DOCSLIB.ORG

Analysis on Fixed and Mobile Wimax

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analysis on Fixed and Mobile Wimax THESIS REPORT Analysis on Fixed and Mobile WiMAX By Umar Tariq Umer Naeem Jilani Tauseef Ahmad Siddiqui MS in Electrical Engineering majors in Telecommunications Blekinge Institute of Technology Blekinge Institute of Technology 2007 THESIS REPORT Analysis on Fixed and Mobile WiMAX By Umar Tariq Umer Naeem Jilani Tauseef Ahmed Siddiqui MS in Electrical Engineering majors in Telecommunications Project Advisor: Tommy Hult Deliverable: Report: 1 Volume Blekinge Institute of Technology 2007 I Submission Performa Name University Number Email Umar Tariq 830321-P372 [email protected] Umer Naeem Jilani 830318-P138 [email protected] Tauseef Ahmad Siddiqui 810802-P356 [email protected] Title of Project: Analysis of Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Supervisor: Tommy Hult This report is submitted as required for the Project in accordance with the rules laid down by the Blekinge Institute of Technology as part of the requirements for the award of the degree of Masters of Engineering. I declare that the work presented in this report is my own except where due reference or acknowledgement is given to the work of others. Signature of students Date (1)…………………………….. ……………………. (2)……………………………. ……………………. (3)…………………………….. ……………………. Signature of Supervisor Date …………………………. ………………………. Analysis of Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX II Acknowledgements We first would like to thank our honorable Supervisor Tommy Hult for his devotion of time to our project and to provide the facility. Secondly we appreciate the valuable comments and suggestions from Miss Kim Ngan and who helped us in our project as well as sharing their expertise and their knowledge of the subject which allowed us to complete our project effectively and efficiently in time. Finally we would like to thank the library of BTH for providing us the relevant material relating WiMAX. At this point I would also like to thank all the faculty members who helped us in many possible ways for our success of project. We would like to thank our families for the support and precious prayers which helped us in continuing our project even in desperate times when we got stuck in the project. Last but not the least I would like to thank Almighty GOD for giving us HIS blessings, dedication and the motivation to fulfill our goals in completing the project. Analysis of Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX III Abstract WiMAX which represents World Interoperability for Microwave Access is a major part of broadband wireless network having IEEE 802.16 standard provides innovative fixed as well as mobile platform for broadband internet access anywhere in anytime. This thesis provides the detail about the two main applications of WiMAX which are fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX. Fixed WiMAX 802.16 delivers point to multipoint broadband wireless access to our homes and offices. Whereas Mobile WiMAX gives full mobility of cellular networks at higher broadband speeds than other broadband networks like Wi-Fi. Both applications of WiMAX are designed in a proper network planning which is helpful to offer better throughput broadband wireless connectivity at a much lower cost. Analysis of Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX IV Table of contents SUBMISSION PERFORMA……………………………………………………………I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………….II ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….III CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO FIXED WIMAX………………………………..1 1.1 PHYSICAL LAYER OF WIMAX............................................................................. 2 1.2 FUNCTIONS OF PHY............................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 OFDM of WiMAX ......................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 TDD and FDD................................................................................................. 4 1.2.3 Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)................................................................... 5 1.3 VARIANTS OF FIXED WIMAX.............................................................................. 5 1.3.1 OFDM Variants 2-11 GHz.............................................................................. 5 1.3.2 Wireless MAN OFDM.................................................................................... 6 1.4 WIRELESS MAN-OFDMA .................................................................................. 8 1.4.1 Wireless High Speed Metro Area Network (Wireless HUMAN) .................. 9 1.4.2 Single Carrier (SC) Variants........................................................................... 9 1.4.3 Wireless Man SC 10-66 GHz ......................................................................... 9 1.4.4 Uplinks (ULs)............................................................................................... 