DOCSLIB.ORG

Development Development of Base Transceiver Station Selection

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development Development of Base Transceiver Station Selection Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 34 No. 3, July 2015, pp. 538 – 545 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, ISSN: 0331-8443 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v34i3. 161616 DEVELOPMENT OF BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION SELECTION ALGORITHMALGORITHM FOR COLLOCATION ARRANGEMENT T. M. Ajibola 111, N. T. SurajudeenSurajudeen----BakindeBakinde 2,* and S. A. Y. Amuda 333 1, 2, 3 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN , KWARA STATE , NIGERIA EEE-E---mailmail addresses: 1 [email protected], 222 [email protected], 333 [email protected] ABSTRACT Placement of base transceiver station (BTS(BTSssss)) by different operators on a particular site as cocollocationllocation site, so as to save cost and reduce the number of people who are at risk of radiation in BTSBTSssss located places as compared to each operator having different BTSBTSssss is the new trend in Nigeria telecommunication indusindustriestries development. Collocation of base stations is much safer when compared to scattered base station telecommunication operators because of the radiations. Although the International Commission on NonNon----IonizingIonizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) viewed that the presently existing scientific verification that prolonged contact with low frequency magnetic fields is more often than not connected witwithh an increased danger of childhoodchildhood leukaemia is too frail to form the basis for exposure guidelines. This work includes the study, analysis and proposal of a collocation scheme based on collected data of the number of BTS already sited in University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria as a case study. A drive test conducted with Transmission Environmental Monitoring System (TEMS) equipment was carried out on the existing BTSs, and a linear algorithm optimization program based on the spectral link efficiency of each BTS was developed, the output of this site optimization gives the selected number of base station sites to be used for the collocation arrangement, and the BTSs site with the best spectral link efficiency are selected in accordance with the output of the site optimization for the collocation. Keywords: absolute radio frequency channel number; base transceiver station; collocation; radiation; spectral link efficiency. 1. INTRODUCTION positioning of the BTS as well as the strategic The deployment of many base transceiver stations inclination of the communication antennas can (BTSs) by different telecommunication operators, influence the quality of service rendered to the scattered all over the vicinity of residence, work and custumers. Due to this reason some base stations are schools, has become a great concern for economic located on a hilly terrain free from blockage of any reasons and exposure to radiation by the general structures in order to enhance quality connectivity public within the BTS environment. and coverage [1]. Each BTS has between 1-16 A BTS is a permanent location in a mobile cellular transceivers depending on the density of users in the network used for radio communications with mobile cell [2]. units. The major work of a BTS is to allow a good The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) process of information transmission and reception defines collocation as the mounting or installation of between mobile stations [1]. The base station consists antennas from different GSM operators on an existing of radio channels each having its absolute radio tower, building or structure for the purpose of frequency channel number (ARFCN), transmitter and transmitting and/or receiving radio frequency signals receiver antennas. These antennas which are mostly for communications purposes [2]. directional antennas for mobile telecommunications In 2001 when Global System for Mobile are positioned strategically on a tower in order to Communications (GSM) was introduced in Nigeria, render services to certain geographical area. The Nigerians embraced it with a lot of passion to enjoy all location of a BTS is of crucial importance; the the benefits of the new mobile communications * C* CorrespondingC orresponding author, Tel: +234+234----813813813813----728728728728----8435843584358435 DDDEVELOPMENT OF A BBBASE TTTRANSCEIVER SSSTATION SSSELECTION AAALGORITHM FFFORFOR CCCOLLOCATION AAARRANGEMENRRANGEMENTTTT T. M. AjibolaAjibola,, et al technology. The pioneer then was Econet Wireless infrastructure-sharing arrangements, as well as (now Airtel) and MTN before Globacom was licensed promoting fair competition through the grant of equal in 2003. Etisalat joined the race of telecoms service access to operators' installations and facilities on providers in 2008. Full scale service delivery was mutually agreed terms. Rule 4 of the guidelines enjoyed as calls went through without the slightest specifies the infrastructure to be shared, as congestion. As the number of subscribers increase, it encouraged by the NCC as itemized thus: was expected that telecoms operators will increase • Rights of way infrastructure rollout at a commensurate level to that • Masts, poles, antennae and tower structures of subscriber’s growth. But little attention was paid to • Ducts, trenches and spaces in buildings infrastructure improvement until a time when • Electricity (from public or private sources) network congestion sets in, leading to subscribers [6]. experiencing poor services delivery [3]. Nigerian Where the sharing of infrastructure such as rights of government policy had consistently put pressure on way and electricity is conditional on securing approval the GSM operators to improve their QoS with from a granting authority, such approval should be projection that there will be need for about 60, 000 obtained before the sharing arrangement can be BTSs by 2018 [2] and one of the ways to achieve this finalised [6]. target is to allow collocation scheme among telecommunication operators. 2.2.2. RELATED WORKS The health and cost implications of the increasing The principal mandate of NCC as stated in its guideline number of these BTSs influence both the government for collocation is to launch a structure within which and the Association of Licensed Telecoms Operators of operators can discuss collocation arrangements, and Nigeria (ALTON) to encourage collocation by check that the occurrence of avoidable duplication of proposing the appropriate regulations and legislations infrastructure is minimized or totally avoided and to for the collocation scheme [4]. This collocation scheme keep the environment by reducing the spread of is not only to reduce telecoms infrastructures but also infrastructure and facilities installation, [7]. to manage the system’s energy and to ensure increase The collocation arrangement definitely cause physical in broadband penetration and wider coverage area significant changes to existing wireless mast or base without cross-signal or noise interference. station. The significant change can be in the form of Human health threat becomes the consequent issue of placement of a proposed antenna that would involve the increasing BTS sites as non – ionizing radiations adding an extension to the body of the mast to protect from base station sites have been reported to cause the antenna from severe weather or to connect the considerable health hazards, such as brain tumor, eye antenna to the mast through cable. Currently the most cancer to mention but a few [5] even though these commonly shared infrastructure among operators is health effects have not been medically proven. The passive infrastructure, as it is easier to contract its set- main fear is focused on long-term exposure to these up and maintenance, [8]. radiations. This concern especially originated from the Ever since the introduction of telecommunication, the use of some mobile phones and human closeness to equipment and the deployment of the infrastructure base stations for a long time, as some studies have of whatever type has been resource demanding from a shown that the radiations from these two sources business point of view, operators in the recent past were associated with some health problems like birth have embraced collocation of base station masts. The defects, brain tumors, lymphomas, and memory cost of sharing facilities in a collocation arrangement problems, [5] is practically low, compared to the cost of constructing The first developmental step was taken by the one’s own infrastructure, for this reason there is faster Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) by returns on investment and an opportunity to focus issuing the Guidelines on