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Update of Finnish in Situ Rock Stress Data

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Update of Finnish in Situ Rock Stress Data Juha Pennala Update of Finnish in situ Rock Stress Data Master’s thesis Espoo 4.12.2017 Supervisor: Professor Mikael Rinne Instructor: D.Sc. Topias Siren Aalto University, P.O. BOX 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Abstract of master's thesis Author B.Sc. Juha Pennala Title of thesis Update of Finnish in situ Rock Stress Data Degree programme Transportation and Environmental Engineering Major/minor Foundation and Rock Engineering / Code IA3028 Environmental Geology and Applied Geophysics Thesis supervisor Professor Mikael Rinne Thesis advisor(s) D.Sc. Topias Siren Date 4.12.2017 Number of pages 63 Language English Abstract The bedrock of Earth’s crust is in heterogeneous three-dimensional stress state due to geological processes. Stress state of rock is one of the key rock mechanics factors related to the safety and stability of underground excavations for mining and civil engineering purposes. The aim of this thesis is to collect Finnish in situ rock stress field measurement data and to update the worldwide World Stress Map open database. The Finnish data has been updated last time in year 1999. The project is also a start for Finland to join devel- oping new under development database, the Quantitative World Stress Map. Data is being prepared also to the needs of new database while the new database structure is still in development. In situ stress measurements have been made in Finland mainly using hydraulic fractur- ing, overcoring and LVDT-method. Significance of traditional overcoring method has de- creased evidently since the 1990s. New LVDT-method has been developed during the 2000s to solve earlier problems and inaccuracies. In the thesis the measurement data has been collected from publicly available sources, such as a Finnish Nuclear Waste Management Company, Posiva Oy, and from private sources, such as mining companies and tunnel engineering projects. Information from reports is separated and compiled suitable for databases. About 150 new Finnish stress state compilations have been analyzed and prepared as new data records to World Stress Map database. Compilations have been prepared from about 1400 separate measure- ments, which are usable also for the new quantitative database. Different uncertainties in measurements and dispersion of data hinder the overall quality of the stress measurements. Reasons of dispersion and different failures are not always possible to find out disturbing the reliability of results. Development of measurement methods and improvement of equipment improve accuracy and confidence of stress measurements and onwards significance of stress measurements in planning. As an ex- ample of the development is the integration of multiple measurements, 3D modelling and inversion calculation in LVDT-method. In situ stress measurement methods and understanding of rock stress is developing con- stantly. The newest data of Finnish in situ stress measurements help mining and civil en- gineering to increase the understanding of Finnish rock stress. Keywords In situ rock stress, stress measurement, World Stress Map, hydraulic fractur- ing, overcoring, LVDT-method Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Diplomityön tiivistelmä Tekijä B.Sc. Juha Pennala Työn nimi Suomen kallioperän jännitystilamittaustietojen päivitys Koulutusohjelma Yhdyskunta- ja ympäristötekniikan koulutusohjelma Pää-/sivuaine Pohja- ja kalliorakentaminen / Koodi IA3028 Teknillinen geologia ja sovellettu geofysiikka Työn valvoja Professor Mikael Rinne Työn ohjaaja(t) D.Sc. Topias Siren Päivämäärä 4.12.2017 Sivumäärä 63 Kieli Englanti Tiivistelmä Maankuoren kallioperä on heterogeenisessa kolmiulotteisessa jännitystilassa litosfääri- laattojen liikkeistä johtuen. Kallioperän jännitystilan suunnat ja suuruudet ovat tärkeitä tietoja kallioon rakennettaessa. