R.E., 1992. The given here may also be updated in future to reflect any Greywell Tunnel: An strategic objectives which may be set at a national level for this Internationally Important Haven feature. for Bats. Peterborough. English Nature. Given the likely fluctuations in numbers over time, any impact- assessments should focus on the current size of the site’s Monitoring data held by Natural population, as derived from the latest known or estimated level England. established using the best available data. This advice accords with the obligation to avoid deterioration of the site or significant disturbance of the species for which the site is designated, and seeks to avoid plans or projects that may affect the site giving rise to the risk of deterioration. Similarly, where there is evidence to show that a feature has historically been more abundant than the stated minimum target and its current level, the ongoing capacity of the site to accommodate the feature at such higher levels in future should also be taken into account in any assessment.

The population size or presence will be that measured using standard methods, such as peak mean counts at component sites where entry to the mines/roost spaces is feasible. At sites where entry to roost spaces is not possible, other recording methods will need to be developed, that are likely to be less Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

accurate. Any population size value is also provided recognising there will be inherent variability as a result of natural fluctuations and margins of error during data collection. Whilst we will endeavour to keep these values as up to date as possible, local Natural England staff can advise whether the figures stated are the best available.

Monitoring visits can only provide an indication of abundance. The overall number of bats using the SAC will be higher. Only selected areas of the extensive mine systems are surveyed. For example, at Box Mine prior to 1997 the whole system was surveyed for bats; from 1997 onwards only 10-15% of the mine system was surveyed along specific transects which were selected as representative because they incorporated the highest densities of bats. At Winsley Mines the whole system is surveyed, but the survey coverage has expanded over time as new parts of the mine were rediscovered. Numbers of bats seen on a particular visit will depend on many factors including weather conditions at the time. In-hand identification is required to confirm Bechstein’s from other Myotis/crevice- dwelling species, further limiting the coverage of cave surveys. In addition, for underground stone mines it is estimated as few as 5-8% of crevice-using bats might be seen, while the remainder are hidden (Stebbings, 1992).

Baseline population levels are not currently available for any of the qualifying bat species due to the extensive nature of the SAC and the considerable logistical difficulties of surveying the sites. Baselines will be developed once suitable survey data becomes available. Robust surveys are available for some of the component sites and these are summarised below.

Lesser horseshoe bat Box Mine SSSI: • 1983-1985: Mean peak count = 3, Highest count = 10 (Dec 1983) • 1997-2014: Mean peak count = 197, Highest count = 452 (Jan 2014)

Winsley Mine SSSI:

Page 9 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

• 1977-1988: Mean peak count = 1-2, Highest count = 6 (Dec 1984)

Greater horseshoe bat Box mine SSSI: • 1983-1985: Mean peak count = 79, Highest count = 125 (Dec 1984) • 1997-2014: Mean peak count = 145, Highest count = 281 (winter 2006/2007)

Winsley Mines SSSI: • 1977-1988: Mean peak count = 38 (1977-1988), Highest count = 56 (April 1985)

Bechstein’s bat Numbers of hibernating Bechstein’s recorded are low. The species has not been recorded at every component site (records are from Box Mine and Brown’s Folly), nor during every survey, but this does not necessarily mean it was not present. Bechstein’s have regularly been recorded during autumn swarming surveys at Box Mine and Brown’s Folly further suggesting the importance of these sites for hibernation irrespective of the low numbers physically recorded. Supporting Extent of Maintain the total extent of the In order to contribute towards the objective of achieving an NATURAL ENGLAND, March habitat: supporting habitats which support the overall favourable conservation status of the feature at a UK 2009. Box Mine SSSI Favourable extent and habitat features. level, it is important to maintain or if appropriate restore the Condition Tables. Available from distribution extent of supporting habitats and their range within this SAC. Natural England on request. The information available on the extent and distribution of supporting habitat used by the feature may be approximate NATURAL ENGLAND, March depending on the nature, age and accuracy of data collection, 2009. Brown’s Folly SSSI and may be subject to periodic review in light of improvements Favourable Condition Tables. in data. Available from Natural England on request. The total area of the SAC is 106.45 ha comprising above- ground land containing the mine entrances at each site and NATURAL ENGLAND, March most (but not all) of the underground extent. The habitats which 2009. Combe Down and support the feature are proportioned approximately as follows: Bathampton Down Mines SSSI Favourable Condition Tables. • Broadleaved deciduous woodland: 44 ha Available from Natural England • Mines: 59 ha on request.