Collocation and more on the core business of the companies by Infrastructure Sharing with presumption that it will providing telecoms services [8]. reduce or eliminate avoidable costs in the The challenges facing the optimal selection of base telecommunications industry, including capital station transceiver site for collocation are the non – expenditure on supporting infrastructure [6]. The uniformity in the quality of service in a geographical guidelines established a framework within which location, coverage area and the interference of operators can negotiate collocation and neighboring base station sites. The challenge of Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3, July 2015 539 DDDEVELOPMENT OF A BBBASE TTTRANSCEIVER SSSTATION SSSELECTION AAALGORITHM FFFORFOR CCCOLLOCATION AAARRANGEMENRRANGEMENTTTT T. M. AjibolaAjibola,, et al optimum selection of BTSs was considered using the collection method employed in achieving the goal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Running a Basic Osmocom GSM Network
    Running a basic Osmocom GSM network Harald Welte <[email protected]> What this talk is about Implementing GSM/GPRS network elements as FOSS Applied Protocol Archaeology Doing all of that on top of Linux (in userspace) Running your own Internet-style network use off-the-shelf hardware (x86, Ethernet card) use any random Linux distribution configure Linux kernel TCP/IP network stack enjoy fancy features like netfilter/iproute2/tc use apache/lighttpd/nginx on the server use Firefox/chromium/konqueor/lynx on the client do whatever modification/optimization on any part of the stack Running your own GSM network Until 2009 the situation looked like this: go to Ericsson/Huawei/ZTE/Nokia/Alcatel/… spend lots of time convincing them that you’re an eligible customer spend a six-digit figure for even the most basic full network end up with black boxes you can neither study nor improve WTF? I’ve grown up with FOSS and the Internet. I know a better world. Why no cellular FOSS? both cellular (2G/3G/4G) and TCP/IP/HTTP protocol specs are publicly available for decades. Can you believe it? Internet protocol stacks have lots of FOSS implementations cellular protocol stacks have no FOSS implementations for the first almost 20 years of their existence? it’s the classic conflict classic circuit-switched telco vs. the BBS community ITU-T/OSI/ISO vs. Arpanet and TCP/IP Enter Osmocom In 2008, some people (most present in this room) started to write FOSS for GSM to boldly go where no FOSS hacker has gone before where protocol stacks are deep and acronyms are
    [Show full text]
  • Patent No.: US 8358640 B1
    US008358640B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,358,640 B1 Breau et a]. (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 22, 2013 (54) FEMTOCELL BRIDGING IN MEDIA LOCAL OTHER PUBLICATIONS AREA NETWORKS Notice ofAllowance datedApr. 11, 2011,U.S.Appl.No. 12/689,081, ?led Jan. 18,2012. (75) Inventors: Jeremey R. Breau, Leawood, KS (US); Breau, Jeremy R., et al., Patent Application entitled “System and Jason R. Delker, Olathe, KS (U S) Method for Bridging Media Local Area Networks,” ?led Jan. 18, 2010, US. Appl. No. 12/689,081. Assignee: Sprint Communications Company “Address Resolution Protocol,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/ (73) w/indeX.php?titleIAddressiResolutioniProtocol&printable:yes, L.P., Overland Park, KS (U S) (last visited Aug. 25, 2009). Bahlmann, Bruce, “DLNA Basics, Bridging Services within a Con ( * ) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this nected Home,” Communications Technology, http://www.cable360. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 net/print/ct/deployment/techtrends/23787.html, Jun. 1, 2007. U.S.C. 154(b) by 248 days. Bahlmann, Bruce, “Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) Essen tials,” Birds-Eye.Net, http://www.birds-eye.net/articleiarchive/ digitalilivinginetworkiallianceidlnaiessentials.htm, Apr. 1, (21) Appl. No.: 12/791,859 2007. “Network address translation,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/ (22) Filed: Jun. 1, 2010 w/indeX.php?title:Networkiaddressitranslation&printable:yes, Aug. 20, 2009. (51) Int. Cl. Pre-Interview Communication dated Jul. 31, 2012, US. Appl. No. H04L 12/56 (2006.01) 12/698,495, ?led Feb. 2, 2010. H04] [/16 (2006.01) Delker, Jason R., et al., Patent Application entitled “Centralized Program Guide,” ?led Feb.