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on päivittää tiedot Suo- messa tehdyistä jännitystilamittauksista keräämällä tietoja ja päivittämällä avointa maa- ilmanlaajuista jännitystilatietokantaa. Edellisen kerran Suomen tietoja tietokannassa on päivitetty vuonna 1999. Projekti on ollut myös Suomen avaus osallistua uuden kehitteillä olevan kvantitatiivisen jännitystilatietokannan kehitykseen. Tietoja on valmisteltu myös uuden tietokannan tarpeisiin uuden tietokantarakenteen ollessa edelleen kehityksessä. In situ jännitystilan mittauksia on tehty Suomessa pääasiassa hydraulisella murtamisella, irtikairauksella ja LVDT-menetelmällä. Perinteisten irtikairausten merkitys on vähenty- nyt selvästi vuosituhannen jälkeen. Uusi aikaisempia ongelmia ja epätarkkuuksia korjan- nut LVDT-menetelmä on saanut merkittävän aseman 2010-luvulla. Diplomityössä on koottu mittaustietoja sekä yleisesti saatavilla olevista lähteistä että pyy- tämällä yksityisiltä toimijoilta. Yleisesti saatavilla olevia lähteitä edustaa Posivan tutki- mukset. Yksityisiä toimijoita ovat kaivokset ja kalliorakentajat. Raporttien tiedot on eri- telty ja koostettu tietokantojen käyttämään muotoon. Noin 150 uutta suomalaista jänni- tystilakoostetta on analysoitu ja valmisteltu uusina tietoriveinä maailmanlaajuiseen tie- tokantaan. Koosteet ovat valmisteltu noin 1400 erillisestä uudesta mittauksesta, jotka ovat käytettävissä myös uuteen kvantitatiiviseen tietokantaan. Mittausten monenlaiset epävarmuustekijät ja saatujen mittaustulosten hajonta ovat ol- leet jännitystilamittauksia haittaavia tekijöitä. Tulosten hajonnan syitä ei aina pystytä sel- vittämään ja eri syistä epäonnistuneet mittaukset pienentävät tulosten luotettavuutta. Mittausmenetelmien kehittyminen ja laitteistojen parantuminen ovat parantaneet jänni- tystilamittausten tarkkuutta ja varmuutta ja siten mittausten merkitystä suunnittelussa. Esimerkkinä kehityssuunnasta on LVDT-menetelmän useamman mittauksen ja 3D-mal- linnuksen yhdistäminen inversiolaskentaan. Jännitystilan mittaustavat ja ymmärrys jännitystilasta kehittyvät jatkuvasti. Uusimmat tiedot jännitystilamittauksista auttavat kalliorakentajia sekä kaupunkikohteissa että kai- voksilla ymmärtämään aikaisempaa paremmin jännitystilaa kalliokohteissa. Avainsanat primääri jännitystila, jännitystilamittaus, hydraulinen murtaminen, irtikai- raus, LVDT-menetelmä Preface The study started in autumn 2016 and included considerable work to find the measure- ments. Thank you for all those numerous people and companies who helped to gather the measurements. Especial thanks to Tauno Rautio (Geological Survey of Finland) for providing me about 50 paper folders of measurements for the study. The study has been funded by Aalto University, Finnish Tunneling Association and The Finnish National Group of ISRM. I would like to thank you my steering group, • Dr. Juha Antikainen (Aalto University) • Erik Johansson (Saanio & Riekkola Oy) • Dr. Jussi Mattila (Posiva Oy) • Prof. Mikael Rinne (Aalto University, Supervisor) • Dr. Topias Siren (Aalto University / Stress Measurement Company, Advisor) • Prof. Emer. Pekka Särkkä (Concave) • Marja Uski (Insitute of Seismology, University of Helsinki) for answers to my questions and all the support. My hearty thanks to my supervisor Pro- fessor Mikael Rinne and to my advisor D.Sc. Topias Siren, for encouraging me through the project and especially with the last steps of the study. Thank you for my family for all the support. Espoo 29.11.2017 Juha Pennala 1 Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. 1 Notations ........................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... 3 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Research questions and structure of the thesis ................................................... 4 1.2 Compressive stresses in medium ........................................................................ 4 1.3 In situ rock stresses ............................................................................................. 8 1.4 World Stress Map ............................................................................................... 9 1.5 Quantitative World Stress Map ........................................................................ 10 1.6 Rock type .......................................................................................................... 12 1.7 Stress regime .................................................................................................... 15 2 Rock stress measurement methods ......................................................................... 17 2.1 Measurement methods in Finland .................................................................... 17 2.2 Hydraulic fracturing ......................................................................................... 17 2.3 Overcoring ........................................................................................................ 25 2.4 LVDT cell ......................................................................................................... 27 2.5 Quality ranking ................................................................................................. 29 3 Finnish measurements ............................................................................................
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