10 1.4.5 Downlinks (DLs).......................................................................................... 11 1.4.6 DL Subframe................................................................................................. 13 1.4.7 Wireless MAN Single Carrier Access 2-11GHz .......................................... 14 1.4.8 Components contained in a Wireless MAN-SCa 2-11 GHz......................... 15 CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO MAC LAYER…………………………………16 2.1 MAC AND WIMAX ARCHITECTURE ................................................................. 16 2.2 SERVICE CLASSES AND QOS .............................................................................. 19 2.3 SERVICE-SPECIFIC CONVERGENCE SUBLAYERS................................................. 21 2.1.1 Common part Sublayer ................................................................................. 22 2.1.2 MAC PDU Formats ...................................................................................... 22 2.1.3 Transmission of MAC PDUs and SDUs....................................................... 23 2.4 PACKING AND FRAGMENTATION........................................................................ 24 2.5 PDU CREATION AND AUTOMATIC REPEAT REQUEST ........................................ 25 2.1.4 PHY Level Support and Frame Structure ..................................................... 25 Analysis of Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX V CHAPTER 3 TRANSMISSION CONVERGENCE LAYER……………………….26 3.1 WORKING OF WIMAX....................................................................................... 27 3.2 CHANNEL ACQUISITIONS ................................................................................... 28 3.2.1 Initial Ranging and Negotiating of SS Capabilities...................................... 28 CHAPTER 4 RADIO LINK CONTROL………………..……………………………29 4.1 THE UL.............................................................................................................. 34 4.2 SERVICE FLOW................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS WIMAX SPECTRUM……………………………………35 5.1 SPECTRUM CHARACTERISTIC............................................................................. 40 5.2 BAND DISTINCTIONS.......................................................................................... 41 5.3 CURRENT REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT............................................................ 44 5.3.1 Power Limits................................................................................................. 44 5.3.2 WiMAX relationship to FCC part 15 Section 247........................................ 45 5.3.3 Federal Communication Commission Part 15 Section 407 .......................... 46 5.4 WIMAX LICENSES AND SPECTRUM................................................................... 47 5.4.1 Regional Analysis......................................................................................... 47 5.5 COUNTRIES ALLOWING MOBILITY FOR WIMAX IN 3.5GHZ ............................. 50 5.5.1 BWA/WiMAX Amount of Spectrum per Carrier by Region ....................... 50 CHAPTER 6 WIMAX THROUGHPUT……………………………………………...51 6.1 MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY IN WIMAX ............................................... 55 CHAPTER 7 WIMAX THREAT ANALYSIS………..………………………………56 7.1 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 58 7.2 ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 60 7.3 PHYSICAL LAYER THREATS ............................................................................... 61 7.4 MAC LAYER THREATS ...................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 8 COUNTERING INTERFERENCE……………………………………64 8.1 EXTERNAL SOURCES OF INTERFERENCE ............................................................ 76 8.1.1 Changing Channels within the ISM or U-NII Bands.................................... 76 8.1.2 Dealing with Distance................................................................................... 76 Analysis of Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX VI 8.1.3 Engineering with Power................................................................................ 77 8.2 INTERNAL (COCH) SOURCES OF INTERFERENCE ................................................ 78 8.2.1 Multipath Distortion and Fade Margin ......................................................... 78 8.2.2 OFDM in Overcoming Interference.............................................................. 78 8.3 HANDLING ISI.................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 9 WIMAX COMPARISION WITH WIFI………………………………81 9.1 FREQUENCY BAND
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Running a Basic Osmocom GSM Network