Page 10 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

• Semi-natural grassland and scrub mosaic: 4 ha NATURAL ENGLAND, March 2009. Winsley Mines SSSI Favourable Condition Tables. Available from Natural England on request. Supporting Distribution of Maintain the distribution and A contraction in the range, or geographic spread, of the feature habitat: supporting continuity of the features and (and its component vegetation) across the site will reduce its extent and habitat their supporting habitats, overall area, the local diversity and variations in its structure distribution including where applicable the and composition, and may undermine its resilience to adapt to component vegetation types and future environmental changes. Contraction may also reduce associated transitional vegetation and break up the continuity of a habitat within a site and how types, across the site well the species feature is able to occupy and use habitat within the site. Such fragmentation may have a greater amount of open edge habitat which will differ in the amount of light, temperature, wind, and even noise that it receives compared to its interior. These conditions may not be suitable for this feature and this may affect its viability. Supporting External Maintain the structural integrity of Changes in air flow conditions at the entrances are likely to CHALKHILL ENVIRONMENTAL habitat: condition of the entrances, with no recent have a negative effect on the temperature and humidity of the CONSULTANTS, 2001. Box Mine structure/ underground collapses/falls or signs of roost within the underground part of the site, and increases in SSSI: baseline assessment of function site - geological instability. light levels at the entrances may affect bat usage, and/or cause underground bat roost SSSI hibernation disturbance to bats roosting within. entrances. Report for English Maintain the external condition of Nature. Available from Natural the site, with vegetation (where There should be no recent collapses/falls or new signs of England on request. present) close to entrances, but geological instability at roost entrances, as collapses could not obstructing them. No artificial obstruct bat access, and alter air flows into the mines CHALKHILL ENVIRONMENTAL lights shining on entrances. CONSULTANTS, 2001. Winsley Vegetation is required close to the entrances to enable bats to Mines SSSI: baseline feel secure enough to leave at dusk rather than delaying until assessment of underground bat fully dark. Any lights shining on the entrances are likely to deter roost SSSI entrances. Report for the bats from leaving. English Nature. Available from Natural England on request. Vegetation (grassland/scrub/woodland) directly surrounding the entrances is important for the maintenance of optimal humidity NATURAL ENGLAND, March conditions inside the mine systems and also as foraging areas. 2009. Box Mine SSSI Favourable The structure of surrounding woodland should be maintained. Condition Tables. Available from Natural England on request.

NATURAL ENGLAND, March 2009. Brown’s Folly SSSI Page 11 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

Favourable Condition Tables. Available from Natural England on request.

NATURAL ENGLAND, March 2009. Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines SSSI Favourable Condition Tables. Available from Natural England on request.

NATURAL ENGLAND, March 2009. Winsley Mines SSSI Favourable Condition Tables. Available from Natural England on request.

This attribute will be periodically monitored as part of Natural England’s site condition assessments. Supporting Internal Maintain appropriate light levels, Lesser horseshoe bat NATURAL ENGLAND, March habitat: condition of humidity, temperature and The preferred temperature of lesser horseshoe hibernation 2009. Box Mine SSSI Favourable structure/ underground ventilation. sites is a stable 6-7⁰C, with humidity approaching 100% Condition Tables. Available from function site - (Schofield, 2008). Natural England on request. hibernation Maintain the structural integrity of the roost space. Greater horseshoe bat, Bechstein’s bat NATURAL ENGLAND, March There is currently insufficient information available in the 2009. Brown’s Folly SSSI academic press to provide specific targets on humidity, Favourable Condition Tables. temperature, light levels and ventilation preferred by the Available from Natural England species during the hibernation period. Maintain stable cool and on request. dark conditions. NATURAL ENGLAND, March 2009. Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines SSSI Favourable Condition Tables. Available from Natural England on request.

NATURAL ENGLAND, March 2009. Winsley Mines SSSI Page 12 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

Favourable Condition Tables. Available from Natural England on request.

SCHOFIELD, H. 2008. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat Conservation Handbook. Vincent Wildlife Trust. Supporting Roost access Maintain the number of access This will prevent any negative internal climatic changes within Access point locations are held habitat: points to the roosts, at an optimal the roost and maintain the ability of bats to freely enter and by Natural England. This structure/ size and in an unlit and leave the roost as necessary. Normal minima dimensions: information is sensitive and function unobstructed state, with • lesser horseshoe bats: 300 x 200mm requirements for it must be surrounding vegetation providing • greater horseshoe bats: 400 x 300mm discussed with NE. Surveys are sheltered flyways without carried out by licenced persons. obstructing accesses CHALKHILL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS, 2001. Box Mine SSSI: baseline assessment of underground bat roost SSSI entrances. Report for English Nature. Available from Natural England on request.