    [Show full text]
  • 700 Mhz Base Station Test Results for the FCC
    MOBILE --------.. BEFREE 0---.- 700 MHz Base Station Test Results for the FCC Flow Mobile 700 MHz Base Station Test Results 1.0 Document Goal This document provides the test results of a Base Station which provides mobile broadband connectivity using 700 MHz spectrum using the WiFi protocol. Flow Mobile had obtained a STA from the FCC to be able to test a Base Station in the 760-776 MHZ. The purpose of this test was to prove that WiFi protocol can be used at this spectrum and a mobile Base Station can be used to help deploy a large wide-area network. 2.0 Introduction A Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is a major component of any wireless access network to provide wireless service to users. A client terminal connects to a BTS to provide service to the user. Our demonstration is of a BTS operating in 760-776 MHz using WiFi protocol and the client used to test this BTS is based on an off-the-shelf module developed by Ubiquiti Networks. The client can be a handheld device, a computer card that is either connected using the PCMCIA slot or USB connector. The connection between the client and the BTS uses a particular protocol. The protocol could be any of CDMA, GSM, 3G standards or Wi-Fi standards or the future LTE standards. Hence a BTS has two components for the radio connection to be established between the BTS and the Client Terminal. The two components are frequency component which is purely a radio function and a protocol component which is a required for communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Technology.Pdf
    Cellular Technologies Mobile Device Investigations Program Technical Operations Division - DFB DHS - FLETC Basic Network Design Frequency Reuse and Planning 1. Cellular Technology enables mobile communication because they use of a complex two-way radio system between the mobile unit and the wireless network. 2. It uses radio frequencies (radio channels) over and over again throughout a market with minimal interference, to serve a large number of simultaneous conversations. 3. This concept is the central tenet to cellular design and is called frequency reuse. Basic Network Design Frequency Reuse and Planning 1. Repeatedly reusing radio frequencies over a geographical area. 2. Most frequency reuse plans are produced in groups of seven cells. Basic Network Design Note: Common frequencies are never contiguous 7 7 The U.S. Border Patrol uses a similar scheme with Mobile Radio Frequencies along the Southern border. By alternating frequencies between sectors, all USBP offices can communicate on just two frequencies Basic Network Design Frequency Reuse and Planning 1. There are numerous seven cell frequency reuse groups in each cellular carriers Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Rural Service Areas (RSA). 2. Higher traffic cells will receive more radio channels according to customer usage or subscriber density. Basic Network Design Frequency Reuse and Planning A frequency reuse plan is defined as how radio frequency (RF) engineers subdivide and assign the FCC allocated radio spectrum throughout the carriers market. Basic Network Design How Frequency Reuse Systems Work In concept frequency reuse maximizes coverage area and simultaneous conversation handling Cellular communication is made possible by the transmission of RF. This is achieved by the use of a powerful antenna broadcasting the signals.
    [Show full text]
  • Components for 5G Base Stations and Antennas
    Quick guide COMPONENTS FOR 5G BASE STATIONS AND ANTENNAS www.essentracomponents.com MAKING IT EASIER QUICK GUIDE 5G TECHNOLOGY MANUFACTURERS FACE A CHALLENGE. With the demand for 5G coverage accelerating, it’s a race to build and deploy base-station components and antenna mast systems. Upgrading 4G base stations by software to non-standalone (NSA) 5G will still require hardware changes. It will act as an interim, but it will still not satisfy the need for true 5G network architecture. The number of base stations needed increases with each generation of mobile technology to support higher levels of data traffic. Antenna systems will also need to evolve to handle increases in capacity, frequency ranges and the ability to minimise interference as signal density expands. Your 5G base-station design and 5G antenna components will need to address not only technical challenges, but also aesthetics, weather and security requirements. This guide is designed to help you chose the components you’ll need. To further help you, we’ve made free CADs of our solutions available for download. You can also request free samples for most of our products, so you can try before you buy. ESSENTRACOMPONENTS.COM 2 QUICK GUIDE BASE STATIONS A 5G network base-station connects other wireless devices to a central hub. A look at 5G base-station architecture includes various equipment, such as a 5G base station power amplifier, which converts signals from RF antennas to BUU cabinets (baseband unit in wireless stations). Whatever you’re designing, you’ll need to consider cost, ease of installation and assembly and, of course, flammability.