    Running a basic Osmocom GSM network Harald Welte <[email protected]> What this talk is about Implementing GSM/GPRS network elements as FOSS Applied Protocol Archaeology Doing all of that on top of Linux (in userspace) Running your own Internet-style network use off-the-shelf hardware (x86, Ethernet card) use any random Linux distribution configure Linux kernel TCP/IP network stack enjoy fancy features like netfilter/iproute2/tc use apache/lighttpd/nginx on the server use Firefox/chromium/konqueor/lynx on the client do whatever modification/optimization on any part of the stack Running your own GSM network Until 2009 the situation looked like this: go to Ericsson/Huawei/ZTE/Nokia/Alcatel/… spend lots of time convincing them that you’re an eligible customer spend a six-digit figure for even the most basic full network end up with black boxes you can neither study nor improve WTF? I’ve grown up with FOSS and the Internet. I know a better world. Why no cellular FOSS? both cellular (2G/3G/4G) and TCP/IP/HTTP protocol specs are publicly available for decades. Can you believe it? Internet protocol stacks have lots of FOSS implementations cellular protocol stacks have no FOSS implementations for the first almost 20 years of their existence? it’s the classic conflict classic circuit-switched telco vs. the BBS community ITU-T/OSI/ISO vs. Arpanet and TCP/IP Enter Osmocom In 2008, some people (most present in this room) started to write FOSS for GSM to boldly go where no FOSS hacker has gone before where protocol stacks are deep and acronyms are
    [Show full text]
  • Broadband Glossary
    Broadband Glossary This a non-exhaustive list of relevant terms relevant to broadband. © iStock by Getty Images -1077605220 Daniel Chetroni Page Contents # A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W X # 5G Fifth generation wireless technology for digital cellular networks A Access (to equipment, facilities, services etc.) The making available of facilities and/or services to another undertaking, under defined conditions, on either an exclusive or non-exclusive basis, for the purpose of providing electronic communications services, including when they are used for the delivery of information society services or broadcast content services. It covers inter alia: access to network elements and associated facilities, which may involve the connection of equipment, by fixed or non-fixed means (in particular this includes access to the local loop and to facilities and services necessary to provide services over the local loop); access to physical infrastructure including buildings, ducts and masts; access to relevant software systems including operational support systems; access to information systems or databases for pre-ordering, provisioning, ordering, maintaining and repair requests, and billing; access to number translation or systems offering equivalent functionality; access to fixed and mobile networks, in particular for roaming; access to conditional access systems for digital television services and access to virtual network services. ADC - Access Deficit Cost Cover the gap between tariff and costs - Access deficit arises when the tariff specified
    [Show full text]
  • Telecommunication/ICT Indicators from Administrative Data Sources
    Committed to Connecting the World ITU Regional Forum and Training Workshop on Telecommunication/ICT Indicators: Measuring the Information Society and ITU-ASEAN Meeting on Establishing National ICT Statistics Portals and Measuring ASEAN ICT targets Bangkok, 13-16 October 2014 Telecommunication/ICT indicators from administrative data sources Esperanza Magpantay/Susan Teltscher ICT Data and Statistics Division BDT/ ITU International Telecommunication Union © ITU 2014 Committed to Connecting the World Agenda . ITU Handbook . ITU indicators from administrative sources 2 © ITU 2014 Committed to Connecting the World ITU Handbook .Covers 81 indicators on telecommunication/ICT services .Covers data collected from administrative sources (e.g. telecom operators) .Reflects the outcome by ITU Expert Group on Telecom/ICT Indicators (EGTI) .Available in six ITU languages at: http://www.itu.int/pub/D-IND-ITC_IND_HBK- 2011 . Will be revised in 2015 3 © ITU 2014 Committed to Connecting the World ITU Handbook (cont.) Groupings: .Definition . Fixed-telephone networks . Mobile-cellular networks .Clarifications and . Internet scope . Traffic . Tariffs .Method of collection . Quality of service .Relationship with . Persons employed other indicators . Revenue . Investment .Methodological issues . Public access . Broadcasting and other .Examples indicators 4 © ITU 2014 Committed to Connecting the World ITU Handbook – updates . Revision of revenue and investment indicators . New indicators added . Fixed broadband and mobile QoS . Broadband Internet traffic . Pay-TV subscriptions . Mobile-broadband prices 5 © ITU 2014 Committed to Connecting the World Context: indicators from administrative sources 81 Indicators ITU Handbook . Data per operator Indicators collected in 65 ITU administrative Administrative . Sub-national questionnaires indicators data collected by countries . Data for market Core indicators on analysis ICT infrastructure 10 and access .