CHALKHILL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS, 2001. Winsley Mines SSSI: baseline assessment of underground bat roost SSSI entrances. Report for English Nature. Available from Natural England on request.

This attribute will be periodically monitored as part of Natural England’s site condition assessments. Supporting Supporting Maintain the presence, structure Flightlines will extend beyond the designated site boundary into DIETZ, C., VON HELVERSEN, habitat: off-site and quality of any linear the wider local landscape, and are also important for the O. & NILL, D. 2009. Handbook structure/ habitat landscape features which commute between summer and winter roost sites. of the Bats of Europe and function (flightlines) function as flightlines. Flightlines northwest Africa. A & C Black. should remain unlit, functioning Lesser horseshoe bat as dark corridors. Lesser horseshoes tend to forage within 2.5km of their roost, PARK K.J., JONES G. & Page 13 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

though they can travel up to 4km from their roosts to suitable RANSOME R.D. 2000. Torpor, foraging grounds (Schofield, 2008). arousal and activity of hibernating Greater Horseshoe Bats Lesser horseshoes commute and forage along linear features (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). over wet grassland and woodland. Permanent pasture and Functional Ecology 14: 580-588. ancient woodland linked with an abundance of tall bushy hedgerows is ideal supporting habitat for this species. SCHOFIELD, H. 2008. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat Greater horseshoe bat Conservation Handbook. Vincent Non-breeding greater horseshoe adults can forage up to 4km Wildlife Trust. from roost sites. For juveniles, the distance tends to be roughly half this i.e. 2km. NATURAL ENGLAND (2014). Unpublished bat survey, During the winter greater horseshoe bats emerge every couple assessment and management of weeks for food and water, therefore habitat within the plan: land to the east of, and immediate vicinity of hibernation sites is important (Park, Jones including, Box Quarry Wood, & Ransome 2000). Wadswick. Available from Natural England on request Greater horseshoes commute and forage along linear features, over grazed pasture and in woodland. Permanent pasture and ancient woodland linked with an abundance of tall bushy hedgerows is ideal supporting habitat for this species.

Bechstein’s bat Bechstein's bats don't tend to range far from their roosts, generally up to a maximum distance of 1-2.5km, usually closer to 1km (Dietz et al. 2009). Generally forages within deciduous woodlands which contain water bodies, occasionally feeding along woodland edge, treelines and hedgerows. Bechstein's bat generally commutes along linear landscape features such as woodland edge and hedgerows, however, they will cross open fields to reach roost sites and foraging areas. Supporting Supporting Maintain any core areas of Roost choice, and the presence of bats within the SAC, is likely DIETZ, C., VON HELVERSEN, habitat: off-site feeding habitat outside of the to be influenced by the site’s ability to provide bats with food O. & NILL, D. 2009. Handbook structure/ habitat SAC boundary that are critical to and shelter. Key feeding areas around a roost, and the of the Bats of Europe and function (foraging the bat features during their commuting routes (or flightlines) between them, will be an northwest Africa. A & C Black. areas) hibernation period important element of sustaining the SAC population. PARK K.J., JONES G. & Feeding areas used by SAC bats may be outside of the SAC RANSOME R.D. 2000. Torpor, boundary but be critical to successful hibernation (these arousal and activity of hibernating undesignated areas are sometimes referred to as ‘sustenance Greater Horseshoe Bats Page 14 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

zones’ or ‘functionally-linked land’). (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Functional Ecology 14: 580-588. Lesser horseshoe bat Within the winter a mean foraging radius of 1.2 km around SCHOFIELD, H. 2008. The hibernation sites is reported. Lesser horseshoes commute and Lesser Horseshoe Bat forage along linear features over wet grassland and woodland. Conservation Handbook. Vincent Permanent pasture and ancient woodland linked with an Wildlife Trust. abundance of tall bushy hedgerows is ideal supporting habitat for this species.

During the winter, lesser horseshoes emerge from hibernacula about once every two weeks for water / food, therefore condition of habitat in the immediate vicinity of hibernacula is very important. Winter prey (e.g. crane-flies, winter gnats, midges, dung flies) is often associated with damp woodland with decaying wood, and grazed pasture with abundant dung.

Greater horseshoe bat Non-breeding greater horseshoe adults can forage up to 4km from roost sites. For juveniles, the distance tends to be roughly half this i.e. 2km.