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis on Fixed and Mobile Wimax
    THESIS REPORT Analysis on Fixed and Mobile WiMAX By Umar Tariq Umer Naeem Jilani Tauseef Ahmad Siddiqui MS in Electrical Engineering majors in Telecommunications Blekinge Institute of Technology Blekinge Institute of Technology 2007 THESIS REPORT Analysis on Fixed and Mobile WiMAX By Umar Tariq Umer Naeem Jilani Tauseef Ahmed Siddiqui MS in Electrical Engineering majors in Telecommunications Project Advisor: Tommy Hult Deliverable: Report: 1 Volume Blekinge Institute of Technology 2007 I Submission Performa Name University Number Email Umar Tariq 830321-P372 [email protected] Umer Naeem Jilani 830318-P138 [email protected] Tauseef Ahmad Siddiqui 810802-P356 [email protected] Title of Project: Analysis of Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Supervisor: Tommy Hult This report is submitted as required for the Project in accordance with the rules laid down by the Blekinge Institute of Technology as part of the requirements for the award of the degree of Masters of Engineering. I declare that the work presented in this report is my own except where due reference or acknowledgement is given to the work of others. Signature of students Date (1)…………………………….. ……………………. (2)……………………………. ……………………. (3)…………………………….. ……………………. Signature of Supervisor Date …………………………. ………………………. Analysis of Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX II Acknowledgements We first would like to thank our honorable Supervisor Tommy Hult for his devotion of time to our project and to provide the facility. Secondly we appreciate the valuable comments and suggestions from Miss Kim Ngan and who helped us in our project as well as sharing their expertise and their knowledge of the subject which allowed us to complete our project effectively and efficiently in time.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Encoding and Transmission
    Data Communications & Networks Session 6 – Main Theme Wireless and Mobile Networks Dr. Jean-Claude Franchitti New York University Computer Science Department Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences Adapted from course textbook resources Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 6/E Copyright 1996-2013 J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved 1 Agenda 1 Session Overview 2 Wireless and Mobile Networks 3 Summary and Conclusion 2 What is the class about? .Course description and syllabus: »http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jcf/csci-ga.2262-001/ »http://cs.nyu.edu/courses/Fall13/CSCI-GA.2262- 001/index.html .Textbooks: » Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (6th Edition) James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross Addison Wesley ISBN-10: 0132856204, ISBN-13: 978-0132856201, 6th Edition (02/24/12) 3 Course Overview . Computer Networks and the Internet . Application Layer . Fundamental Data Structures: queues, ring buffers, finite state machines . Data Encoding and Transmission . Local Area Networks and Data Link Control . Wireless Communications . Packet Switching . OSI and Internet Protocol Architecture . Congestion Control and Flow Control Methods . Internet Protocols (IP, ARP, UDP, TCP) . Network (packet) Routing Algorithms (OSPF, Distance Vector) . IP Multicast . Sockets 4 Course Approach . Introduction to Basic Networking Concepts (Network Stack) . Origins of Naming, Addressing, and Routing (TCP, IP, DNS) . Physical Communication Layer . MAC Layer (Ethernet, Bridging) . Routing Protocols (Link State, Distance Vector) . Internet Routing (BGP, OSPF, Programmable Routers) . TCP Basics (Reliable/Unreliable) . Congestion Control . QoS, Fair Queuing, and Queuing Theory . Network Services – Multicast and Unicast . Extensions to Internet Architecture (NATs, IPv6, Proxies) . Network Hardware and Software (How to Build Networks, Routers) . Overlay Networks and Services (How to Implement Network Services) .