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Digital Subscriber's Line (DSL) Chapter 2 Telephone
    Introduction to Digital Subscriber’s Line (DSL) Professor Fu Li, Ph.D., P.E. © Chapter 2 Telephone Infrastructure · Telephone line dates back to Bell in 1875 · Digital Transmission technology using complex algorithm based on DSP and VLSI to compensate impairments common to phone lines. · Phone line carries the single voice signal with 3.4 KHz bandwidth, DSL conveys 100 Compressed voice signals or a video signals. 1 · 15% phones require upgrade activities. · Phone company spent approximately 1 trillion US dollars to construct lines; · 700 millions are in service in 1997, 900 millions by 2001. · Most lines will support 1 Mb/s for DSL and many will support well above 1Mb/s data rate. Typical Voice Network 2 THE ACCESS NETWORK • DSL is really an access technology, and the associated DSL equipment is deployed in the local access network. • The access network consists of the local loops and associated equipment that connects the service user location to the central office. • This network typically consists of cable bundles carrying thousands of twisted-wire pairs to feeder distribution interfaces (FDIs). Two primary ways traditionally to deal with long loops: • 1.Use loading coils to modify the electrical characteristics of the local loop, allowing better quality voice-frequency transmission over extended distances (typically greater than 18,000 feet). • Loading coils are not compatible with the higher frequency attributes of DSL transmissions and they must be removed before DSL-based services can be provisioned. 3 Two primary ways traditionally to deal with long loops • 2. Set up remote terminals where the signals could be terminated at an intermediate point, aggregated and backhauled to the central office.
    [Show full text]
  • Wireless LAN Technology: Current State and Future Trends
    Wireless LAN Technology: Current State and Future Trends Zahed Iqbal Helsinki University of Technology Telecommunications Software and Multimedia Laboratory [email protected] Abstract In this paper, a comprehensive overview of the current state and future trends of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has been presented. This document stud- ies and compares two most competing commercialy potential WLAN technologies, namely IEEE 802.11 and ETSI HiperLAN. This study also addresses the challenges of their coexistance and convengences towards a global standards. KEYWORDS: Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), IEEE 802.11, ETSI, HiperLAN 1 Introduction Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a flexible data communication system that can either replace or extend a wired LAN to provide added functionality. Using Radio Fre- quency (RF) technology, or Infrared (IR) WLANs transmit and receive data over the air, through wall, ceilings, and even cement structures, without wired cabling. A WLAN pro- vides all the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies like Ethernet and Token Ring, but without the limitations of being connected by a cable. This provides greatly increased freedom and flexibility. [8] Wireless Local Area Networks have been used increasingly in many critical applications over the past few years, particularly since 1997 when the first IEEE802.11 WLAN standard was issued followed by its European competitor standard High Performance LAN (Hiper- LAN). In certain locations, the use of WLANs could save millions of dollars in cost and deployment time when compared to permanent wired networks. In other locations, WLAN services are complimentary to existing wired LANs adding the advantage of user mobility.
    [Show full text]
  • QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of Access Technologies for Broadband Communications
    International Telecommunication Union QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of access technologies for broadband communications ITU-D STUDY GROUP 2 3rd STUDY PERIOD (2002-2006) Report on broadband access technologies eport on broadband access technologies QUESTION 20-1/2 R International Telecommunication Union ITU-D THE STUDY GROUPS OF ITU-D The ITU-D Study Groups were set up in accordance with Resolutions 2 of the World Tele- communication Development Conference (WTDC) held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1994. For the period 2002-2006, Study Group 1 is entrusted with the study of seven Questions in the field of telecommunication development strategies and policies. Study Group 2 is entrusted with the study of eleven Questions in the field of development and management of telecommunication services and networks. For this period, in order to respond as quickly as possible to the concerns of developing countries, instead of being approved during the WTDC, the output of each Question is published as and when it is ready. For further information: Please contact Ms Alessandra PILERI Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) ITU Place des Nations CH-1211 GENEVA 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 6698 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 E-mail: [email protected] Free download: www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/index.html Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications © ITU 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. International Telecommunication Union QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of access technologies for broadband communications ITU-D STUDY GROUP 2 3rd STUDY PERIOD (2002-2006) Report on broadband access technologies DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by many volunteers from different Administrations and companies.