During the winter greater horseshoe bats emerge every couple of weeks for food and water, therefore habitat within the immediate vicinity of hibernation sites is important (Park, Jones & Ransome 2000).

Greater horseshoes commute and forage along linear features, over grazed pasture and in woodland. Permanent pasture and ancient woodland linked with an abundance of tall bushy hedgerows is ideal supporting habitat for this species.

Bechstein’s bat Bechstein's bats don't tend to range far from their roosts, generally up to a maximum distance of 1-2.5km, usually closer to 1km (Dietz et al. 2009). Generally forages within deciduous woodlands which contain water bodies, occasionally feeding along woodland edge, treelines and hedgerows. Supporting Adaptation Maintain the feature's ability, and This recognises the increasing likelihood of supporting habitat NATURAL ENGLAND. 2015. processes and resilience that of its supporting habitat, to features to absorb or adapt to wider environmental changes. Climate Change Theme Plan and (on which the adapt or evolve to wider Resilience may be described as the ability of an ecological supporting National Biodiversity Page 15 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) feature and/or environmental change, either system to cope with, and adapt to environmental stress and Climate Change Vulnerability its supporting within or external to the site change whilst retaining the same basic structure and ways of assessments (‘NBCCVAs’) for habitat relies) functioning. Such environmental changes may include SACs and SPAs in England. changes in sea levels, precipitation and temperature for Available at: example, which are likely to affect the extent, distribution, http://publications.naturalengland. composition and functioning of a feature within a site. The org.uk/publication/495459459137 vulnerability and response of features to such changes will 5360 vary. Using best available information, any necessary or likely adaptation or adjustment by the feature and its management in SHERWIN, H.A., response to actual or expected climatic change should be MONTGOMERY, W.I. & LUNDY, allowed for, as far as practicable, in order to ensure the M.G. 2013. The Impact and feature's long-term viability. Implications of Climate Change for Bats. Mammal Review 43: The overall vulnerability of this SAC to climate change has 171-182. been assessed by Natural England (2015) as being low, taking into account the sensitivity, fragmentation, topography and VOIGT, C.C., SCHNEEBERGER, management of its supporting habitats. This means that this K., VOIGT-HEUCKE, S. & site is considered to be vulnerable overall but is a lower priority LEWANZIK, D. 2011. Rain for further assessment and action. Individual species may be Increases the Energy Cost of Bat more or less vulnerable than their supporting habitat itself. In Flight. Biology Letters 7: 793- many cases, change will be inevitable so appropriate 795. monitoring would be advisable.

Increasing winter temperatures may result in less time in torpor/hibernation e.g. more frequent awakening or earlier spring emergence, requiring more frequent winter feeding and food to be available earlier in the year.

Climate change resilience will be aided by the protection and maintenance of quality feeding habitat close to the roosts.

Increase in the number and spread of tree diseases may lead to a widespread death of trees and/or decline in quality of woodland habitats e.g. ash dieback, acute oak decline, requiring potential replacement of trees both within the SAC and across the SAC landscape. Supporting Air quality Restore concentrations and The supporting habitat of this feature is considered sensitive to More information about site- processes deposition of air pollutants to at changes in air quality. Exceedance of these critical values for relevant Critical Loads and Levels (on which the or below the site-relevant Critical air pollutants may modify the chemical status of its substrate, for this SAC is available by using feature and/or Load or Level values given for accelerating or damaging plant growth, altering its vegetation the ‘search by site’ tool on the Air its supporting this feature of the site on the Air structure and composition (including food-plants) and reducing Pollution Information System Page 16 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available) habitat relies) Pollution Information System supporting habitat quality and population viability of this feature. (www.apis.ac.uk). (www.apis.ac.uk). Critical Loads and Levels are recognised thresholds below which such harmful effects on sensitive UK habitats will not occur to a significant level, according to current levels of scientific understanding. There are critical levels for ammonia (NH3), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and critical loads for nutrient nitrogen deposition and acid deposition. There are currently no critical loads or levels for other pollutants such as Halogens, Heavy Metals, POPs, VOCs or Dusts. These should be considered as appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Ground level ozone is regionally important as a toxic air pollutant but flux-based critical levels for the protection of semi-natural habitats are still under development.

The current levels of nitrogen deposition on the SAC (min. 28.1 kg/ha/yr; max. 35.3 kg/ha/yr; average 29.3 kg/ha/yr, APIS accessed 15 January 2019) exceeds the Critical Load range of 10-20 kg/ha/yr for the supporting habitat (broadleaved deciduous woodland), indicating that restoration is necessary.