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Open-Source GSM Networks
    Integration of Open-Source GSM Networks Thomas A. Cooper Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Jeffrey H. Reed, Co-Chair T. Charles Clancy, Co-Chair Tamal Bose April 27, 2012 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Open-Source Software, Network Architecture, Wireless, Software-Defined Radio, Cellular Network, GSM, Base Transceiver Station, Protocol Layers Copyright 2012, Thomas A. Cooper Integration of Open-Source GSM Networks Thomas A. Cooper ABSTRACT Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks are receiving increasing attention in the open-source community. Open-source software allows for deployment of a mobile cellular network with lower costs, more customization, and scalable control. Two popular projects have emerged that offer varying network architectures and allow users to implement a GSM network in different capacities depending on individual needs. Osmocom provides more network control and scalability but requires commercial Base Transceiver Station (BTS) hardware with limited availability and closed source code. OpenBTS provides minimal GSM network functionality with more easily available and open-source hardware; however, it does not allow multi-cellular network configuration. This thesis offers a significant contribution towards a fully open-source GSM network by integrating the two major open-source communities, Osmocom and OpenBTS. Specifically, the Osmo-USRP program provides an inter-layer interface between the different network architectures of two GSM base station projects. Inter-layer primitive messages are processed in a thread multiplexer that manages logical channels across the interface. Downstream flow control is implemented in order to receive data frames on time for transmitting at the appropriate GSM frame number (FN).
    [Show full text]
  • LIST of TYPE APPROVED EQUIPMENT (As at July 2011)
    LIST OF TYPE APPROVED EQUIPMENT (as at July 2011) S/No. CERTIFICATE HOLDER EQUIPMENT TYPE MODEL MANUFACTURER 1 7Layers AG Siemens Bluetooth BTCoMB Siemens AG, Germany Continental Bluetooth Module BPM(B) CAS UK Ltd Car Comfort System SYNC_EPHNA BMW TCU 1.5 ECE Continental Automotive Bluetooth Module Head Unit W221/C216 MOPF Motorola, USA. Bluetooth Module Sync Ford Sinn GnbH Vehicle Diagnostic Interface ICOM I + ME ACTIA, GmbH Bluetooth Module Sync Module Flextronics International GmbH, Althofen Haman Beckers Bluetooth Module Combox Haman Beckers Automotive 2.0v Systems, Germany Vehicle Diagnostic Interface ICOM I + ME ACTIA GmbH Continental Bluetooth Module SYNC_EPHNA Continental Automotive Systems , USA. 2 ACCAT Nigeria Ltd Digital Microwave Radio Codan 8800 Codan PTY, Australia 3 Alcatel Nigeria Limited Evolium 9100 Base Station Evolium 9100 Alcatel, France Evolium 9130 BSC/MFS Evolium 9130 Alcatel Transcoder Transcoder 9125 Alcatel Evolium Evolium A1353 RA OMC-R Alcatel Base Station UMTS Base Stattion (Node B) Alcatel Base Station UMTS Radio Network Controller Alcatel ADM 1660SM ADM 1660SM Alcatel Multiplexer 1642EM 1642EM Alcatel PDH Microwave 9500MXC, 9400AWY, 9600LSWY 4 Agilent Wireless Limited Axesstel MV400 EVDO Rev. A MV430R Axesstel Inc. Wireless/Wifi Gateway Skyspeed Fixed Wireless Phone FX - 806P Skyspeed EVDO Rev. A WiFi Router SEC 8189 Epivalley Company Limited 1 LIST OF TYPE APPROVED EQUIPMENT EVDO Rev. A WiFi Router SEC 8089 Vertex EvDo Rev. A Hotspot Modem WV340 Vertex Wireless Ltd, Korea. 5 AirTight Networks, Inc. SpectraGuard Sensor SS-300-AT-C-10 Dong Guan G-Com Computer Co., LTD. 6 Alpha Networks Inc. Wireless LAN Adapter WIS09ABGN - G Alpha Networks Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Wireless Base Station Evolution 2G and 3G Colocation Solution for LTE Access by Networking and Multimedia Group Freescale Semiconductor, Inc