    [Show full text]
  • Local-Loop and DSL REFERENCE GUIDE Table of Contents
    Local-Loop and DSL REFERENCE GUIDE Table of Contents Prologue ............................................................................ 2 2.3.9.3 REIN ....................................................................32 2.3.9.4 SHINE..................................................................32 1. Introduction ................................................................. 5 2.3.9.5 PEIN ....................................................................32 2. What is DSL? ................................................................ 6 2.3.10 Bonding...............................................................33 2.3.11 Vectoring ............................................................35 2.1 Pre-DSL Delivery of Data ........................................................... 6 2.3.12 G.Fast ..................................................................36 2.1.1 Dial-Up ................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 ISDN .................................................................................... 7 3. DSL Deployment Issues ...........................................38 2.2 xDSL Overview ............................................................................. 8 3.1 Determining the Nature of the Problem ...............................39 2.3 DSL In-Depth .............................................................................12 3.2 Performing a Visual Inspection ..............................................44 2.3.1 ISDN ..................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Controlpoint™
    White Paper on MDF Management ControlPoint™ MDF/IDF Line Management in an ILEC Central Office or Remote Environment February 2001 Introduction The deregulation of telecommunications services and recent FCC rulings has changed the dynamics of the local loop. Collocation is an everyday reality in most central offices and potentially in many remotes. Connection management, as customers migrate between providers, is challenging and presents a "service strain" to the service provider. "Line sharing" rulings are expected to accelerate demand and pose new line-qualification challenges to the ILEC. The dramatic increase in competition for the local loop increased the level of activity centering on connection, maintenance, and management of copper wire and wireline services. Given these high levels of activity in the loop, the traditional labor- intensive manual approach to cross-connect management is no longer viable via manual labor and processes. “Truck rolls” are too slow and expensive to be effective in today's competitive industry. The obvious answer: automate the provisioning process and provide intelligent wireline management at the physical layer. NHC's innovative ControlPoint Cross-Connect System replaces labor intensive wiring, reducing operating costs and maintenance, improving service delivery cycles. ControlPoint dramatically reduces labor, space, and time of service versus conven- tional MDF/IDF and OSP distribution frames that require on-site wiring by experi- enced technicians. The NHC solution provides the ILEC with complete control over the entire service deployment cycle, and ensures quality of service (QoS) via fallback switching. ControlPoint works with all copper based services including POTS, ISDN, T1, xDSL and other voice and data protocols.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Mmwave for 5G Networks 1
    5G Americas | Understanding mmWave for 5G Networks 1 Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Status of Millimeter Wave Spectrum ............................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Regional Status ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Global Millimeter Wave Auctions .............................................................................................................12 3 Millimeter Wave Technical Rules in the United States ...............................................................................15 3.1 Licensed Spectrum ..................................................................................................................................15 3.2 Lightly Licensed .......................................................................................................................................16 3.3 Unlicensed Spectrum ..............................................................................................................................17 4 Millimeter Wave Challenges and Opportunities ..........................................................................................19 4.1 Losses in Millimeter Wave .......................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: IS IT TOO SOON for DATA? the Case of Kenya
    WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: IS IT TOO SOON FOR DATA? The case of Kenya by MUGO KIBATI MBA, International Business MA, International Economics George Washington University, 1997 B.S., Electrical Engineering Moi University, 1991 Submitted to the Technology and Policy Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY May, 1999 1999 Mugo Kibati. All rights reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis for the purpose of publishing other works. Signature of Author Technology Policy Program May 14, 1999 Certified by Sharon Eisner Gillett Research Associate, Internet and Telecoms Convergence Consortium Thesis Supervisor Certified by Professor Richard de Neufville Chairman, Technology and Policy Program WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: IS IT TOO SOON FOR DATA? The case of Kenya by Mugo Kibati Submitted the Technology and Policy Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Technology and Policy May 1999 ABSTRACT The demand for data communications in Kenya is growing at a steady rate. Information technologies have become ubiquitous all over the world, including in developing countries like Kenya. Already, educational, health and trade networks connecting remote regions to the rest of the world are taking advantage of the Internet phenomenon. Banks, insurance and financial services firms, and other corporations need data communications for real time information gathering, automated remote services, intra-corporate voice and data communications, etc. However, like in many developing countries, communications infrastructure in Kenya is woefully underdeveloped and ill prepared to satisfy the increasing demand for data communications.