It is recognised that achieving this target may be subject to the development, availability and effectiveness of abatement technology and measures to tackle diffuse air pollution, within realistic timescales. Supporting Conservation Maintain the management Active and ongoing conservation management is needed to NATURAL ENGLAND, 2015. processes measures measures (either within and/or protect, maintain or restore this feature at this site. Further Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats (on which the outside the site boundary as details about the necessary conservation measures for this site SAC Site Improvement Plan feature and/or appropriate) which are necessary can be provided by contacting Natural England. This (SIP). Available at: its supporting to maintain the structure, information will typically be found within, where applicable, http://publications.naturalengland. habitat relies) functions and supporting supporting documents such as Natura 2000 Site Improvement org.uk/publication/456411977246 processes associated with the Plan, site management strategies or plans, the Views about 3104 feature and its supporting Management Statement for the underpinning SSSI and/or habitats. management agreements. ENGLISH NATURE, 2004. A statement of English Nature’s Management for this site includes installing/maintaining grilles views about the management of at hibernation roost entrances, preventing disturbance, Box Mine Site of Special maintaining appropriate internal conditions including Scientific Interest (SSSI). temperature, humidity and airflow, maintaining appropriate Available at: vegetation cover around entrances, and ensuring supporting https://designatedsites.naturaleng woodland and nearby foraging areas are optimised. land.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/VAM/1 Page 17 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

005600.pdf

ENGLISH NATURE, 2005. A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Brown’s Folly Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Available at: https://designatedsites.naturaleng land.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/VAM/1 002510.pdf

ENGLISH NATURE, 2004. A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Available at: https://designatedsites.naturaleng land.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/VAM/1 005602.pdf

ENGLISH NATURE, 2004. A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Winsley Mines Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Available at: https://designatedsites.naturaleng land.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/VAM/1 005675.pdf Supporting Disturbance Control and minimise human Site should be secured against unauthorised access, which can NATURAL ENGLAND, March processes from human access to roost sites. result in disturbance to bats at critical times of year and which 2009. Box Mine SSSI Favourable (on which the activity can affect their population viability and use of the site. Grilles Condition Tables. Available from feature and/or on site access points should be maintained where present and Natural England on request. its supporting additional grilles should be installed where necessary. habitat relies) NATURAL ENGLAND, March 2009. Brown’s Folly SSSI Favourable Condition Tables. Available from Natural England Page 18 of 19 Attributes Targets Supporting and Explanatory Notes Sources of site-based evidence (where available)

on request.

NATURAL ENGLAND, March 2009. Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines SSSI Favourable Condition Tables. Available from Natural England on request.

NATURAL ENGLAND, March 2009. Winsley Mines SSSI Favourable Condition Tables. Available from Natural England on request.

This attribute will be periodically monitored as part of Natural England’s site condition assessments. Version Control Advice last updated: 20 March 2019: Following stakeholder comments. Small changes to text in various attributes to improve clarity. Variations from national feature-framework of integrity-guidance: 1) Attribute: ‘External condition of building - maternity colony’ – removed as not a maternity colony. 2) Attribute: ‘External condition of building - hibernation site’ – removed as hibernation site is not a building. 3) Attribute: ‘Internal condition of building or underground roost – hibernation’ – the internal condition attributes and targets are relevant but added the word “underground” and deleted the words “building” and “maternity”. Under Supporting and Explanatory Notes, deleted section referring to maternity roosts as not relevant. 4) Attribute: ‘External condition of underground site - maternity and hibernation’ – deleted “maternity” as not relevant. Under Target changed “roost spaces” for “entrances” because these are relevant to the external part of the site whereas roost spaces are relevant to the attribute ‘Internal condition of underground site’. Also added target relating to habitat/vegetation directly surrounding the entrances. 5) Attribute: ‘Population abundance – maternity colony’ – deleted as the SAC is designated for hibernating bats. 6) Attribute: ‘Soils, substrate and nutrient cycling’ – removed as not directly relevant to this bat site. 7) Attribute: ‘Water quantity/quality’ – removed as not directly relevant to this bat site.

Page 19 of 19

APPENDIX 7

Extracted Plan 2 from draft Trowbridge Bat Mitigation Strategy

Plan 2 Inset map of the Bradford-on-Avon Bat SAC Core Roosts showing Core Areas (i.e. buffers) for each species

Issue 3.0 (10 September 2015) 9

APPENDIX 8

Development Framework Plan (CSA Environmental, September 2017)

Part of the ES Group

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