    Freescale Semiconductor Document Number: WBSEVOLWP White Paper Rev. 1, 02/2009 Wireless Base Station Evolution 2G and 3G Colocation Solution For LTE Access by Networking and Multimedia Group Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. East Kilbride, Scotland Wireless infrastructure equipment manufacturers must Contents balance minimizing deployment costs against fulfilling 1. Deployed Network Interface Card Architectures . 2 2. Pseudowire and Aggregation . 8 demands for next generation network services. Significant 3. Wireless Wireline Colocation . 9 infrastructure investment in recent years has resulted in 4. Long Term Evolution . 10 amortization playing a key role in future network evolution. 5. Conclusion . 13 Reusing existing infrastructure allows equipment 6. Revision History . 14 manufacturers to offer operators a road map for long term evolution (LTE) that will reduce operating and capital expenditures. Freescale Semiconductor’s solutions enable network planners full flexibility when upgrading the GERAN or UTRAN to offer users additional services. This paper details the existing protocol and interface requirements for transport on 2G- and 3G-wireless base stations. It also presents Freescale’s solution for extending the lifetime of deployed equipment while also solving next generation data rate and feature set requirements, thus creating an extensible, IP-anywhere mobile network capable of offering ubiquitous mobile broadband. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2009. All rights reserved. Deployed Network Interface Card Architectures 1 Deployed Network Interface Card Architectures This section details the protocol and interface requirements on base station transport cards. It begins with GSM network interface cards and concludes with 3GPP Release 7 BTS network interface cards. It focuses on the physical layer 1 to layer 2 connection requirements and the protocol manipulation on the network interface card, up to and including layer 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Sysmocom - S.F.M.C
    OsmoBSC User Manual i sysmocom - s.f.m.c. GmbH OsmoBSC User Manual by Holger Freyther, Harald Welte, and Neels Hofmeyr Copyright © 2012-2018 sysmocomDRAFT - s.f.m.c. GmbH Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being just ’Foreword’, ’Acknowledgements’ and ’Preface’, with no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". The Asciidoc source code of this manual can be found at http://git.osmocom.org/osmo-gsm-manuals/ DRAFT 1.7.0-269-g37288, 2021-Sep-27 OsmoBSC User Manual ii HISTORY NUMBER DATE DESCRIPTION NAME 1 February 2016 Initial OsmoBSC manual, recycling OsmoNITB HW sections 2 October 2018 Add Handover chapter: document new neighbor NH configuration, HO algorithm 2 and inter-BSC handover. Copyright © 2012-2018 sysmocom - s.f.m.c. GmbH DRAFT 1.7.0-269-g37288, 2021-Sep-27 OsmoBSC User Manual iii Contents 1 Foreword 1 1.1 Acknowledgements..................................................1 1.2 Endorsements.....................................................2 2 Preface 2 2.1 FOSS lives by contribution!..............................................2 2.2 Osmocom and sysmocom...............................................2 2.3 Corrections......................................................3 2.4 Legal disclaimers...................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • On Mathematical Modelling of Automated Coverage Optimization in Wireless 5G and Beyond Deployments
    applied sciences Article On Mathematical Modelling of Automated Coverage Optimization in Wireless 5G and beyond Deployments Pavel Seda 1,* , Milos Seda 2 and Jiri Hosek 1 1 Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] 2 Institute of Automation and Computer Science, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Received: 5 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: The need to optimize the deployment and maintenance costs for service delivery in wireless networks is an essential task for each service provider. The goal of this paper was to optimize the number of service centres (gNodeB) to cover selected customer locations based on the given requirements. This optimization need is especially emerging in emerging 5G and beyond cellular systems that are characterized by a large number of simultaneously connected devices, which is typically difficult to handle by the existing wireless systems. Currently, the network infrastructure planning tools used in the industry include Atoll Radio Planning Tool, RadioPlanner and others. These tools do not provide an automatic selection of a deployment position for specific gNodeB nodes in a given area with defined requirements. To design a network with those tools, a great deal of manual tasks that could be reduced by more sophisticated solutions are required. For that reason, our goal here and our main contribution of this paper were the development of new mathematical models that fit the currently emerging scenarios of wireless network deployment and maintenance.
    [Show full text]