    [Show full text]
  • 5G: Issues & Challenges
    RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE 5G: ISSUES & CHALLENGES March 2017 The issues and challenges surrounding 5G The telecoms industry is currently in the process of designing the technologies that are due to take over from 4G, which is still being deployed today. A great deal of work is thus underway to prepare these “5G” technologies. To prepare for the arrival of this new generation of technologies, Arcep wanted to take a detailed look at the industry to better understand what is in the works. This report is the fruit of the interviews and research that Arcep conducted over the course of 2016, and which the Authority wanted to publish as a way to contribute to the public debate over 5G. Its aim it to provide as objective and exhaustive an overview as possible, and deliver a concise, informative snapshot of the work that is currently underway on the future generation of mobile networks. This report reflects the views of the stakeholders who were interviewed, but in no way represents Arcep’s positions on or roadmap for 5G. Arcep awarded in 2015 the 700 MHz band and is currently working towards licensing the 3.5 GHz band, both of which have been identified as 5G bands. Arcep is also working with the Direction générale des entreprises and the Agence nationale des fréquences towards enabling spectrum for 5G. Arcep would like to thank all of the entities (listed on the last page) who agreed to take part in this process, and who were willing to contribute to the regulator’s investigation into the development of 4G’s successor.
    [Show full text]
  • Patent No.: US 8358640 B1
    US008358640B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,358,640 B1 Breau et a]. (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 22, 2013 (54) FEMTOCELL BRIDGING IN MEDIA LOCAL OTHER PUBLICATIONS AREA NETWORKS Notice ofAllowance datedApr. 11, 2011,U.S.Appl.No. 12/689,081, ?led Jan. 18,2012. (75) Inventors: Jeremey R. Breau, Leawood, KS (US); Breau, Jeremy R., et al., Patent Application entitled “System and Jason R. Delker, Olathe, KS (U S) Method for Bridging Media Local Area Networks,” ?led Jan. 18, 2010, US. Appl. No. 12/689,081. Assignee: Sprint Communications Company “Address Resolution Protocol,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/ (73) w/indeX.php?titleIAddressiResolutioniProtocol&printable:yes, L.P., Overland Park, KS (U S) (last visited Aug. 25, 2009). Bahlmann, Bruce, “DLNA Basics, Bridging Services within a Con ( * ) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this nected Home,” Communications Technology, http://www.cable360. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 net/print/ct/deployment/techtrends/23787.html, Jun. 1, 2007. U.S.C. 154(b) by 248 days. Bahlmann, Bruce, “Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) Essen tials,” Birds-Eye.Net, http://www.birds-eye.net/articleiarchive/ digitalilivinginetworkiallianceidlnaiessentials.htm, Apr. 1, (21) Appl. No.: 12/791,859 2007. “Network address translation,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/ (22) Filed: Jun. 1, 2010 w/indeX.php?title:Networkiaddressitranslation&printable:yes, Aug. 20, 2009. (51) Int. Cl. Pre-Interview Communication dated Jul. 31, 2012, US. Appl. No. H04L 12/56 (2006.01) 12/698,495, ?led Feb. 2, 2010. H04] [/16 (2006.01) Delker, Jason R., et al., Patent Application entitled “Centralized Program Guide,” ?led Feb.
    [Show full text]